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{{Short description|Airport with facilities for international travel (border control and customs)}}
{{Short description|Airport with facilities for international travel (border control and customs)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{good article}}
[[File:02-NOV-2023 - KC910 ICN-ALA (EI-KEB - B767-300) (03) (cropped).jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|right|[[Incheon International Airport]] in November 2023, with departure gates radiating out from the [[Airport terminal|terminal building]], [[aerobridge]]s, [[Airport apron|apron]] and parked [[Airplane|planes]]]]
[[File:San Francisco International Airport at night.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|right|[[San Francisco International Airport]] at night, with departure gates radiating out from the [[Airport terminal|terminal building]], [[aerobridge]]s, [[Airport apron|apron]] and parked [[Airplane|planes]]]]


An '''international airport''' is an [[airport]] with [[customs]] and [[border control]] facilities enabling passengers to travel between [[country|countries]] around the world. International airports are usually larger than [[domestic airport]]s, and they must feature longer [[runway]]s and have facilities to accommodate the heavier aircraft such as the [[Boeing 747]] commonly used for international and intercontinental travel. International airports often also host [[domestic flight]]s, which often help feed both passengers and cargo into international ones (and vice versa).
An '''international airport''' is an [[airport]] with [[customs]] and [[border control]] facilities, enabling passengers to travel between [[country|countries]] around the world. International airports are usually larger than [[domestic airport]]s, and feature longer [[runway]]s and have facilities to accommodate heavier aircraft such as the [[Boeing 747]], [[Boeing 777]], and the [[Airbus A380]] commonly used for international and intercontinental travel. International airports often host [[domestic flight]]s, which helps feed both passengers and cargo into international ones (and vice versa).


Buildings, operations, and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid-20th century, when international airports began to provide infrastructure for international civilian flights. Detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common [[Airline codes|coding systems]] implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of individual passengers and flights are among the most complex and interconnected in the world. By the second decade of the 21st century, over 1,200 international{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} airports existed with almost two billion{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} international passengers along with 50 million{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} metric tonnes of cargo passing through them annually.
[[File:2019 Santa Marta - Aeropuerto Internacional Simón Bolívar.jpg|thumb|Renovated [[Simón Bolívar International Airport (Colombia)|Simón Bolívar International Airport]] (Santa Marta, Colombia) in October 2019]]
 
Buildings, operations, and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid-20th century, when international airports began to provide infrastructure for international civilian flights. Detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common [[Airline codes|coding systems]] implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of individual passengers and flights are among the most complex and interconnected in the world. By the second decade of the 21st century, over 1,200 international{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} airports existed with around 3.8 billion<ref>{{Cite web |title=The world's airports – the state of the industry in Jan-2023 in 11 numbers |url=https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/the-worlds-airports-the-state-of-the-industry-in-jan-2023-in-11-numbers-635413 |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=CAPA - Centre for Aviation |language=en}}</ref> international passengers as of January 2023 along with 50 million{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} metric tonnes of cargo passing through them annually.  


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{{TOC limit|3}}


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Flying boats at Rose Bay.jpg|thumb|upright= 1.25| ''[[Qantas Empire Airways]]'' International [[Short Empire]] flying boat services arriving at [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]], Sydney ({{Circa|1939}})]]
[[File:Flying boats at Rose Bay.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25| ''[[Qantas Empire Airways]]'' International [[Short Empire]] flying boat services arriving at [[Rose Bay, New South Wales|Rose Bay]], Sydney ({{Circa|1939}})]]
In August 1919, [[Hounslow Heath Aerodrome]], in [[London]], [[England]], was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services. It was closed and supplanted by [[Croydon Airport]] in March 1920.<ref name="bluffield">{{cite book|last1=Bluffield|first1=Robert|title=Imperial Airways: the birth of the British airline industry 1914–1940|date=2009|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Hersham [England]|isbn=978-1-906537-07-4}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=A history of Croydon Airport | author1=Learmonth, Bob | author2=Cluett, Douglas | author3=Nash, Joanna | year=1977 | publisher=Sutton Libraries and Arts Services }}</ref> In the United States, [[Douglas Municipal Airport (Arizona)|Douglas Municipal Airport]] in [[Arizona]] became the first international airport of the Americas in 1928.<ref name="douglas">{{cite web|title=Eleanor Roosevelt's trip to Douglas remembered|last1=Blaskey|first1=Larry|work=Douglas Dispatch|date=6 June 2008|access-date=6 October 2014|url=http://www.douglasdispatch.com/news/article_2cf96a31-c9a1-5334-a30d-87f564c96b36.html|archive-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014044131/https://www.douglasdispatch.com/news/article_2cf96a31-c9a1-5334-a30d-87f564c96b36.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In August 1919, [[Hounslow Heath Aerodrome]], in [[London]], [[England]], was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services. It was closed and supplanted by [[Croydon Airport]] in March 1920.<ref name="bluffield">{{cite book|last1=Bluffield|first1=Robert|title=Imperial Airways: the birth of the British airline industry 1914–1940|date=2009|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Hersham [England]|isbn=978-1-906537-07-4}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=A history of Croydon Airport | author1=Learmonth, Bob | author2=Cluett, Douglas | author3=Nash, Joanna | year=1977 | publisher=Sutton Libraries and Arts Services }}</ref> In the United States, [[Douglas Municipal Airport (Arizona)|Douglas Municipal Airport]] in [[Arizona]] became the first international airport of the Americas in 1928.<ref name="douglas">{{cite web|title=Eleanor Roosevelt's trip to Douglas remembered|last1=Blaskey|first1=Larry|work=Douglas Dispatch|date=6 June 2008|access-date=6 October 2014|url=http://www.douglasdispatch.com/news/article_2cf96a31-c9a1-5334-a30d-87f564c96b36.html|archive-date=14 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014044131/https://www.douglasdispatch.com/news/article_2cf96a31-c9a1-5334-a30d-87f564c96b36.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>


The precursors to international airports were airfields or [[aerodrome]]s. In the early days of [[international flight]]s, infrastructure was limited, "although if engine problems arose there were plenty of places where aircraft could land".<ref name="stackhouse">{{cite book|last1=Stackhouse|first1=John|title=--from the dawn of aviation : The Qantas Story, 1920-1995|date=1995|publisher=Focus Pub.|location=Double Bay, NSW|isbn=1-875359-23-0|pages=57, 66–71}}</ref> Since four-engined land planes were unavailable for over-water operations to international destinations, flying boats became part of the solution. At the far end of the longest international route (which became the [[Kangaroo Route]]), on-water landing areas were found in places such as [[Surabaya]] and in the open sea off [[Kupang]]. In [[Sydney]], [[Rose Bay, New South Wales]], was chosen as the flying-boat landing area.<ref name="stackhouse" />
The precursors to international airports were airfields or [[aerodrome]]s. In the early days of [[international flight]]s, infrastructure was limited, "although if engine problems arose there were plenty of places where aircraft could land".<ref name="stackhouse">{{cite book|last1=Stackhouse|first1=John|title=--from the dawn of aviation : The Qantas Story, 1920-1995|date=1995|publisher=Focus Pub.|location=Double Bay, NSW|isbn=1-875359-23-0|pages=57, 66–71}}</ref> Since four-engined land planes were unavailable for over-water operations to international destinations, flying boats became part of the solution. At the far end of the longest international route (which became the [[Kangaroo Route]]), on-water landing areas were found in places such as [[Surabaya]] and in the open sea off [[Kupang]]. In [[Sydney]], [[Rose Bay, New South Wales]], was chosen as the flying-boat landing area.<ref name="stackhouse" />


International airports sometimes serve military as well as commercial purposes and their viability is also affected by technological developments. [[Canton Island Airport]], for example, in the [[Phoenix Islands]] ([[Kiribati]]), after serving as a military airport during [[World War II]], was used as a refuelling stop by commercial aircraft such as [[Qantas]] which stationed ground crew there in the late 1950s.<ref>Walker, Howell. "Air Age Brings Life to Canton Island". The [[National Geographic Magazine]]: January 1955, pp. 117-132.</ref> The advent in the early 1960s of jet aircraft such as the [[Boeing 707]] with the range to fly non-stop between Australia or New Zealand and Hawaii, meant that a mid-Pacific stop was no longer needed and the airport was closed to regular commercial use. Other international airports, such as [[Kai Tak Airport]] in Hong Kong, have been decommissioned and replaced when they reached capacity or technological advances rendered them inadequate.<ref name=Hafer>{{cite journal|last1=Hafer|first1=JR|title=Kai Tak Airport Hong Kong|journal=20th Century Aviation Magazine|url=http://20thcenturyaviationmagazine.com/jr-hafer-2/kai-tak-airport-hong-kong/|access-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723130756/http://20thcenturyaviationmagazine.com/jr-hafer-2/kai-tak-airport-hong-kong/|archive-date=23 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/199807/06/0706023.htm Farewell speech for Kai Tak (6 July 1998)]</ref>
International airports sometimes serve military as well as commercial purposes and their viability is also affected by technological developments. [[Canton Island Airport]], for example, in the [[Phoenix Islands]] ([[Kiribati]]), after serving as a military airport during [[World War II]], was used as a refuelling stop by commercial aircraft such as [[Qantas]] which stationed ground crew there in the late 1950s.<ref>Walker, Howell. "Air Age Brings Life to Canton Island". The [[National Geographic Magazine]]: January 1955, pp. 117-132.</ref> The advent in the early 1960s of jet aircraft such as the [[Boeing 707]] with the range to fly non-stop between [[Australia]] or [[New Zealand]] and [[Hawaii]], meant that a mid-Pacific stop was no longer needed and the airport was closed to regular commercial use. Other international airports, such as [[Kai Tak Airport]] in [[Hong Kong]], have been decommissioned and replaced when they reached capacity or technological advances rendered them inadequate.<ref name=Hafer>{{cite journal|last1=Hafer|first1=JR|title=Kai Tak Airport Hong Kong|journal=20th Century Aviation Magazine|url=http://20thcenturyaviationmagazine.com/jr-hafer-2/kai-tak-airport-hong-kong/|access-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723130756/http://20thcenturyaviationmagazine.com/jr-hafer-2/kai-tak-airport-hong-kong/|archive-date=23 July 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/199807/06/0706023.htm Farewell speech for Kai Tak (6 July 1998)]</ref>


== Design and construction ==
== Design and construction ==
[[File:OH-LVC (33096652903).jpg|thumb|[[Finnair]] [[Airbus A319]] at the [[Helsinki Airport]] in [[Vantaa]], [[Finland]]. Terminal expansion construction site in the background.]]
[[File:OH-LVC (33096652903).jpg|thumb|[[Finnair]] [[Airbus A319]] at the [[Helsinki Airport]] in [[Vantaa]], [[Finland]]. Terminal expansion construction site in the background.]]
The construction and operation of an international airport depends on a complicated set of decisions that are affected by technology, politics, economics and geography as well as both local and international law.<ref name=Feldman>{{cite book|last1=Feldman|first1=Elliot J. and Jerome Milch|title=Technology versus democracy: the comparative politics of international airports|date=1982|publisher=Auburn House Pub. Co.|location=Boston, Massachusetts|isbn=0-86569-063-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/technocracyversu0000feld1982}}</ref><ref name=Regs>{{cite book|title=Regulatory implications of the allocation of flight departure and arrival slots at international airports|date=2001|publisher=International Civil Aviation Organization|location=Montreal, Canada}}</ref><ref name=Salter>{{cite book|last1=Salter|first1=Mark B.|title=Politics at the airport|date=2008|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=978-0-8166-5014-9|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Developing strategies for the modern international airport : East Asia and beyond / by Alan Williams | author1=Williams, Alan, 1934- | publisher=Ashgate Pub. Co}}</ref> Designing an airport even for domestic traffic or as "non-hub" has, from the beginning, required extensive co-ordination between users and interested parties – architects, engineers, managers and staff all need to be involved.<ref name=Planning>{{cite web|title=Planning and design of airport terminal building facilities at nonhub locations|url=http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS111114|publisher=United States Federal Aviation Administration|access-date=30 September 2014|year=1980}}</ref><ref name=QC>{{cite web|title=Quality control of construction for airport grant projects|url=http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS111170|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration|access-date=1 October 2014|year=2007}}</ref> Airports may also be regarded as emblematic of national pride and so the design may be architecturally ambitious. An example was the planned [[New Mexico City international airport]], intended to replace an airport that has reached capacity.<ref name=Luhnow>{{cite news|last1=Luhnow|first1=David|title=Mexico Plans New $9.2 Billion Airport|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/mexico-plans-new-9-2-billion-airport-1409676782|access-date=6 December 2014|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=2 September 2014|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The [[construction]] and operation of an international airport depends on a complicated set of decisions that are affected by technology, politics, economics and geography as well as both local and international law.<ref name=Feldman>{{cite book|last1=Feldman|first1=Elliot J. and Jerome Milch|title=Technology versus democracy: the comparative politics of international airports|date=1982|publisher=Auburn House Pub. Co.|location=Boston, Massachusetts|isbn=0-86569-063-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/technocracyversu0000feld1982}}</ref><ref name=Regs>{{cite book|title=Regulatory implications of the allocation of flight departure and arrival slots at international airports|date=2001|publisher=International Civil Aviation Organization|location=Montreal, Canada}}</ref><ref name=Salter>{{cite book|last1=Salter|first1=Mark B.|title=Politics at the airport|date=2008|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=978-0-8166-5014-9|edition=[Online-Ausg.]}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Developing strategies for the modern international airport : East Asia and beyond | author1=Williams, Alan | publisher=Ashgate Pub. Co}}</ref>{{fcn|date=February 2026}} Designing an airport even for domestic traffic or as "non-hub" has, from the beginning, required extensive co-ordination between users and interested parties – architects, engineers, managers and staff all need to be involved.<ref name=Planning>{{cite web|title=Planning and design of airport terminal building facilities at nonhub locations|url=http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS111114|publisher=United States Federal Aviation Administration|access-date=30 September 2014|year=1980}}</ref><ref name=QC>{{cite web|title=Quality control of construction for airport grant projects|url=http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS111170|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration|access-date=1 October 2014|year=2007}}</ref> Airports may also be regarded as emblematic of national pride and so the design may be architecturally ambitious. An example was the planned [[New Mexico City international airport]], intended to replace an airport that has reached capacity.<ref name=Luhnow>{{cite news|last1=Luhnow|first1=David|title=Mexico Plans New $9.2 Billion Airport|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/mexico-plans-new-9-2-billion-airport-1409676782|access-date=6 December 2014|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=2 September 2014|url-access=subscription }}</ref>


Airports can be towered or [[non-towered airport|non-towered]], depending on air traffic density and available funds. Because of high capacity and busy [[airspace]], many international airports have air traffic control located on site.
Airports can be towered or [[non-towered airport|non-towered]], depending on air traffic density and available funds. Because of high capacity and busy [[airspace]], many international airports have air traffic control located on site.
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== Operations and management ==
== Operations and management ==
[[File:Display Screen At A Paris Airport.jpg|thumb|A [[flight information display system]] screen at [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]]'s Terminal 2 showing flight arrivals]]
[[File:Display Screen At A Paris Airport.jpg|thumb|A [[flight information display system]] screen at [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]]'s Terminal 2 showing flight arrivals]]
International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines and passengers from around the world. Many also serve as [[Airline hub|hubs]], or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers may switch planes, while others serve primarily direct [[Point-to-point transit|point-to-point]] flights. This affects airport design factors, including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers and baggage between different areas of the airport. An airport specializing in point-to-point transit can have international and domestic terminals, each in their separate building equipped with separate [[Baggage handling system|baggage handling facilities]]. In a hub airport, however, spaces and services are shared.<ref name="Janic2010">{{cite book| title = Airport Analysis, Planning and Design: Demand, Capacity, and Congestion| last = Janić| first = Milan| pages = 51–52, 248| publisher = [[Nova Science Publishers]]| location = New York| date = February 2010| access-date = 29 September 2014| url = http://site.ebrary.com/lib/alltitles/docDetail.action?docID=10680982| isbn = 978-1-61761-560-3|url-access=registration }}</ref>
International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines and passengers from around the world. Many also serve as [[Airline hub|hubs]], or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers may switch planes, while others serve primarily direct [[Point-to-point transit|point-to-point]] flights. This affects airport design factors, including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers and baggage between different areas of the airport. An airport specializing in point-to-point transit can have international and domestic terminals, each in their separate building equipped with separate [[Baggage handling system|baggage handling facilities]]. In a hub airport, however, spaces and services are shared.<ref name="Janic2010">{{cite book| title = Airport Analysis, Planning and Design: Demand, Capacity, and Congestion| last = Janić| first = Milan| pages = 51–52, 248| publisher = [[Nova Science Publishers]]| location = New York| date = February 2010| isbn = 978-1-61761-560-3}}</ref>


Airport management have to take into account a wide range of factors, among which are the performance of airlines, the technical requirements of aircraft, airport-airline relationships, services for travelling customers, security and environmental impacts.<ref name=Graham>{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=Anne|title=Managing airports – an international perspective|date=2003|edition=2|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Oxford, UK and Burlington, US|isbn=0-7506-5917-3}}</ref>
Airport management have to take into account a wide range of factors, among which are the performance of airlines, the technical requirements of aircraft, airport-airline relationships, services for travelling customers, security and environmental impacts.<ref name=Graham>{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=Anne|title=Managing airports – an international perspective|date=2003|edition=2|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Oxford, UK and Burlington, US|isbn=0-7506-5917-3}}</ref>


=== Standards ===
=== Standards ===
Technical standards for safety and operating procedures at international airports are set by international agreements. The [[International Air Transport Association]] (IATA), formed in 1945, is the association of the airline companies. The [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) is a body of the [[United Nations]] succeeding earlier international committees going back to 1903.  These two organizations served to create regulations over airports which the airports themselves had no authority to debate.  This eventually sparked an entire subject of air travel politics.  In January 1948, 19 representatives from various US commercial airports met for the first time in New York City to seek resolution to common problems they each faced, which initiated the formation of the [[Airport Operators Council]], which later became [[Airports Council International]] – North America (ACI-NA).  This group included representatives from Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Jacksonville, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Memphis, Miami, Minneapolis-St. Paul, New York-Newark, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, San Francisco and Washington.<ref name=iata>{{cite web|title=History of Airports Council International-North America|url=http://www.aci-na.org/content/history-airports-council-international-north-america|publisher=[[Airports Council International]] – North America|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207083711/http://www.aci-na.org/content/history-airports-council-international-north-america|archive-date=7 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Technical standards for safety and operating procedures at international airports are set by international agreements. The [[International Air Transport Association]] (IATA), formed in 1945, is the association of the airline companies. The [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) is a body of the [[United Nations]] succeeding earlier international committees going back to 1903.  These two organizations served to create regulations over airports which the airports themselves had no authority to debate.  This eventually sparked an entire subject of air travel politics.  In January 1948, 19 representatives from various US commercial airports met for the first time in New York City to seek resolution to common problems they each faced, which initiated the formation of the [[Airport Operators Council]], which later became [[Airports Council International]] – North America (ACI-NA).  This group included representatives from [[Baltimore]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Cleveland]], [[Dallas]], [[Denver]], [[Detroit]], [[Jacksonville]], [[Kansas City]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Miami]], [[Minneapolis-Saint Paul]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[St. Louis]], [[San Francisco]] and [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]].<ref name=iata>{{cite web|title=History of Airports Council International-North America|url=http://www.aci-na.org/content/history-airports-council-international-north-america|publisher=[[Airports Council International]] – North America|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207083711/http://www.aci-na.org/content/history-airports-council-international-north-america|archive-date=7 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>


=== Flight logistics ===
=== Flight logistics ===
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=== Security and safety ===
=== Security and safety ===
[[File:Shannon1.jpg|thumb|At [[Shannon Airport]], travelers to the United States can "[[United States border preclearance|pre-clear]]" U.S. immigration (2008)]]
[[File:Shannon1.jpg|thumb|At [[Shannon Airport]], travelers to the United States can "[[United States border preclearance|pre-clear]]" U.S. immigration (2008)]]
The current trend of enhancing [[airport security|security]] at the cost of passenger and baggage handling efficiency at international airports is expected to continue in the future.<ref name=St.John>{{cite book|last1=St. John|first1=Peter|author-link=Peter St John, 9th Earl of Orkney|title=Air piracy, airport security, and international terrorism: winning the war against hijackers|date=1991|publisher=Quorum Books|location=New York|isbn=0-89930-413-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/airpiracyairport00stjo}}</ref><ref name=Moore>{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=Kenneth C.|title=Airport, aircraft, and airline security|date=1991|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Boston|isbn=0-7506-9019-4|edition=2nd}}</ref> This places financial burden on airports, risks the flow of servicing processes, and has implications for the privacy of passengers.<ref name="Janic2010" /> International flights often require a higher level of physical security than do [[domestic airports]], although in recent years, many countries have adopted the same level of security for both.
The current trend of enhancing [[airport security|security]] at the cost of passenger and baggage handling efficiency at international airports is expected to continue in the future.<ref name=St.John>{{cite book|last1=St. John|first1=Peter|author-link=Peter St John, 9th Earl of Orkney|title=Air piracy, airport security, and international terrorism: winning the war against hijackers|date=1991|publisher=Quorum Books|location=New York|isbn=0-89930-413-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/airpiracyairport00stjo}}</ref><ref name=Moore>{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=Kenneth C.|title=Airport, aircraft, and airline security|date=1991|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Boston|isbn=0-7506-9019-4|edition=2nd}}</ref> This places financial burden on airports, risks the flow of servicing processes, and has implications for the privacy of passengers.<ref name="Janic2010" /> International flights often require a higher level of physical security than [[domestic airports]] do, although in recent years, many countries have adopted the same level of security for both.


Most international airports feature a "sterile lounge", an area after security checkpoints within which passengers are free to move without further security checks. This area can have services such as duty-free shops that sell goods that have been selected and screened with safety in mind, so that purchasing and bringing them on board flights poses no security risks. In addition to employees, only processed passengers with a valid ticket are allowed inside the sterile lounge. Admittance into the sterile area is done in centralized security checkpoints in contrast to e.g. individual checkpoints at each [[Gate (airport)|gate]]. This allows for more efficient processing of passengers with fewer staff, as well as makes it possible to detect both delays and security threats well ahead of [[Boarding (transport)|boarding]].<ref name="Wallis2003">{{cite book|author=Rodney Wallis|title=How Safe are Our Skies?: Assessing the Airlines' Response to Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epE200ufFu0C&pg=PA90|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97847-1|pages=90–91}}</ref>
Most international airports feature a "sterile lounge", an area after security checkpoints within which passengers are free to move without further security checks. This area can have services such as duty-free shops that sell goods that have been selected and screened with safety in mind, so that purchasing and bringing them on board flights poses no security risks. In addition to employees, only processed passengers with a valid ticket are allowed inside the sterile lounge. Admittance into the sterile area is done in centralized security checkpoints in contrast to e.g. individual checkpoints at each [[Gate (airport)|gate]]. This allows for more efficient processing of passengers with fewer staff, as well as makes it possible to detect both delays and security threats well ahead of [[Boarding (transport)|boarding]].<ref name="Wallis2003">{{cite book|author=Rodney Wallis|title=How Safe are Our Skies?: Assessing the Airlines' Response to Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epE200ufFu0C&pg=PA90|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97847-1|pages=90–91}}</ref>
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==== Customer satisfaction awards ====
==== Customer satisfaction awards ====
The World Airport Awards are voted by consumers in an independent global customer satisfaction survey. [[Changi Airport|Singapore Changi Airport]] was the first-place winner in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Karla Cripps|title=The world's best airports for 2020, according to Skytrax|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/skytrax-world-best-airports-2020/index.html|access-date=2021-01-01|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> Other winners include [[Incheon International Airport]] (South Korea) and [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] (The Netherlands).<ref name=WAA>{{cite web|title=World Airport Awards|url=http://www.worldairportawards.com/index.htm|access-date=29 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921174031/http://www.worldairportawards.com/index.htm|archive-date=21 September 2014}}</ref>
The World Airport Awards are voted by consumers in an independent global customer satisfaction survey. [[Changi Airport|Singapore Changi Airport]] was the first-place winner in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Karla Cripps|title=The world's best airports for 2020, according to Skytrax|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/skytrax-world-best-airports-2020/index.html|access-date=2021-01-01|website=CNN|date=11 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Other winners include [[Incheon International Airport]] (South Korea) and [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] (The Netherlands).<ref name=WAA>{{cite web|title=World Airport Awards|url=http://www.worldairportawards.com/index.htm|access-date=29 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921174031/http://www.worldairportawards.com/index.htm|archive-date=21 September 2014}}</ref>


== Airport names ==
== Airport names ==
[[File:KSIA-Passenger-Terminal.jpg|thumb|The front view of the [[King Shaka International Airport]]'s main terminal building (2017)]]
[[File:Hartsfield-Jackson overview.jpg|thumb|Birds-eye view of [[Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport]] in October 2004.]]
[[File:A bird's eye view of Hong Kong International Airport.JPG|thumb|An aerial view of [[Hong Kong International Airport]] (2010)]]
[[File:KSIA-Passenger-Terminal.jpg|thumb|The front view of the [[King Shaka International Airport]]'s main terminal building in May 2010.]]
[[File:Vueling A320, Portela Airport.jpg|thumb|right|Loading passenger luggage at [[Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport|Lisbon Humberto Delgado International Airport]] Portugal (2012)]]
[[File:Denver concourse B west ramp (29657388588).jpg|thumb|Outside view of Terminal B of [[Denver International Airport]] in July 2018.]]
[[File:Afbeelding 115.jpg|thumb|right|Collecting offloaded passenger luggage from a [[baggage carousel]] at [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Suvarnabhumi International Airport]] Bangkok, Thailand (2007)]]
[[File:Suwarnabhumi_Int._Airport2_09-09_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb| [[Bangkok Suvarnabhumi Airport]]]]
 
[[Toponymy]] is one of the most common sources for the naming of airports. A number of areas close to them have lent their names, including villages, estates, city districts, historical areas and regions, islands and even a waterfall. Sometimes the toponym is combined with or renamed to incorporate another name from another source such as from one of the following:
[[Toponymy]] is one of the most common sources for the naming of airports. A number of areas close to them have lent their names, including villages, estates, city districts, historical areas and regions, islands and even a waterfall. Sometimes the toponym is combined with or renamed to incorporate another name from another source such as from one of the following:
* '''Athletes''' such as [[George Best Belfast City Airport]] in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
* '''Athletes''' such as [[George Best Belfast City Airport]] in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
* '''Aviators''' such as pilots (civil and military) and others who played a role in the development of aviation- like [[Jorge Chavez International Airport]] in Lima, Peru, named after Peruvian-French pilot [[Jorge Chavez]] or [[Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen International Airport|Sabiha Gökçen International Airport]] named from Turkish Female Pilot [[Sabiha Gökçen]]
* '''Aviators''' such as pilots (civil and military) and others who played a role in the development of aviation- like [[Jorge Chavez International Airport]] in Lima, Peru, named after Peruvian-French pilot [[Jorge Chavez]], [[Sydney Kingsford Smith Airport]], named after Australian aviator [[Charles Kingsford Smith]], or [[Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen International Airport|Sabiha Gökçen International Airport]] named after Turkish Female Pilot [[Sabiha Gökçen]]
* '''Cultural leaders''' (poets, artists, writers, musicians) - like the [[Liverpool John Lennon Airport|John Lennon Airport]] in the English city of [[Liverpool]], where [[John Lennon]] and [[The Beatles]] came from, and [[Rafael Hernandez Airport]] in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, named for Puerto Rican singer and actor [[Rafael Hernández Marín|Rafael Hernandez]].
* '''Cultural leaders''' (poets, artists, writers, musicians) - like the [[Liverpool John Lennon Airport|John Lennon Airport]] in the English city of [[Liverpool]], where [[John Lennon]] and [[The Beatles]] came from, [[Rafael Hernandez Airport]] in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, named for Puerto Rican singer and actor [[Rafael Hernández Marín|Rafael Hernandez]], and [[Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport]] in [[New Orleans|New Orleans, Louisiana]],  named for jazz artist [[Louis Armstrong]].
* '''Ethnic groups''', such as [[Minangkabau International Airport]] in Padang, Indonesia, named after the local [[Minangkabau people]].
* '''Ethnic groups''', such as [[Minangkabau International Airport]] in Padang, Indonesia, named after the local [[Minangkabau people]].
* '''Ideals''' in combination with toponyms, such as [[Newark Liberty International Airport]].
* '''Ideals''' in combination with toponyms, such as [[Newark Liberty International Airport]].
* '''Mythology and religion''', such as heroes of epics and myths, church hierarchs and saints and similar names. A notable example of this is [[Robin Hood Airport]].
* '''Mythology and religion''', such as heroes of epics and myths, church hierarchs and saints and similar names. A notable example of this is [[El Dorado International Airport]].
* '''Politicians and statesmen''' such as the [[O. R. Tambo International Airport]] in [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]] which was named after [[Oliver Tambo|O.R. Tambo]] who was a South African anti-[[apartheid]] [[politician]] and [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport]] in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] to honour the former [[Senator of the Philippines]], [[Benigno Aquino Jr.]] who was [[Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.|assassinated]] at the exact airport in 1983. Some airports have been named after dictators during their dictatorship; such is the case of the [[Robert Mugabe International Airport]] in Harare, Zimbabwe, named after [[Robert Mugabe]], and, in the past [[Saddam International Airport]] in [[Baghdad, Iraq]], so named after [[Saddam Hussein]]. Some airports was International formerly like [[Atatürk Airport|Atatürk International Airport]] named from founding father of the [[Turkey|Republic of Türkiye]]'s [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. More notable examples are two of the three New York City airports: [[LaGuardia Airport]] (named after Mayor [[Fiorello LaGuardia]]) and [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] (named after [[John F. Kennedy|the 35th President of the United States]]). In addition, the world’s busiest airport, [[Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport]], was named after two former mayors: [[William B. Hartsfield]] and [[Maynard Jackson]].
* '''Politicians and statesmen''' such as the [[O. R. Tambo International Airport]] in [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]] which was named after [[Oliver Tambo|O.R. Tambo]] who was a South African anti-[[apartheid]] politician and [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport]] in [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] to honour the former [[Senator of the Philippines]], [[Benigno Aquino Jr.]] who was [[Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.|assassinated]] at the exact airport in 1983. Some airports have been named after dictators during their dictatorship; such is the case of the [[Robert Mugabe International Airport]] in Harare, Zimbabwe, named after [[Robert Mugabe]], and, in the past [[Saddam International Airport]] in [[Baghdad, Iraq]], so named after [[Saddam Hussein]]. Some airports were formerly International, for example [[Atatürk Airport|Atatürk International Airport]], named from founding father of the [[Turkey|Republic of Türkiye]]'s [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. More notable examples are two of the three New York City airports: [[LaGuardia Airport]] (named after Mayor [[Fiorello LaGuardia]]) and [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] (named after [[John F. Kennedy|the 35th President of the United States]]). In addition, the world's busiest airport, [[Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport]], was named after two former mayors: [[William B. Hartsfield]] and [[Maynard Jackson]].
* '''Public figures''' (advocates, engineers, doctors, teachers, journalists or sportspeople), such as [[John Wayne Airport]], named after [[John Wayne|an actor]].
* '''Public figures''' (advocates, engineers, doctors, teachers, journalists or sportspeople), such as [[John Wayne Airport]], named after [[John Wayne|an actor]].
*'''Royalty''' (kings, queens) such as [[King Shaka International Airport]] in [[Durban]], [[South Africa]] which was named after [[Shaka|King Shaka]] who was one of the most influential [[monarch]]s of the Zulu Kingdom.
*'''Royalty''' (kings, queens) such as [[King Shaka International Airport]] in [[Durban]], [[South Africa]] which was named after [[Shaka|King Shaka]] who was one of the most influential [[monarch]]s of the Zulu Kingdom.
* '''Scientists''' such as [[Copernicus Airport Wroclaw]] which was named after [[Nicolaus Copernicus]].
* '''Scientists''' such as [[Pisa International Airport|Galileo Galilei Airport]] in Pisa which was named after [[Galileo Galilei]].
A study found that 44 percent of the world's international airports are named by toponyms: named for politicians (thirty percent), aviators (seven percent), mythology and religion (three percent), public figures (two percent), people of science (two percent) and other (one percent).<ref name=peskov>{{cite journal|last1=Peskov|first1=Denis|title=Naming of International Airports|url=https://www.academia.edu/2459453|access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>
A study found that 44 percent of the world's international airports are named by toponyms: named for politicians (thirty percent), aviators (seven percent), mythology and religion (three percent), public figures (two percent), people of science (two percent) and other (one percent).<ref name=peskov>{{cite journal|last1=Peskov|first1=Denis|title=Naming of International Airports|url=https://www.academia.edu/2459453|access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>


Airports also use an [[IATA airport code|IATA]]-3 letter code to abbreviate the names of all the international airports. Some airports are nicknamed after these codes, such as [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|JFK]], [[Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport|BWI]], [[Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport|DFW]]. [[Los Angeles International Airport|LAX]], [[Pearson International Airport|YYZ]], [[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport|FCO]], and [[Charles de Gaulle International Airport|CDG]].
Airports also use an [[IATA airport code|IATA]]-3 letter code for identification. Some airports are nicknamed after these codes, such as [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|JFK]], [[Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport|BWI]], [[Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport|DFW]], [[Los Angeles International Airport|LAX]], [[Pearson International Airport|YYZ]], [[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport|FCO]], and [[Charles de Gaulle International Airport|CDG]].


An "international airport" can be named as such by simply containing customs and border control facilities to enable international flights, regardless of whether international flights currently operate to or from the airport. For example, a [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] facility has been in place at [[Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport]] since July 1, 2012, but no scheduled international flights have been inaugurated to or from Bozeman since.
An "international airport" can be named as such by providing customs and border control facilities to enable international flights, regardless of whether international flights currently operate to or from the airport. For example, a [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] facility has been in place at [[Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport]] since July 1, 2012, but no scheduled international flights have been inaugurated to or from Bozeman since.


== Notable airports ==
== Notable airports ==
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=== By historical event ===
=== By historical event ===
* '''1919''' (August) [[Hounslow Heath Aerodrome]] begins operating scheduled international commercial services from England to France.
* '''1919''' (August) [[Hounslow Heath Aerodrome]] begins operating scheduled international commercial services from England to France.
* '''1933''' Douglas International Airport in [[Arizona]] is honored by [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] as "the first international airport of the Americas", having reached this capacity in 1928.<ref name="douglas"/>
* '''1933''' [[Bisbee Douglas International Airport|Douglas International Airport]] in [[Arizona]] is honored by [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] as "the first international airport of the Americas", having reached this capacity in 1928.<ref name="douglas"/>


=== By passenger numbers ===
=== By passenger numbers ===
* {{As of|2018}}, [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]] had the greatest number of travelers of all international airports with 107 million passengers, more than Beijing Capital International with 100 million passengers.<ref name="ACI">{{cite web|url=https://aci.aero/news/2019/03/13/preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings-released/|title=Preliminary World Airport Rankings |publisher=Airports Council International|access-date=23 May 2019|date=13 March 2019 }}</ref>  
* {{As of|2018}}, [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]] had the greatest number of travelers of all international airports with 107 million passengers, more than Beijing Capital International with 100 million passengers.<ref name="ACI">{{cite web|url=https://aci.aero/news/2019/03/13/preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings-released/|title=Preliminary World Airport Rankings|publisher=Airports Council International|access-date=23 May 2019|date=13 March 2019|archive-date=17 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517082213/https://aci.aero/news/2019/03/13/preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings-released/|url-status=dead}}</ref>  
* [[Los Angeles International Airport]] is considered to have the greatest number of passengers who start or end their travel there as opposed to continuing on to a connecting flight. Overall, LAX is considered to be the 7th busiest airport in the world.<ref name=lax-stats>{{cite web|title=(LAX) Los Angeles International Airport Overview|url=http://www.flightstats.com/go/Airport/airportDetails.do?airportCode=LAX|website=Flight Stats|publisher=FlightStats, Inc.|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207141622/https://www.flightstats.com/go/Airport/airportDetails.do?airportCode=LAX|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Los Angeles International Airport]] is considered to have the greatest number of passengers who start or end their travel there as opposed to continuing on to a connecting flight. Overall, LAX is considered to be the 7th busiest airport in the world.<ref name=lax-stats>{{cite web|title=(LAX) Los Angeles International Airport Overview|url=http://www.flightstats.com/go/Airport/airportDetails.do?airportCode=LAX|website=Flight Stats|publisher=FlightStats, Inc.|access-date=2 October 2014|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207141622/https://www.flightstats.com/go/Airport/airportDetails.do?airportCode=LAX|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Dubai International Airport]] is the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic, with 83,105,798 international passengers. Dubai is the third busiest airport worldwide.
* [[Dubai International Airport]] is the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic, with 83,105,798 international passengers. Dubai is the third busiest airport worldwide.
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* [[Svalbard Airport]] in [[Svalbard]], [[Norway]] is the northernmost airport to which tourists can book tickets. It is primarily used for transporting miners to and from a cluster of islands with a heavy mining industry.<ref name="strange9">{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4346192#slide-9|title=The World's 18 Strangest Airports": Svalbard, Norway|last1=Sweeney|first1=Chris|work=Popular Mechanics|date=17 February 2010}}</ref>
* [[Svalbard Airport]] in [[Svalbard]], [[Norway]] is the northernmost airport to which tourists can book tickets. It is primarily used for transporting miners to and from a cluster of islands with a heavy mining industry.<ref name="strange9">{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4346192#slide-9|title=The World's 18 Strangest Airports": Svalbard, Norway|last1=Sweeney|first1=Chris|work=Popular Mechanics|date=17 February 2010}}</ref>
* [[King Fahd International Airport]] in [[Dammam]], [[Saudi Arabia]] is the largest airport in the world, encompassing over {{convert|300|sqmi|sqkm}}.<ref name="strange15">{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4346192#slide-15|title=The World's 18 Strangest Airports: Dammam, Saudi Arabia|last1=Sweeney|first1=Chris|work=Popular Mechanics|date=17 February 2010}}</ref>
* [[King Fahd International Airport]] in [[Dammam]], [[Saudi Arabia]] is the largest airport in the world, encompassing over {{convert|300|sqmi|sqkm}}.<ref name="strange15">{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4346192#slide-15|title=The World's 18 Strangest Airports: Dammam, Saudi Arabia|last1=Sweeney|first1=Chris|work=Popular Mechanics|date=17 February 2010}}</ref>
* The world's longest active scheduled passenger flight by [[great-circle distance]] operates between [[Changi Airport]] (in [[Singapore]]) and [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] (in [[New York City|New York City, United States]]); the great-circle distance between the two airports is {{convert|15349|km|mi nmi|0|abbr=}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pallini |first=Thomas |title=Inside the new world's longest flight: What it's like to fly on Singapore Airlines' new route between Singapore and New York |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-the-new-worlds-longest-flight-singapore-airlines-a350-tour-2020-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125002148/https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-the-new-worlds-longest-flight-singapore-airlines-a350-tour-2020-11 |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Great Circle Map Distance SIN-JFK |url=http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=sin–JFK |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008043742/http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=SIN–JFK |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=www.gcmap.com}}</ref>
* The world's longest active scheduled passenger flight by [[great-circle distance]] operates between [[Changi Airport]] (in [[Singapore]]) and [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] (in [[New York City|New York City, United States]]); the great-circle distance between the two airports is {{convert|15349|km|mi nmi|0|abbr=}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pallini |first=Thomas |title=Inside the new world's longest flight: What it's like to fly on Singapore Airlines' new route between Singapore and New York |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-the-new-worlds-longest-flight-singapore-airlines-a350-tour-2020-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125002148/https://www.businessinsider.com/inside-the-new-worlds-longest-flight-singapore-airlines-a350-tour-2020-11 |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Great Circle Map Distance SIN-JFK |url=http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=sin%E2%80%93JFK |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008043742/http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=SIN%E2%80%93JFK |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=www.gcmap.com }}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
 
{{Portal|Aviation|Transport}}
* [[List of busiest airports by aircraft movements]]
* [[List of busiest airports by aircraft movements]]
* [[List of busiest airports by cargo traffic]]
* [[List of busiest airports by cargo traffic]]
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== External links ==
== External links ==
 
{{Wikivoyage|At the airport}}
* [http://www.airport-world.com/ Airport World] – published by Airports Council International
* [http://www.airport-world.com/ Airport World] – published by Airports Council International
* [https://myfun-1292.appspot.com/worldairports World Airport in the map] - provided by chaoo13
* [https://myfun-1292.appspot.com/worldairports World Airport in the map] - provided by chaoo13

Latest revision as of 15:52, 11 March 2026


Incheon International Airport in November 2023, with departure gates radiating out from the terminal building, aerobridges, apron and parked planes

An international airport is an airport with customs and border control facilities, enabling passengers to travel between countries around the world. International airports are usually larger than domestic airports, and feature longer runways and have facilities to accommodate heavier aircraft such as the Boeing 747, Boeing 777, and the Airbus A380 commonly used for international and intercontinental travel. International airports often host domestic flights, which helps feed both passengers and cargo into international ones (and vice versa).

Renovated Simón Bolívar International Airport (Santa Marta, Colombia) in October 2019

Buildings, operations, and management have become increasingly sophisticated since the mid-20th century, when international airports began to provide infrastructure for international civilian flights. Detailed technical standards have been developed to ensure safety and common coding systems implemented to provide global consistency. The physical structures that serve millions of individual passengers and flights are among the most complex and interconnected in the world. By the second decade of the 21st century, over 1,200 international[citation needed] airports existed with around 3.8 billion[1] international passengers as of January 2023 along with 50 million[citation needed] metric tonnes of cargo passing through them annually.

History[edit | edit source]

Qantas Empire Airways International Short Empire flying boat services arriving at Rose Bay, Sydney (c. 1939)

In August 1919, Hounslow Heath Aerodrome, in London, England, was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services. It was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920.[2][3] In the United States, Douglas Municipal Airport in Arizona became the first international airport of the Americas in 1928.[4]

The precursors to international airports were airfields or aerodromes. In the early days of international flights, infrastructure was limited, "although if engine problems arose there were plenty of places where aircraft could land".[5] Since four-engined land planes were unavailable for over-water operations to international destinations, flying boats became part of the solution. At the far end of the longest international route (which became the Kangaroo Route), on-water landing areas were found in places such as Surabaya and in the open sea off Kupang. In Sydney, Rose Bay, New South Wales, was chosen as the flying-boat landing area.[5]

International airports sometimes serve military as well as commercial purposes and their viability is also affected by technological developments. Canton Island Airport, for example, in the Phoenix Islands (Kiribati), after serving as a military airport during World War II, was used as a refuelling stop by commercial aircraft such as Qantas which stationed ground crew there in the late 1950s.[6] The advent in the early 1960s of jet aircraft such as the Boeing 707 with the range to fly non-stop between Australia or New Zealand and Hawaii, meant that a mid-Pacific stop was no longer needed and the airport was closed to regular commercial use. Other international airports, such as Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong, have been decommissioned and replaced when they reached capacity or technological advances rendered them inadequate.[7][8]

Design and construction[edit | edit source]

Finnair Airbus A319 at the Helsinki Airport in Vantaa, Finland. Terminal expansion construction site in the background.

The construction and operation of an international airport depends on a complicated set of decisions that are affected by technology, politics, economics and geography as well as both local and international law.[9][10][11][12][full citation needed] Designing an airport even for domestic traffic or as "non-hub" has, from the beginning, required extensive co-ordination between users and interested parties – architects, engineers, managers and staff all need to be involved.[13][14] Airports may also be regarded as emblematic of national pride and so the design may be architecturally ambitious. An example was the planned New Mexico City international airport, intended to replace an airport that has reached capacity.[15]

Airports can be towered or non-towered, depending on air traffic density and available funds. Because of high capacity and busy airspace, many international airports have air traffic control located on site.

Some international airports require construction of additional infrastructure outside of the airport, such as at the Hong Kong International Airport, which included the construction of a high-speed railway and automobile expressway to connect the airport to the urban areas of Hong Kong. Construction of the expressway included the construction of two bridges (the Tsing Ma suspension bridge and Kap Shui Mun cable bridge) and the Ma Wan viaduct on Ma Wan island to connect the bridges. Each bridge carries rail and automobile traffic.[16]

Operations and management[edit | edit source]

A flight information display system screen at Charles de Gaulle Airport's Terminal 2 showing flight arrivals

International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines and passengers from around the world. Many also serve as hubs, or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers may switch planes, while others serve primarily direct point-to-point flights. This affects airport design factors, including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers and baggage between different areas of the airport. An airport specializing in point-to-point transit can have international and domestic terminals, each in their separate building equipped with separate baggage handling facilities. In a hub airport, however, spaces and services are shared.[17]

Airport management have to take into account a wide range of factors, among which are the performance of airlines, the technical requirements of aircraft, airport-airline relationships, services for travelling customers, security and environmental impacts.[18]

Standards[edit | edit source]

Technical standards for safety and operating procedures at international airports are set by international agreements. The International Air Transport Association (IATA), formed in 1945, is the association of the airline companies. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a body of the United Nations succeeding earlier international committees going back to 1903. These two organizations served to create regulations over airports which the airports themselves had no authority to debate. This eventually sparked an entire subject of air travel politics. In January 1948, 19 representatives from various US commercial airports met for the first time in New York City to seek resolution to common problems they each faced, which initiated the formation of the Airport Operators Council, which later became Airports Council International – North America (ACI-NA). This group included representatives from Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Jacksonville, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Memphis, Miami, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, San Francisco and Washington.[19]

Flight logistics[edit | edit source]

International airports have extensive operations in managing flight logistics, such as air traffic control. The latter service is provided by ground-based controllers who coordinate and direct aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace. Air traffic control also provides advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace.[20]

Customs and immigration[edit | edit source]

Irish Passport inspection at Dublin Airport (2007)
US and Canadian custom agents

Airports with international flights have customs and immigration facilities, which allow right of entry. These change over time but are generally designated by law.[21] However, as some countries have agreements that allow connecting flights without customs and immigrations, such facilities do not define an international airport.

Security and safety[edit | edit source]

At Shannon Airport, travelers to the United States can "pre-clear" U.S. immigration (2008)

The current trend of enhancing security at the cost of passenger and baggage handling efficiency at international airports is expected to continue in the future.[22][23] This places financial burden on airports, risks the flow of servicing processes, and has implications for the privacy of passengers.[17] International flights often require a higher level of physical security than domestic airports do, although in recent years, many countries have adopted the same level of security for both.

Most international airports feature a "sterile lounge", an area after security checkpoints within which passengers are free to move without further security checks. This area can have services such as duty-free shops that sell goods that have been selected and screened with safety in mind, so that purchasing and bringing them on board flights poses no security risks. In addition to employees, only processed passengers with a valid ticket are allowed inside the sterile lounge. Admittance into the sterile area is done in centralized security checkpoints in contrast to e.g. individual checkpoints at each gate. This allows for more efficient processing of passengers with fewer staff, as well as makes it possible to detect both delays and security threats well ahead of boarding.[24]

To ensure the viability of airport operations, new and innovative security systems are being developed. For instance, the old security checkpoints can be replaced by a "total security area" encompassing an entire airport, coupled with automatic surveillance of passengers from the moment they enter the airport until they embark on a plane.[17]

Passengers connecting to domestic flights from an international flight generally must take their checked luggage through customs and re-check their luggage at the domestic airline counter, requiring extra time in the process. In some cases in Europe, luggage can be transferred to the final destination even if it is a domestic connection.

In some cases, travelers and the aircraft can clear customs and immigration at the departure airport. An example of this would be that some airports in Canada and Ireland, along with several other countries, have United States border preclearance facilities. This allows flights from those airports to fly into US airports that do not have customs and immigration facilities. Luggage from such flights can also be transferred to a final destination in the U.S. through the airport of entry.

A crucial safety aspect of international airports is medical facilities and practices. In particular, controlling transmissible disease, such as SARS, is deemed important at international airports.[25] While these standards are regulated by ICAO Standards And Recommended Practices (SARPs) and WHO's International Health Regulations (IHR), local authorities have considerable say in how they are implemented.[26]

Transportation[edit | edit source]

Among the most important airport services are further transportation connections, including rail networks, taxi and shuttle services at curbside pick-up areas, and public buses.[27] Large areas for automobile parking, often in co-located multi-storey car parks, are also typical to find at airports. Some airports provide shuttle services to parking garages for passengers and airport employees.[27] Due to the very large scale of international airports, some have constructed shuttle services to transport passengers between terminals.[28] Such systems operate for example, in Singapore Changi Airport and Zurich Airport.

At some U.S. international airports, such as O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, some seating and waiting areas are located away from the terminal building, with passengers being shuttled to terminals.[27] These areas may be referred to as ground transportation centers or intermodal centers.[27] Amenities at ground transportation centers typically include restrooms and seating, and may also provide ticket counters, food and beverage sales and retail goods such as magazines.[27] Some ground transportation centers have heating and air conditioning and covered boarding areas[27] (to protect passengers from the elements).

Services and amenities[edit | edit source]

Standard amenities include public restrooms, passenger waiting areas and retail stores for dining and shopping,[28] including duty-free shops. Dining establishments may be consolidated in food courts. Some international airports may offer retail sales of luxury goods at duty-free stores. Wi-Fi service and access, offices for bureau de change (currency exchange) and tourism advice are common, although the availability of service varies across airports. Some international airports provide secure areas for stranded passengers to rest and sleep. The more usual service is hotels that are available on the premises.

  • Duty-free shops at Ben Gurion International Airport in Tel Aviv, Israel (2012)
    Duty-free shops at Ben Gurion International Airport in Tel Aviv, Israel (2012)
  • For passengers stranded overnight, secure area at O'Hare International Airport with dimmed lights, cots, pillows, blankets, and toiletries (2008)[29]
    For passengers stranded overnight, secure area at O'Hare International Airport with dimmed lights, cots, pillows, blankets, and toiletries (2008)[29]
  • The food court in the restricted area of Terminal 1 at Hong Kong International Airport (2013)
    The food court in the restricted area of Terminal 1 at Hong Kong International Airport (2013)

Customer satisfaction awards[edit | edit source]

The World Airport Awards are voted by consumers in an independent global customer satisfaction survey. Singapore Changi Airport was the first-place winner in 2020.[30] Other winners include Incheon International Airport (South Korea) and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (The Netherlands).[31]

Airport names[edit | edit source]

Birds-eye view of Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport in October 2004.
The front view of the King Shaka International Airport's main terminal building in May 2010.
Outside view of Terminal B of Denver International Airport in July 2018.

Toponymy is one of the most common sources for the naming of airports. A number of areas close to them have lent their names, including villages, estates, city districts, historical areas and regions, islands and even a waterfall. Sometimes the toponym is combined with or renamed to incorporate another name from another source such as from one of the following:

A study found that 44 percent of the world's international airports are named by toponyms: named for politicians (thirty percent), aviators (seven percent), mythology and religion (three percent), public figures (two percent), people of science (two percent) and other (one percent).[32]

Airports also use an IATA-3 letter code for identification. Some airports are nicknamed after these codes, such as JFK, BWI, DFW, LAX, YYZ, FCO, and CDG.

An "international airport" can be named as such by providing customs and border control facilities to enable international flights, regardless of whether international flights currently operate to or from the airport. For example, a U.S. Customs and Border Protection facility has been in place at Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport since July 1, 2012, but no scheduled international flights have been inaugurated to or from Bozeman since.

Notable airports[edit | edit source]

By historical event[edit | edit source]

By passenger numbers[edit | edit source]

  • As of 2018, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport had the greatest number of travelers of all international airports with 107 million passengers, more than Beijing Capital International with 100 million passengers.[33]
  • Los Angeles International Airport is considered to have the greatest number of passengers who start or end their travel there as opposed to continuing on to a connecting flight. Overall, LAX is considered to be the 7th busiest airport in the world.[34]
  • Dubai International Airport is the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic, with 83,105,798 international passengers. Dubai is the third busiest airport worldwide.

Other[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "The world's airports – the state of the industry in Jan-2023 in 11 numbers". CAPA - Centre for Aviation. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  2. ↑ Bluffield, Robert (2009). Imperial Airways: the birth of the British airline industry 1914–1940. Hersham [England]: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-1-906537-07-4.
  3. ↑ Learmonth, Bob; Cluett, Douglas; Nash, Joanna (1977), A history of Croydon Airport, Sutton Libraries and Arts Services
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Blaskey, Larry (6 June 2008). "Eleanor Roosevelt's trip to Douglas remembered". Douglas Dispatch. Archived from the original on 14 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Stackhouse, John (1995). --from the dawn of aviation : The Qantas Story, 1920-1995. Double Bay, NSW: Focus Pub. pp. 57, 66–71. ISBN 1-875359-23-0.
  6. ↑ Walker, Howell. "Air Age Brings Life to Canton Island". The National Geographic Magazine: January 1955, pp. 117-132.
  7. ↑ Hafer, JR. "Kai Tak Airport Hong Kong". 20th Century Aviation Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  8. ↑ Farewell speech for Kai Tak (6 July 1998)
  9. ↑ Feldman, Elliot J. and Jerome Milch (1982). Technology versus democracy: the comparative politics of international airports. Boston, Massachusetts: Auburn House Pub. Co. ISBN 0-86569-063-4.
  10. ↑ Regulatory implications of the allocation of flight departure and arrival slots at international airports. Montreal, Canada: International Civil Aviation Organization. 2001.
  11. ↑ Salter, Mark B. (2008). Politics at the airport ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5014-9.
  12. ↑ Williams, Alan, Developing strategies for the modern international airport : East Asia and beyond, Ashgate Pub. Co
  13. ↑ "Planning and design of airport terminal building facilities at nonhub locations". United States Federal Aviation Administration. 1980. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  14. ↑ "Quality control of construction for airport grant projects". U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  15. ↑ Luhnow, David (2 September 2014). "Mexico Plans New $9.2 Billion Airport". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  16. ↑ Template:Cite tech report
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Janić, Milan (February 2010). Airport Analysis, Planning and Design: Demand, Capacity, and Congestion. New York: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 51–52, 248. ISBN 978-1-61761-560-3.
  18. ↑ Graham, Anne (2003). Managing airports – an international perspective (2 ed.). Oxford, UK and Burlington, US: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-5917-3.
  19. ↑ "History of Airports Council International-North America". Airports Council International – North America. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  20. ↑ Reddy, Arun (3 March 2010). "The Science and Technology of Air Traffic Control". Ars Technica. Conde Nast. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  21. ↑ Bennett, David L. (1996). "Designated US International airports". U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  22. ↑ St. John, Peter (1991). Air piracy, airport security, and international terrorism: winning the war against hijackers. New York: Quorum Books. ISBN 0-89930-413-3.
  23. ↑ Moore, Kenneth C. (1991). Airport, aircraft, and airline security (2nd ed.). Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-9019-4.
  24. ↑ Rodney Wallis (2003). How Safe are Our Skies?: Assessing the Airlines' Response to Terrorism. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-275-97847-1.
  25. ↑ IHR implementation at ports, airports and groundcrossings – video. multimedia.who.int (Video). WHO. Archived from the original (WEBM) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  26. ↑ "FAQ: What are the ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices ... at international airports?". ICAO. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Strategies for Improving Public Transportation Access to Large Airports. Transportation Research Board. 2002. pp. 81–84. ISBN 0-309-06764-2.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Johnson, Josie J. International Air Flights. Clinton Gilkie.
  29. ↑ "Traveler Services". Chicago Department of Aviation. Archived from the original on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  30. ↑ Karla Cripps (11 May 2020). "The world's best airports for 2020, according to Skytrax". CNN. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  31. ↑ "World Airport Awards". Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  32. ↑ Peskov, Denis. "Naming of International Airports". Retrieved 2 October 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ↑ "Preliminary World Airport Rankings". Airports Council International. 13 March 2019. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  34. ↑ "(LAX) Los Angeles International Airport Overview". Flight Stats. FlightStats, Inc. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  35. ↑ Sweeney, Chris (17 February 2010). "The World's 18 Strangest Airports": Svalbard, Norway". Popular Mechanics.
  36. ↑ Sweeney, Chris (17 February 2010). "The World's 18 Strangest Airports: Dammam, Saudi Arabia". Popular Mechanics.
  37. ↑ Pallini, Thomas. "Inside the new world's longest flight: What it's like to fly on Singapore Airlines' new route between Singapore and New York". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  38. ↑ "Great Circle Map Distance SIN-JFK". www.gcmap.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.

External links[edit | edit source]

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