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== Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
Krishna district, with its district headquarters at [[Machilipatnam]] was formerly called Machilipatnam district. Later it was renamed as Krishna district, by adding certain [[Taluk]]s of the abolished Guntur District in 1859 with Machilipatnam with its head. It was named after the [[Krishna River]], the third longest river in [[India]]. The river flows through the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] before it empties itself into [[Bay of Bengal]], near [[Hamsaladeevi|Hamsaladevi]] village of Krishna district.<ref name=aponline />{{Primary source inline|date=April 2022}} | Krishna district, with its district headquarters at [[Machilipatnam]] was formerly called Machilipatnam district. Later it was renamed as Krishna district, by adding certain [[Taluk]]s of the abolished [[Guntur district|Guntur District]] in 1859 with Machilipatnam with its head. It was named after the [[Krishna River]], the third longest river in [[India]]. The river flows through the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] before it empties itself into [[Bay of Bengal]], near [[Hamsaladeevi|Hamsaladevi]] village of Krishna district.<ref name=aponline />{{Primary source inline|date=April 2022}} | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
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This history of this region dates back to the 2nd century BCE. The area was ruled by the [[Satavahanas]] (230 BC{{snds}}AD 227); [[Pallavas]] (AD 340{{snds}}AD 500), [[Chalukyas]] (AD 615{{snds}}1070 AD) and later by [[Cholas]], [[Kakatiyas]], [[Musunuri Nayaks]], [[Reddy dynasty]] and [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati]] kings of [[Odisha]].<ref name="History">{{cite news|title=History|publisher=Krishna district website|access-date=23 September 2015|url=http://krishna.nic.in/district-history.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229083145/http://krishna.nic.in/district-history.aspx|archive-date=29 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | This history of this region dates back to the 2nd century BCE. The area was ruled by the [[Satavahanas]] (230 BC{{snds}}AD 227); [[Pallavas]] (AD 340{{snds}}AD 500), [[Chalukyas]] (AD 615{{snds}}1070 AD) and later by [[Cholas]], [[Kakatiyas]], [[Musunuri Nayaks]], [[Reddy dynasty]] and [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati]] kings of [[Odisha]].<ref name="History">{{cite news|title=History|publisher=Krishna district website|access-date=23 September 2015|url=http://krishna.nic.in/district-history.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229083145/http://krishna.nic.in/district-history.aspx|archive-date=29 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
[[File:A View of Jaggayyapeta Buddhist stupa.jpg|thumb|A View of the famous [[Jaggayyapeta]] Buddhist stupa, which is in Krishna district]] | [[File:A View of Jaggayyapeta Buddhist stupa.jpg|thumb|A View of the famous [[Jaggayyapeta]] Buddhist stupa, which is in Krishna district]] | ||
''[[Satavahana]] period'' (230 BC{{snds}}AD 227): The Satavahanas ruled this region with headquarters at [[Srikakulam, Krishna district|Srikakulam]]. Prominent rulers during this period were Srimukha (founder), Gotamiputra Satakarni and Yajnasri Satakarni (last Satavahana king). The Satavahanas imparted more stability and security to the life of the people of the region for more than four centuries. ''[[Pallava Kingdom]]'' (AD 340{{snds}}AD 500), spread over from Krishna river to [[Tungabhadra]], including Amaravati in the East, Bellary in the West and Kancheepuram in the South with capital cities at venginagar near [[Eluru]] and [[Pithapuram]], both in Vengidesa. ''Bruhitpalayanas'', the contemporaries of [[Pallavas]] who ruled the district with [[Koduru, Krishna|Koduru]] as their capital. ''[[Vishnukundina]]s'' (AD 5th century), are rulers who excavated cave temples at Mogalrajapuram (now in [[Vijayawada]]) and [[Undavalli caves|Undavalli]], etc. | ''[[Satavahana]] period'' (230 BC{{snds}}AD 227): The Satavahanas ruled this region with headquarters at [[Srikakulam, Krishna district|Srikakulam]]. Prominent rulers during this period were Srimukha (founder), Gotamiputra Satakarni and Yajnasri Satakarni (last Satavahana king). The Satavahanas imparted more stability and security to the life of the people of the region for more than four centuries. ''[[Pallava Kingdom]]'' (AD 340{{snds}}AD 500), spread over from [[Krishna River|Krishna river]] to [[Tungabhadra]], including Amaravati in the East, Bellary in the West and Kancheepuram in the South with capital cities at venginagar near [[Eluru]] and [[Pithapuram]], both in Vengidesa. ''Bruhitpalayanas'', the contemporaries of [[Pallavas]] who ruled the district with [[Koduru, Krishna|Koduru]] as their capital. ''[[Vishnukundina]]s'' (AD 5th century), are rulers who excavated cave temples at Mogalrajapuram (now in [[Vijayawada]]) and [[Undavalli caves|Undavalli]], etc. | ||
''[[Chalukyas|Eastern chalukyas]]'' (AD 615{{snds}}AD 1070), the entire Andhra country was under the control of a single ruler under their reign. The Eastern Chalukyas were credited with the excavations of the cave temple at [[Undavalli caves|Undavalli]] and rock cut shrines and Shiva temples.<ref name="History" /> | ''[[Chalukyas|Eastern chalukyas]]'' (AD 615{{snds}}AD 1070), the entire Andhra country was under the control of a single ruler under their reign. The Eastern Chalukyas were credited with the excavations of the cave temple at [[Undavalli caves|Undavalli]] and rock cut shrines and Shiva temples.<ref name="History" /> | ||
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''[[Cholas]]'' ruled this region with capital at [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendri]] . It was during Rajarajanaredra's reign that Nannayya Bhattu translated the [[Mahabharata]] into [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. ''[[Kakatiya]]s'', ruled this region up to the early 14th century with [[Warangal|Orugallu]] as their capital and followed by [[Musunuri Nayaks]] who rebelled against [[Delhi sultanate]] and won. Musunuri Nayaks constructed various forts in South India including [[Hampi]] and ruled many states of India independently. ''[[Reddy dynasty]]'', on the downfall of Pratapa Rudra of Kakatiya, the eldest son of Prolaya Vema reddi, a subordinate of [[Musunuri Kapaya Nayak|Musunuri Kapaya Naidu]] found himself independent and established himself in the hill fort of Kondavedu. The Kondavidu Reddi's were great patrons of Telugu literature. The poet Srinadha and his brother-in –law Bammera Pothana flourished at his court. The ruins of fortresses at Kondavidu can be seen<ref name="History" /> | ''[[Cholas]]'' ruled this region with capital at [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendri]] . It was during Rajarajanaredra's reign that Nannayya Bhattu translated the [[Mahabharata]] into [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. ''[[Kakatiya]]s'', ruled this region up to the early 14th century with [[Warangal|Orugallu]] as their capital and followed by [[Musunuri Nayaks]] who rebelled against [[Delhi sultanate]] and won. Musunuri Nayaks constructed various forts in South India including [[Hampi]] and ruled many states of India independently. ''[[Reddy dynasty]]'', on the downfall of Pratapa Rudra of Kakatiya, the eldest son of Prolaya Vema reddi, a subordinate of [[Musunuri Kapaya Nayak|Musunuri Kapaya Naidu]] found himself independent and established himself in the hill fort of Kondavedu. The Kondavidu Reddi's were great patrons of Telugu literature. The poet Srinadha and his brother-in –law Bammera Pothana flourished at his court. The ruins of fortresses at Kondavidu can be seen<ref name="History" /> | ||
''[[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapathis]]'' of [[Odisha]]: Kapileswara Gajapathi is preserved by the village Kapileswarapuram now in Pamidimukkala mandal. He was succeeded by Vidyadhara Gajapathi who built Vidyadharapuram (now in [[Vijayawada]]) and constructed a reservoir at [[Kondapalli]]. [[Krishnadevaraya]] of ''[[Vijayanagara empire]]'' conquered this region in the early 16th century. ''[[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahis]]'', in 1512, the [[Kingdom of Golconda]] was founded by one [[Sultan Quli Qutub Shah]]. The Kingdom of Golconda included this district within its limits. Abu-l-Hussain Shah was the last of Qutab Shahi dynasty known as Tanisha. He had two ministers, both Brahmins, named [[Madanna and Akkanna]]. Popular tradition attributed this preference of Vijayawada to the devotion of the two ministers to the [[goddess Kanaka Durga]].<ref name="History" /> | ''[[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapathis]]'' of [[Odisha]]: Kapileswara Gajapathi is preserved by the village Kapileswarapuram now in Pamidimukkala mandal. He was succeeded by Vidyadhara Gajapathi who built Vidyadharapuram (now in [[Vijayawada]]) and constructed a reservoir at [[Kondapalli]]. [[Krishnadevaraya]] of ''[[Vijayanagara empire]]'' conquered this region in the early 16th century. ''[[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahis]]'', in 1512, the [[Kingdom of Golconda]] was founded by one [[Sultan Quli Qutub Shah]]. The Kingdom of [[Golconda]] included this district within its limits. Abu-l-Hussain Shah was the last of Qutab Shahi dynasty known as Tanisha. He had two ministers, both Brahmins, named [[Madanna and Akkanna]]. Popular tradition attributed this preference of Vijayawada to the devotion of the two ministers to the [[goddess Kanaka Durga]].<ref name="History" /> | ||
=== Medieval period === | === Medieval period === | ||
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''The British'': In the year 1611 the English founded their settlement at [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatnam]] which was their headquarters until they finally moved to [[Chennai|Madras]] in 1641. The Dutch and French also had settlements at [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatnam]]. Upon the death of the old Nizam-ul-Mulk in June 1748 his heirs strove for the succession with the support of the English and the French. When Nizam Ali Khan was proclaimed ruler of Golconda in 1761 the British secured at first the divisions of Masulipatnam, Nizampatnam and part of Kondaveedu and later the entire Circars. At first the district was administered by a chief and council at Masulipatnam but in 1794 Collectors, directly responsible to the Board of Revenue, were appointed at Masulipatnam.<ref name="History" /> | ''The British'': In the year 1611 the English founded their settlement at [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatnam]] which was their headquarters until they finally moved to [[Chennai|Madras]] in 1641. The Dutch and French also had settlements at [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatnam]]. Upon the death of the old Nizam-ul-Mulk in June 1748 his heirs strove for the succession with the support of the English and the French. When Nizam Ali Khan was proclaimed ruler of Golconda in 1761 the British secured at first the divisions of Masulipatnam, Nizampatnam and part of Kondaveedu and later the entire Circars. At first the district was administered by a chief and council at Masulipatnam but in 1794 Collectors, directly responsible to the Board of Revenue, were appointed at Masulipatnam.<ref name="History" /> | ||
The Krishna District was formed from the District of Rajahmundry in 1859, when it also included the present day [[Guntur district|Guntur]] and [[West Godavari]] districts. Guntur was separated from Krishna in 1904, and West Godavari in 1925, giving rise to the present day Krishna district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsk.gov.in/ap/ap_composite.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724045923/http://www.jsk.gov.in/ap/ap_composite.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2015 }}</ref><ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Guntur|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner|access-date=13 May 2016|format=PDF}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=April 2022|reason=The "present-day" districts are further reorganised in April 2022}} | The Krishna District was formed from the District of Rajahmundry in 1859, when it also included the present day [[Guntur district|Guntur]] and [[West Godavari]] districts. Guntur was separated from Krishna in 1904, and [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] in 1925, giving rise to the present day Krishna district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsk.gov.in/ap/ap_composite.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724045923/http://www.jsk.gov.in/ap/ap_composite.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2015 }}</ref><ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Guntur|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner|access-date=13 May 2016|format=PDF}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=April 2022|reason=The "present-day" districts are further reorganised in April 2022}} | ||
== Demographics == | == Demographics == | ||