Ficus benghalensis

Banyan
The Great Banyan in Howrah, Kolkata
Banyan figs at Indira Gandhi Zoo Park, Visakhapatnam
Scientific classification
:	[[Template:Taxonomy/Ficus subg. Urostigma]]
Species:	Template:Taxonomy/FicusF. benghalensis
Binomial name
Template:Taxonomy/FicusFicus benghalensis L. 1753
Synonyms
Ficus banyana Oken Ficus benghalensis var. benghalensis Ficus benghalensis var. krishnae (C. D. C.) Corner Ficus chauvieri G. Nicholson Ficus cotoneifolia Vahl Ficus cotonifolia Stokes Ficus crassinervia Kunth & C. D. Bouché Ficus indica L. Ficus karet Baill. Ficus lancifolia Moench Ficus lasiophylla Link Ficus procera Salisb. Ficus pubescens B. Heyne ex Roth Ficus umbrosa Salisb. Perula benghalensis Raf. Urostigma benghalense (L.) Gasp.

Ficus benghalensis, Ficus indica, or Ficus audrey commonly known as the banyan, banyan fig, audrey fig and Indian banyan, is a tree native to the Indian subcontinent. Specimens in India are among the largest trees in the world by canopy coverage. It is also known as a "strangler fig" because like many other trees in the genus Ficus it starts out as epiphyte, that is, leaning on another tree that it ends up enveloping.

Description

Nature printed leaves, showing shape and venation

Ficus benghalensis is an evergreen, monoecious, fast-growing tree found mainly in monsoon and rainforests, that can reach a height of up to 30 meters. It is resistant to drought and mild frost. It produces propagating aerial roots that grow downward. Once these roots reach the ground, they take root and become supportive woody trunks.

The figs produced by the tree are eaten by birds such as the Indian myna. Fig seeds that have passed through the digestive system of birds are more likely to germinate than those that have not.

Reproduction

Banyan trees reproduce easily by seed or by stake, and they often spread from the original place by means of aerial roots that anchor in the ground and begin to grow and thicken to the point that they "become independent" from the original trunk, thus managing to "emigrate" sometimes at great distances. The figs are eaten by all kinds of frugivorous birds such as the coppersmith barbet and the common myna. Seeds that have passed through the digestive system of birds are more likely to germinate and grow faster.

Banyan seeds can fall and grow near a tree, sometimes from the very tree from which they come, and they also usually germinate in a hollow in a trunk or in a wall or rock. Gradually they begin to grow as they have plenty of support as epiphytes on any object they can use to climb in search of sunlight. Under normal conditions, the tree grows until it reaches a level where it gets the most sunlight, so its height can vary considerably. For this reason, where this tree predominates in a place, rather than growing in height, they spread on the surface, looking for the gaps that are left without vegetation. In general, the crown of this tree extends over a diameter well above its height.

Cultural significance

Ficus benghalensis is the national tree of India.

The tree is considered sacred in India, and temples are often built nearby. Due to the large size of the tree's canopy, it provides useful shade in hot climates.

In Theravada Buddhism, this tree is said to have been used as the tree for achieved enlightenment, or Bodhi by the twenty fourth buddha called "Kassapa - කස්සප". The sacred plant is known as "Nuga - නුග" or "Maha nuga - මහ නුග" in Sri Lanka.

It is the tree under which Adhinath the first Jain Tirthankara attained Kewal Gyan or spiritual enlightenment.

Notable specimens

For a more complete list, see List of Banyan trees in India.

The giant banyans of India are the largest trees in the world by area of canopy coverage. Notable individual trees include:

• Thimmamma Marrimanu
• Kabirvad
• The Great Banyan

The largest known tree in the world in terms of the two dimensional area covered by its canopy is Thimmamma Marrimanu in Andhra Pradesh, India, which covers 19,107 square metres (205,670 sq ft). Its perimeter, 846 metres (2,776 ft), is also the greatest of any known tree.

Nearchus, an admiral of Alexander the Great, described a large specimen on the banks of the Narmada River in contemporary Bharuch, Gujarat, India; he may have described the tree presently named "Kabirvad". The canopy of the tree that Nearchus described was said to be so extensive that it sheltered 7,000 men. James Forbes later described it in his Oriental Memoirs (1813–5) as almost 610 m (2,000 ft) in circumference and having more than 3,000 trunks. Currently its canopy has an area of 17,520 square metres (188,600 sq ft) and a perimeter of 641 metres (2,103 ft).

Other notable Indian specimens include The Great Banyan in the Jagadish Chandra Bose Botanic Garden in Shibpur, Howrah, which has a canopy area of 18,918 square metres (203,630 sq ft) and is about 250 years old, and Dodda Aladha Mara in Kettohalli, Karnataka, which has a canopy area of 12,000 square metres (130,000 sq ft) and is about 400 years old.

Gallery

• 
  Ripe fruits of Indian banyan. Suhrawardy Udyan, Dhaka
• 
  In front of the Edison museum in Fort Myers, Florida, US
• 
  Ficus tree in front of Sarkaradevi Temple, Chirayinkeezhu, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala

External links

• Bar or Bargad Ficus benghalensis L., Horticulture, Purdue University
• Ficus benghalensis in Himalayas, Nepal. Himalayas (Himalaya): photos, images, pictures
• http://www.phytopharmajournal.com/V1issue2.6.pdf
• http://rjpponline.org/HTMLPaper.aspx?Journal=Research%20Journal%20of%20Pharmacognosy%20and%20Phytochemistry;PID=2014-6-3-9