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{{Short description|Form of folk art in Kerala, India}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}} | {{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}} | ||
[[File:കാക്കാരിശ്ശിനാടകം - അവതരണം.jpg|Kakkathis|thumb]] | |||
[[File:കാക്കാരിശ്ശിനാടകം - പുരുഷകഥാപാത്രം.jpg|Sundara Kakkan|thumb]] | |||
'''Kakkarissi Natakam''' is a [[Folk arts|folk art]] form of [[Dance in India|dance drama]] which includes music, originating in southern India, in the states of [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is especially associated with Kerala. | |||
==History== | |||
Kakkarissi Natakam originated in southern Kerala<ref name=ramnath2012/> and Tamil Nadu.<ref name="NIE"/> At first, the natakam would only be performed in front of minor [[Hindu deities]], and audiences were mainly drawn from lower socio-economic classes and various lower [[Caste system in India|castes]]. Performances were long, often lasting through much of the night.<ref name=ramnath2012/> | |||
== | ==Description== | ||
[[File:Kakkarissi Nadakam at Kollam.ogg|Kakkarissi Nadakam| thumb]] | |||
File:Kakkarissi Nadakam at Kollam.ogg|Kakkarissi Nadakam | This art form is more popular in the southern regions of Kerala. It is a form of musical [[drama]], and the language used is a blend of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]].<ref name="NIE"/> It has all the elements of [[Theatre of India|traditional Indian theatre]], and combines music, dance, and [[Mime artist|mime]]. The performances are often humorous, and blend satire and social commentary into the narrative.<ref name=ramnath2012>{{cite web | last=Ramnath | first=Ambili | title=Keeping the torch burning | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 October 2012 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/Keeping-the-torch-burning/article12553579.ece | access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref> A [[Play (theatre)|play]] is performed with dance and songs, accompanied by musical instruments which include the [[mrudangam]], [[harmonium]], [[Kanjira|ganchira]], chenda and [[Handbell|kaimani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/|title=Kakkarissi Natakam - a folk theatrical art form|website=www.keralaculture.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/artforms/kakkarissi-natakam/20|title=Kakkarissi Natakam - a satirical dance-drama, Performing art|website=Kerala Tourism}}</ref> | ||
The story is built around [[Shiva|Lord Shivan]] with his consort [[Parvati|Parvathi Devi]], who arrived on earth in the form of [[Kakkala language|Kakkalan]] and Kakkathi, a nomadic tribe of [[fortune teller]]s.<ref name="NIE"/><ref name=ramnath2012/> Sundara Kakkan, Kakkathis, Vedan, and Thampuraan are some of the main characters in this art form.<ref name="NIE">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jul/05/bringing-kakkarissi-to-life-1624378.html|title=Bringing Kakkarissi to life|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> | |||
</ | |||
==Notable practitioners== | |||
[[P. K. Rosy]], the first actress in a [[Malayalam film]], was an accomplished Kakkarissi Natakam performer in the 1920s, before she played the lead role in [[J. C. Daniel]]'s 1928 film ''[[Vigathakumaran]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pk-rosys-story-how-malayalam-cinemas-first-woman-actor-was-forced-leave-state-109169 |title=PK Rosy's story: How Malayalam cinema's first woman actor was forced to leave the state |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=19 September 2019 |website=The News Minute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920122529/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pk-rosys-story-how-malayalam-cinemas-first-woman-actor-was-forced-leave-state-109169 |archive-date=20 September 2019 |access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Shaji | first=K A | title=As Google honours Dalit heroine PK Rosy, Kerala film academy struggles to name award after her | website=The South First | date=10 February 2023 | url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/as-google-honours-dalit-heroine-pk-rosy-kerala-film-academy-struggles-to-name-award-after-her/ | access-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Pillai | first=Geetha Sunil | title=Dalit History Month: How the Caste System Buried Kerala's First Christian Filmmaker & Dalit Actress 97 Years Ago | website=The Mooknayak English - Voice Of The Voiceless | date=3 April 2025 | url=https://en.themooknayak.com/society/dalit-history-month-how-the-caste-system-buried-keralas-first-christian-filmmaker-dalit-actress-97-years-ago | access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> | |||
Sreedharan Asan (born {{circa|1923}}), studied under Gopalan Asan, becoming a well-known artist and teacher of Kakkarissi Natakam. He led his own troupe, called Natana Kairali. When [[Travancore]] was a kingdom ruled by a [[Maharaja]], the troupe performed for him at the "vetta and vilakku" festival of the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], dedicated to [[Vishnu]], in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. They also performed at the World Malayalam Conference, and in [[Delhi]], for [[Indira Gandhi]] as well as [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. At the age of 89, Sreedharan Asan was feted by the Soorya Stage and Film Society, which organised a [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] for him.<ref name=ramnath2012/> In 2011, he won a [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in the folk art (Keraleeya Kalakal) category.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Awards announced | website=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=11 January 2012 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jan/11/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-announced-329051.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226181843/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/jan/11/sangeetha-nataka-akademi-awards-announced-329051.html | archive-date=26 February 2023 | url-status=live | access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref> | |||
==Writing== | |||
[[G. Bhargavan Pillai]], a writer on Kerala folklore, published his work about the art form, titled ''Kakkarissinatakam'', in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/artforms/kakkarissi-natakam/20|title=Kakkarissi Natakam - a satirical dance-drama, Performing art}}</ref><ref name=openlibauthor>{{cite web | title=Ji Bhārggavanpiḷḷa | website=Open Library | date=28 August 2008 | url=https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL649325A/Ji_Bha%CC%84rggavanpil%CC%A3l%CC%A3a | access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/228659 ''Kakkarissi Natakam''], library catalogue entry at the [[University of Calicut]]</ref> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
[[ | ==Further reading== | ||
[[Category: | * {{cite journal | last=V.R. | first=Renjitha | title=Folk tradition of Sanskrit theatre: a study of "kutiyattam" in medieval Kerala| journal=[[Proceedings of the Indian History Congress]] | publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] | volume=74 | year=2013 | issn=22491937 | jstor=44158830 | pages=313–322 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158830}} | ||
==External links== | |||
* [https://archive.org/details/dni.ncaa.CCRT-91-UMHB "Kakkarissi Natakam: Folk theatre of Kerala"] (Video, 34 min.) Published by Centre for Cultural Resources & Training, Delhi on the Internet Archive. | |||
* [https://ncaa.gov.in/repository/search/displaySearchRecordPreview/CCRT-188-UMHB/Alha-Udal-Folk-Music-of-Uttar-Pradesh-and-Kakkarissi-Natakam-Folk-performance-of-Kerala Alha Udal: Folk Music of Uttar Pradesh and Kakkarissi Natakam: Folk performance of Kerala] (Video, 50 min.) Created in 1986, starring Shri Lallu Vajpayee and his troupe. Published by Centre for Cultural Resources & Training, Delhi (Ministry of Culture). | |||
[[Category:Performing arts in Kerala]] | |||
Latest revision as of 20:49, 8 September 2025
Kakkarissi Natakam is a folk art form of dance drama which includes music, originating in southern India, in the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It is especially associated with Kerala.
History[edit | edit source]
Kakkarissi Natakam originated in southern Kerala[1] and Tamil Nadu.[2] At first, the natakam would only be performed in front of minor Hindu deities, and audiences were mainly drawn from lower socio-economic classes and various lower castes. Performances were long, often lasting through much of the night.[1]
Description[edit | edit source]
This art form is more popular in the southern regions of Kerala. It is a form of musical drama, and the language used is a blend of Tamil and Malayalam.[2] It has all the elements of traditional Indian theatre, and combines music, dance, and mime. The performances are often humorous, and blend satire and social commentary into the narrative.[1] A play is performed with dance and songs, accompanied by musical instruments which include the mrudangam, harmonium, ganchira, chenda and kaimani.[3][4]
The story is built around Lord Shivan with his consort Parvathi Devi, who arrived on earth in the form of Kakkalan and Kakkathi, a nomadic tribe of fortune tellers.[2][1] Sundara Kakkan, Kakkathis, Vedan, and Thampuraan are some of the main characters in this art form.[2]
Notable practitioners[edit | edit source]
P. K. Rosy, the first actress in a Malayalam film, was an accomplished Kakkarissi Natakam performer in the 1920s, before she played the lead role in J. C. Daniel's 1928 film Vigathakumaran.[5][6][7]
Sreedharan Asan (born c. 1923), studied under Gopalan Asan, becoming a well-known artist and teacher of Kakkarissi Natakam. He led his own troupe, called Natana Kairali. When Travancore was a kingdom ruled by a Maharaja, the troupe performed for him at the "vetta and vilakku" festival of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple, dedicated to Vishnu, in Thiruvananthapuram. They also performed at the World Malayalam Conference, and in Delhi, for Indira Gandhi as well as Rajiv Gandhi. At the age of 89, Sreedharan Asan was feted by the Soorya Stage and Film Society, which organised a pooja for him.[1] In 2011, he won a Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award in the folk art (Keraleeya Kalakal) category.[8]
Writing[edit | edit source]
G. Bhargavan Pillai, a writer on Kerala folklore, published his work about the art form, titled Kakkarissinatakam, in 1976.[9][10][11]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Ramnath, Ambili (11 October 2012). "Keeping the torch burning". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Bringing Kakkarissi to life". The New Indian Express.
- ↑ "Kakkarissi Natakam - a folk theatrical art form". www.keralaculture.org.
- ↑ "Kakkarissi Natakam - a satirical dance-drama, Performing art". Kerala Tourism.
- ↑ Rajendran, Sowmya (19 September 2019). "PK Rosy's story: How Malayalam cinema's first woman actor was forced to leave the state". The News Minute. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
- ↑ Shaji, K A (10 February 2023). "As Google honours Dalit heroine PK Rosy, Kerala film academy struggles to name award after her". The South First. Retrieved 19 May 2025.
- ↑ Pillai, Geetha Sunil (3 April 2025). "Dalit History Month: How the Caste System Buried Kerala's First Christian Filmmaker & Dalit Actress 97 Years Ago". The Mooknayak English - Voice Of The Voiceless. Retrieved 20 May 2025.
- ↑ "Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Awards announced". The New Indian Express. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
- ↑ "Kakkarissi Natakam - a satirical dance-drama, Performing art".
- ↑ Kakkarissi Natakam, library catalogue entry at the University of Calicut
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- V.R., Renjitha (2013). "Folk tradition of Sanskrit theatre: a study of "kutiyattam" in medieval Kerala". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 74. Indian History Congress: 313–322. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44158830.
External links[edit | edit source]
- "Kakkarissi Natakam: Folk theatre of Kerala" (Video, 34 min.) Published by Centre for Cultural Resources & Training, Delhi on the Internet Archive.
- Alha Udal: Folk Music of Uttar Pradesh and Kakkarissi Natakam: Folk performance of Kerala (Video, 50 min.) Created in 1986, starring Shri Lallu Vajpayee and his troupe. Published by Centre for Cultural Resources & Training, Delhi (Ministry of Culture).