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{{ | {{Short description|Munda ethnic group from Southern Odisha}} | ||
{{Distinguish|Sabar people}} | {{Distinguish|Sabar people}} | ||
{{more citations needed|date=September 2017}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}} | |||
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}} | |||
{{Infobox ethnic group | {{Infobox ethnic group | ||
| group = Sora | | group = Sora | ||
| image = Lanjia Saura woman in traditional jewelry.jpg | | image = Lanjia Saura woman in traditional jewelry.jpg | ||
| image_caption = Lanjia Sora woman in traditional | | image_caption = Lanjia Sora woman in traditional jewellery in Rayagada district, Odisha, India. | ||
| region1 = [[Odisha]] | | region1 = [[Odisha]] | ||
| pop1 = 709,349 | | pop1 = 709,349 | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
| languages = [[Sora language|Sora]] | | languages = [[Sora language|Sora]] | ||
| Script = | | Script = | ||
| religions = | | religions = [[Shamanism]]{{*}}[[Hinduism]]{{*}}[[Christianity]] ([[Baptists|Baptism]] and other [[Protestant]] denominations)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11909/download/15022/ST-21-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS "ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Odisha]". census.gov.in. Retrieved 5 April 2025</ref> | ||
| related = [[Munda | | related = [[Munda peoples|Mundas]], [[Ho people|Ho]], [[Santhal people|Santhal]] and other [[Munda peoples]] | ||
| native_name = | | native_name = | ||
| native_name_lang = | | native_name_lang = | ||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Sora''' (alternative names and spellings include '''Saora''', '''Saura''', '''Savara''' and '''Sabara''') are a [[Munda peoples|Munda]] ethnic group from eastern India. They live in southern [[Odisha]] and north coastal [[Andhra Pradesh]]. | The '''Sora''' (alternative names and spellings include '''Saora''', '''Saura''', '''Savara''' and '''Sabara'''; [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] spelling: [soːra] or [soʔoːra]) are a [[Munda peoples|Munda]] ethnic group from eastern India. They live in southern [[Odisha]] and north coastal [[Andhra Pradesh]]. | ||
The Soras mainly live in [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]] and [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]] districts of Odisha.<ref>{{cite book | last=Reedy | first=P. Adinarayana| year=2004| title=Education of Tribal Women: A Comparative Study | publisher=Anmol Publications | isbn=81-261-1831-8}}</ref> They are also present in [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]] and [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] districts. In the census, however, some Soras are classified under Shabar or [[Lodha people|Lodha]], the name for another very different Munda tribe. They inhabit blocks of [[Gunupur]], [[Padmapur, Rayagada|Padmapur]] and [[Gudari, Rayagada|Gudari]]. Their highest concentration is found in the Puttasingi area, approximately 25 km away from Gunupur NAC. Although, they are close to the assimilation process, yet some interior GPs like Rejingtal, Sagada and Puttasingi have Soras who still retain their traditional tribal customs and traditions. | The Soras mainly live in [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]], [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]] and [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]] districts of Odisha.<ref>{{cite book | last=Reedy | first=P. Adinarayana| year=2004| title=Education of Tribal Women: A Comparative Study | publisher=Anmol Publications | isbn=81-261-1831-8}}</ref> They are also present in [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]] and [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] districts. In the census, however, some Soras are classified under Shabar or [[Lodha people|Lodha]], the name for another very different Munda tribe. They inhabit blocks of [[Gunupur]], [[Padmapur, Rayagada|Padmapur]] and [[Gudari, Rayagada|Gudari]]. Their highest concentration is found in the Puttasingi area, approximately 25 km away from Gunupur NAC. Although, they are close to the assimilation process, yet some interior GPs like Rejingtal, Sagada and Puttasingi have Soras who still retain their traditional tribal customs and traditions. | ||
They are known by various names such as ''Savara'', ''Sabara'', ''Sora'', and ''Soura''. They are concentrated in parts of [[Gunupur]] adjoining to the blocks of Gumma, Serango of Gajapati district. The Soras speak [[Sora language|Sora]], a [[Sora language|Munda language]]. However, written language in Sora is not followed by all. They practice [[ | They are known by various names such as ''Savara'', ''Sabara'', ''Sora'', and ''Soura''. They are concentrated in parts of [[Gunupur]] adjoining to the blocks of Gumma, Serango of Gajapati district. The Soras speak [[Sora language|Sora]], a [[Sora language|Munda language]]. However, written language in Sora is not followed by all. They practice sedentary rice farming on [[Terrace (earthworks)|terraced paddy fields]] in Southern Odisha [[Eastern Ghat]] hills overlooking the seaside.<ref>Vitebsky (2017:12)</ref><ref>Vitebsky (2017:32)</ref> | ||
They are of medium or short stature. | They are of medium or short stature. The Savara villages consist of houses with mud walls and sedge grass roofs, usually situated in foothills. The adult men dress in a gavancha and the women in [[sari]]s. They are also sometimes called ''Lanjia Souras'' due to their dress pattern of wearing a loin cloth hanging from behind and which could be mistakenly identified as a tail by a stranger. | ||
They are [[endogamous]] and the clan, although absent, is related to ''Birinda'', which is [[exogamous]]. Families are nuclear although joint or extended families are also found. Marriages are made by bride capture, elopement, and by negotiations. | They are [[endogamous]] and the clan, although absent, is related to ''Birinda'', which is [[exogamous]]. Families are nuclear although joint or extended families are also found. Marriages are made by bride capture, elopement, and by negotiations. | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
The Soras were already mentioned under the name of {{ | The Soras were already mentioned under the name of {{transliteration|sa|Savara}}s in [[Brahmana|{{transliteration|sa|Brāhmaṇa}}]]s, who associate them with the Indo-Aryan [[Vidarbha (kingdom)|Vaidarbha]]s and non-Indo-Aryan [[Pulinda]]s. | ||
<ref name="Raychaudhuri">{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |pages= | <ref name="Raychaudhuri">{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |pages=44–45 |url= |location= |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |isbn=}}</ref> | ||
[[Greco-Roman world|Graeco-Roman]] authors later mentioned the Soras, with [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] calling them the "Suari" and [[Ptolemy]] calling them the "Sabarae."<ref name="Raychaudhuri"/> | [[Greco-Roman world|Graeco-Roman]] authors later mentioned the Soras, with [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] calling them the "Suari" and [[Ptolemy]] calling them the "Sabarae."<ref name="Raychaudhuri"/> | ||
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==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
[[File:A Lanjia Saura couple.jpg|thumb|A Lanjia Saora couple]] | [[File:A Lanjia Saura couple.jpg|thumb|A Lanjia Saora couple]] | ||
[[File:OpenSpeaks-srb-Idital-Opino Gomango-Namad Dalbehera-Intro.webm|thumb|Indian [[Idital]] artist Namad Dalbehera speaking about the Idital painting in [[:w:Sora language|Sora language]]]] | |||
Instead of clan | Instead of clan organisation they have their extended families called Birinda, which consists of descendants from a common ancestors of four to five generations. The Soras' religion is very elaborate and deep rooted. They are animist and believe in large number of deities and ancestral spirits. Dance and music constitute part and parcel of their rich aesthetic life. | ||
The Sora family is [[polygamous]]. The total household economy revolves around the woman member who is hardworking and who helps her husband in ploughing and harvesting crops in addition to attending household chores exclusively. | The Sora family is [[polygamous]]. The total household economy revolves around the woman member who is hardworking and who helps her husband in ploughing and harvesting crops in addition to attending household chores exclusively. | ||
The Sora people are the most prevalent practitioners of the [[podu (agriculture)|podu cultivation system]] in [[Srikakulam district]]. Living high in the hills, they have little level land available and so cannot usually plough. They slash-and-burn forested land, planting millet and pulses between the tree stumps that are left and which limit the effects of erosion. After a couple of years of use, they allow the land to recover by cultivating a different area; in due course, they return to the original plot. In addition to podu, the Sora also construct irrigated terraces where it is feasible and upon those, they grow rice.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival |first=Christoph |last=von Fürer-Haimendorf |publisher=University of California Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-52004-315-2 |pages=77–78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bq6VDF9gB4gC&pg=PA77 |authorlink=Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf}}</ref> | The Sora people are the most prevalent practitioners of the [[podu (agriculture)|podu cultivation system]] in [[Srikakulam district]]. Living high in the hills, they have little level land available and so cannot usually plough. They [[slash-and-burn]] forested land, planting millet and pulses between the tree stumps that are left and which limit the effects of erosion. After a couple of years of use, they allow the land to recover by cultivating a different area; in due course, they return to the original plot. In addition to podu, the Sora also construct irrigated terraces where it is feasible and upon those, they grow rice.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival |first=Christoph |last=von Fürer-Haimendorf |publisher=University of California Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-52004-315-2 |pages=77–78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bq6VDF9gB4gC&pg=PA77 |authorlink=Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf}}</ref> | ||
==Religion== | |||
The Soras are highly religious with each and every natural phenomenon attributed to the works of some Gods, deities or spirits of traditional belief. Therefore, the customary law, values, norms are highly respected by all members of the society for the fear of inviting personal or communal harms. | |||
Sora traditional belief is a form of [[shamanism]] (Vitebsky 2017). It involves reverences of supernatural entities called the ''kittung'', who are believed to inhabit both natural and human landscapes including forests, mountains, villages, rivers and particular locations. The Sora shamans or the ''kuran'' are female priests whose tasks are to fulfill the ''kittung'' by performing annual rituals, cattle sacrifices, dances, and offerings.<ref name=Vitebsky/> | |||
== | However, in the last many decades many of the traditional Sora beliefs have been superseded by Christianity that was introduced by missionaries.<ref name="Vitebsky">[[Piers Vitebsky]], ''Living Without the Dead: Loss and Redemption in a Jungle Cosmos'', The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2017 and Delhi: HarperCollins 2018.[https://books.google.com/books?id=WlM3DwAAQBAJ&dq=SOURA+BAPTIST&pg=PA147]</ref> In many areas the shamanic and animist beliefs are distant memories, and in some areas, particularly around Puttasingh the graveyards of the ancestors have been destroyed. | ||
Canadian and American Baptist missionaries introduced Christianity to the Sora in the early 1900s with the first Sora converts were baptised in 1905. The [[KJV]]-derived Sora Bible was published in the 1960s using Latin-based Sora alphabet. The Sora bible is held by some Christian villagers who see it as a prized household possession but not regularly spend to read it. | |||
In [[Gajapati district]], some up to 39 per cent of Lanjia and Jadu Sora are Christian. Sora Christians were affected by the [[2008 Kandhamal violence]] during which a Sora church was burned down by rioters and its pastor was physically assaulted.<ref>Vitebsky (2017:267)</ref> | |||
==Social life== | ==Social life== | ||
[[File:Lanjia_Saura_House_at_'State_Tribal_Fair-2020'_,_Bhubaneswar,India.jpg|thumb|Lanjia Sora house at Odisha State Tribal fair, [[Bhubaneswar]]]] | [[File:Lanjia_Saura_House_at_'State_Tribal_Fair-2020'_,_Bhubaneswar,India.jpg|thumb|Lanjia Sora house at Odisha State Tribal fair, [[Bhubaneswar]]]] | ||
The Sora have a traditional political | The Sora have a traditional political organisation at each village and region, having hereditary post of Gomango (or Gamong; secular head), Buyya (or Buya; religious head), Mondal, Raito, and Barik (messenger). The Soras have made history in pre-British and British period and post independence as a community known for their economic and political integrity. | ||
They practice [[shifting cultivation]] and the men hunt. A weekly market, called shandies, is an important role in the society, in the economy and in culture exchanges with other tribes and [[Western culture]]. | They practice [[shifting cultivation]] and the men hunt. A weekly market, called shandies, is an important role in the society, in the economy and in culture exchanges with other tribes and [[Western culture]]. | ||
==Notable people== | ==Notable people== | ||
[[Padala Bhudevi]] | <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---> | ||
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> | |||
*[[Padala Bhudevi]], [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] recipient<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/law-order/926958-padala-bhudevi-receives-nari-shakti-puraskar|title=Padala Bhudevi receives Nari Shakti Puraskar|website=Devdiscourse|language=en|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 77: | Line 77: | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
== External links == | ==External links== | ||
* [https://www.pbs.org/thelinguists/The-Speakers/ PBS documentary with info on sora language ] | *{{Commons category-inline}} | ||
*[https://www.pbs.org/thelinguists/The-Speakers/ PBS documentary with info on sora language] | |||
{{Scheduled tribes in Orissa}} | {{Scheduled tribes in Orissa}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sora People}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Sora People}} | ||
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]] | [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]] | ||
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh]] | [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Andhra Pradesh]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:45, 17 March 2026
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2017) |
 Lanjia Sora woman in traditional jewellery in Rayagada district, Odisha, India. | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
 India | |
| Odisha | 709,349[1] |
| Andhra Pradesh | 139,424 |
| Languages | |
| Sora | |
| Religion | |
| Shamanism • Hinduism • Christianity (Baptism and other Protestant denominations)[2] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Mundas, Ho, Santhal and other Munda peoples | |
The Sora (alternative names and spellings include Saora, Saura, Savara and Sabara; IPA spelling: [soːra] or [soʔoːra]) are a Munda ethnic group from eastern India. They live in southern Odisha and north coastal Andhra Pradesh.
The Soras mainly live in Gajapati, Rayagada and Bargarh districts of Odisha.[3] They are also present in Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts. In the census, however, some Soras are classified under Shabar or Lodha, the name for another very different Munda tribe. They inhabit blocks of Gunupur, Padmapur and Gudari. Their highest concentration is found in the Puttasingi area, approximately 25 km away from Gunupur NAC. Although, they are close to the assimilation process, yet some interior GPs like Rejingtal, Sagada and Puttasingi have Soras who still retain their traditional tribal customs and traditions.
They are known by various names such as Savara, Sabara, Sora, and Soura. They are concentrated in parts of Gunupur adjoining to the blocks of Gumma, Serango of Gajapati district. The Soras speak Sora, a Munda language. However, written language in Sora is not followed by all. They practice sedentary rice farming on terraced paddy fields in Southern Odisha Eastern Ghat hills overlooking the seaside.[4][5]
They are of medium or short stature. The Savara villages consist of houses with mud walls and sedge grass roofs, usually situated in foothills. The adult men dress in a gavancha and the women in saris. They are also sometimes called Lanjia Souras due to their dress pattern of wearing a loin cloth hanging from behind and which could be mistakenly identified as a tail by a stranger.
They are endogamous and the clan, although absent, is related to Birinda, which is exogamous. Families are nuclear although joint or extended families are also found. Marriages are made by bride capture, elopement, and by negotiations.
The Sora people are a dwindling jungle tribe with a distinctive shamanic culture. According to an article in Natural History, "a shaman, usually a woman, serves as an intermediary between the two worlds [of the living and the dead]. During a trance, her soul is said to climb down terrifying precipices to the underworld, leaving her body for the dead to use as their vehicle for communication. One by one the spirits speak through her mouth. Mourners crowd around the shaman, arguing vehemently with the dead, laughing at their jokes, or weeping at their accusations."[6]
History[edit | edit source]
The Soras were already mentioned under the name of Savaras in Brāhmaṇas, who associate them with the Indo-Aryan Vaidarbhas and non-Indo-Aryan Pulindas. [7]
Graeco-Roman authors later mentioned the Soras, with Pliny calling them the "Suari" and Ptolemy calling them the "Sabarae."[7]
Culture[edit | edit source]
Instead of clan organisation they have their extended families called Birinda, which consists of descendants from a common ancestors of four to five generations. The Soras' religion is very elaborate and deep rooted. They are animist and believe in large number of deities and ancestral spirits. Dance and music constitute part and parcel of their rich aesthetic life.
The Sora family is polygamous. The total household economy revolves around the woman member who is hardworking and who helps her husband in ploughing and harvesting crops in addition to attending household chores exclusively.
The Sora people are the most prevalent practitioners of the podu cultivation system in Srikakulam district. Living high in the hills, they have little level land available and so cannot usually plough. They slash-and-burn forested land, planting millet and pulses between the tree stumps that are left and which limit the effects of erosion. After a couple of years of use, they allow the land to recover by cultivating a different area; in due course, they return to the original plot. In addition to podu, the Sora also construct irrigated terraces where it is feasible and upon those, they grow rice.[8]
Religion[edit | edit source]
The Soras are highly religious with each and every natural phenomenon attributed to the works of some Gods, deities or spirits of traditional belief. Therefore, the customary law, values, norms are highly respected by all members of the society for the fear of inviting personal or communal harms.
Sora traditional belief is a form of shamanism (Vitebsky 2017). It involves reverences of supernatural entities called the kittung, who are believed to inhabit both natural and human landscapes including forests, mountains, villages, rivers and particular locations. The Sora shamans or the kuran are female priests whose tasks are to fulfill the kittung by performing annual rituals, cattle sacrifices, dances, and offerings.[9]
However, in the last many decades many of the traditional Sora beliefs have been superseded by Christianity that was introduced by missionaries.[9] In many areas the shamanic and animist beliefs are distant memories, and in some areas, particularly around Puttasingh the graveyards of the ancestors have been destroyed.
Canadian and American Baptist missionaries introduced Christianity to the Sora in the early 1900s with the first Sora converts were baptised in 1905. The KJV-derived Sora Bible was published in the 1960s using Latin-based Sora alphabet. The Sora bible is held by some Christian villagers who see it as a prized household possession but not regularly spend to read it.
In Gajapati district, some up to 39 per cent of Lanjia and Jadu Sora are Christian. Sora Christians were affected by the 2008 Kandhamal violence during which a Sora church was burned down by rioters and its pastor was physically assaulted.[10]
Social life[edit | edit source]
The Sora have a traditional political organisation at each village and region, having hereditary post of Gomango (or Gamong; secular head), Buyya (or Buya; religious head), Mondal, Raito, and Barik (messenger). The Soras have made history in pre-British and British period and post independence as a community known for their economic and political integrity.
They practice shifting cultivation and the men hunt. A weekly market, called shandies, is an important role in the society, in the economy and in culture exchanges with other tribes and Western culture.
Notable people[edit | edit source]
- Padala Bhudevi, Nari Shakti Puraskar recipient[11]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community". Census of India. Ministry of Home Affairs, India. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
- ↑ "ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Odisha". census.gov.in. Retrieved 5 April 2025
- ↑ Reedy, P. Adinarayana (2004). Education of Tribal Women: A Comparative Study. Anmol Publications. ISBN 81-261-1831-8.
- ↑ Vitebsky (2017:12)
- ↑ Vitebsky (2017:32)
- ↑ Piers Vitebsky. Dialogues with the dead. Natural History Magazine, Inc. March 1997
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1953). Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty. University of Calcutta. pp. 44–45.
- ↑ von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph (1982). Tribes of India: The Struggle for Survival. University of California Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-52004-315-2.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Piers Vitebsky, Living Without the Dead: Loss and Redemption in a Jungle Cosmos, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2017 and Delhi: HarperCollins 2018.[1]
- ↑ Vitebsky (2017:267)
- ↑ "Padala Bhudevi receives Nari Shakti Puraskar". Devdiscourse. Retrieved 4 April 2020.