no edit summary
WikiDwarfBOT (talk | contribs) (Cleanup: Source modification. Information added.) |
No edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
| Line 73: | Line 73: | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Pāla Empire''' (r. 750–1161 CE)<ref name="Majumdar1977"/>{{sfn|Sengupta|2011|pp=39–49}} was an imperial power during the [[Post-classical history|post-classical period]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="Sen1999">{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA280|year=1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0|pages=280–}}</ref> which originated in the region of [[Bengal]]. It is named after its ruling dynasty, whose rulers bore names ending with the suffix ''Pāla'' ("protector" in [[Prakrit]]). The empire was founded with the election of [[Gopala|Gopāla]] as the emperor of [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] in late eighth century CE.<ref name="Majumdar1977">{{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |date=1977 |title=Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA268 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=268– |isbn=978-81-208-0436-4}}</ref> The Pala stronghold was located in Bengal and eastern [[Bihar]], which included the major cities of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauḍa]], [[Bikrampur|Vikramapura]], [[Pataliputra|Pāṭaliputra]], [[Munger|Monghyr]], [[Somapura]], Ramavati ([[Varendra]]), [[Tamralipta|Tāmralipta]] and [[Jaggadala]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Satish Kumar |first1=Satish |last2=Jha |first2=Tushar |title=Contours of the Political Legitimation Strategy of the Rulers of Pala Dynasty in Bengal- Bihar (Ce 730 to Ce 1165) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2017 |volume=78 |pages=49–58 |jstor=26906068 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906068}}</ref> | The '''Pāla Empire''' (r. 750–1161 CE)<ref name="Majumdar1977"/>{{sfn|Sengupta|2011|pp=39–49}} was an imperial power during the [[Post-classical history|post-classical period]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]],<ref name="Sen1999">{{cite book|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA280|year=1999|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1198-0|pages=280–}}</ref> which originated in the region of [[Bengal]]. It is named after its ruling dynasty, whose rulers bore names ending with the suffix ''Pāla'' ("protector" in [[Prakrit]]). The empire was founded with the election of [[Gopala|Gopāla]] as the emperor of [[Gauda Kingdom|Gauda]] in late eighth century CE.<ref name="Majumdar1977">{{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |date=1977 |title=Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA268 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=268– |isbn=978-81-208-0436-4}}</ref> The Pala stronghold was located in Bengal and eastern [[Bihar]], which included the major cities of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauḍa]], [[Bikrampur|Vikramapura]], [[Pataliputra|Pāṭaliputra]], [[Munger|Monghyr]], [[Somapura]], Ramavati ([[Varendra]]), [[Tamralipta|Tāmralipta]] and [[Jaggadala]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Satish Kumar |first1=Satish |last2=Jha |first2=Tushar |title=Contours of the Political Legitimation Strategy of the Rulers of Pala Dynasty in Bengal- Bihar (Ce 730 to Ce 1165) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2017 |volume=78 |pages=49–58 |jstor=26906068 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906068}}</ref>. Palas may also have colonies in south east asia. | ||
The Pālas were astute diplomats and military conquerors. Their army was noted for its vast [[war elephant]] corps. Their navy performed both mercantile and defensive roles in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Raj Kumar |date=2003 |title=Essays on Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvnjXOCjv7EC |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |page=199 |isbn=978-81-7141-682-0}}</ref> At its zenith under emperors [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]] and [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]] in the early ninth century, Pala empire was the dominant power in the northern Indian subcontinent, with its territory stretching across the [[Gangetic plain]] to include some parts northeastern India, [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Majumdar1977"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |date=1999 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA280 |publisher=New Age International |pages=280– |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}</ref> Dharmapala also exerted a strong cultural influence through Buddhist scholar [[Atiśa|Atis Dipankar]] in Tibet, as well as in Southeast Asia. Pala control of North India was ultimately ephemeral, as they struggled with the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s and the [[Rashtrakuta]]s for the control of [[Kannauj]] and were defeated. After a short-lived decline, Emperor [[Mahipala I]] defended imperial bastions in Bengal and Bihar against South Indian [[Chola Empire|Chola]] invasions. Emperor [[Ramapala]] was the last strong Pala ruler, who gained control of [[Kamarupa]] and [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]. The empire was considerably weakened with many areas engulfed and their heavy dependence on [[Samanta]]s being exposed through [[Varendra rebellion|11th century rebellion]]. It finally led to the rise of resurgent Hindu [[Sena dynasty|Senas]] as sovereign power in 12th century and final expulsion of the Palas from Bengal by their hands marking the end of last major Buddhist imperial power in the subcontinent.<ref name="Sailendra1999" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Furui |first=Ryosuke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfKLwwEACAAJ |title=Land and Society in Early South Asia: Eastern India 400-1250 AD |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-49843-3 |pages=173–174 |language=en}}</ref> | The Pālas were astute diplomats and military conquerors. Their army was noted for its vast [[war elephant]] corps. Their navy performed both mercantile and defensive roles in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |author=Raj Kumar |date=2003 |title=Essays on Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvnjXOCjv7EC |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |page=199 |isbn=978-81-7141-682-0}}</ref> At its zenith under emperors [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]] and [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]] in the early ninth century, Pala empire was the dominant power in the northern Indian subcontinent, with its territory stretching across the [[Gangetic plain]] to include some parts northeastern India, [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Majumdar1977"/><ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |date=1999 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA280 |publisher=New Age International |pages=280– |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0}}</ref> Dharmapala also exerted a strong cultural influence through Buddhist scholar [[Atiśa|Atis Dipankar]] in Tibet, as well as in Southeast Asia. Pala control of North India was ultimately ephemeral, as they struggled with the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s and the [[Rashtrakuta]]s for the control of [[Kannauj]] and were defeated. After a short-lived decline, Emperor [[Mahipala I]] defended imperial bastions in Bengal and Bihar against South Indian [[Chola Empire|Chola]] invasions. Emperor [[Ramapala]] was the last strong Pala ruler, who gained control of [[Kamarupa]] and [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]. The empire was considerably weakened with many areas engulfed and their heavy dependence on [[Samanta]]s being exposed through [[Varendra rebellion|11th century rebellion]]. It finally led to the rise of resurgent Hindu [[Sena dynasty|Senas]] as sovereign power in 12th century and final expulsion of the Palas from Bengal by their hands marking the end of last major Buddhist imperial power in the subcontinent.<ref name="Sailendra1999" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Furui |first=Ryosuke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfKLwwEACAAJ |title=Land and Society in Early South Asia: Eastern India 400-1250 AD |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-49843-3 |pages=173–174 |language=en}}</ref> | ||