Chhattisgarh: Difference between revisions

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement

<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name                     = Chhattisgarh

  | photo3a      = Satrenga Sunset view, Korba.jpg

| coordinates             = {{coord|21.25|81.60|region:IN-CT_type:adm1st|display=inline}}

| coor_pinpoint            = Chhattisgarh

| coordinates_footnotes    =  

| subdivision_type        = Country

| subdivision_name        = {{flag|India}}

| established_title        = Formation

| established_date        = 1 November 2000{{ref|cap|†}}

| seat_type                = Capital(s)

| seat                    = [[Raipur]]

| parts_type              = [[List of Indian districts|Districts]]

| parts_style              = para

| p1                      = [[List of districts of Chhattisgarh]]

| government_footnotes    =

| governing_body          = {{nowrap|[[Government of Chhattisgarh]]}}

| leader_title            = [[Governors of Chhattisgarh|Governor]]

| leader_name              = [[Anusuiya Uikey]]

| leader_title1            = [[Chief Ministers of Chhattisgarh|Chief&nbsp;Minister]]

| leader_name1            = [[Bhupesh Baghel]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])

| unit_pref                = Metric

| area_footnotes          = <ref name="censusofficial">{{cite web|title=Official site of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, India|url=http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/SYB2013/ch2.html|access-date=20 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203163229/http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/SYB2013/ch2.html|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>

| area_total_km2           = 135192

| area_rank               = [[List of states and territories of India by area|9th]]

| area_note                =  

| elevation_footnotes      =  

| elevation_m             =  

| population_total         = 2,94,36,231

| population_as_of         = 2020

| population_footnotes    = <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Projected Population of Indian States|url=https://uidai.gov.in/images/state-wise-aadhaar-saturation.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116035945/https://uidai.gov.in/images/state-wise-aadhaar-saturation.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2019 }}</ref>

| population_density_km2  = auto

| population_rank          = [[List of states and union territories of India by population|17th]]

| population_note          =  

| timezone1                = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]

| utc_offset1              = +05:30

| iso_code                = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-CT]]

| blank_name_sec1          = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]

| blank_info_sec1          = {{increase}} 0.613 (<span style="color:#fc0">medium</span>)

| blank1_name_sec1        = HDI rank

| blank1_info_sec1        = [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|31st]] (2017)

| blank_name_sec2          = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]

| blank_info_sec2          = 77.3% (2017)  <ref>{{cite web|title=State of Literacy|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final%20PPT%202011_chapter6.pdf|publisher=Census of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507131945/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final%20PPT%202011_chapter6.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2012|page=114}}</ref>

| demographics_type2      = Languages

| demographics2_title1    = Official

| demographics2_info1      = [[Hindi]]

| demographics2_info2      = [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]

| website                  = {{url|cgstate.gov.in/}}

| footnotes                =  

| type                    = [[States and union territories of India|State]]

| seat1_type              = Largest cities

| seat1                    = [[Raipur]]

| leader_title2            = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislature]]

| leader_name2            = [[Unicameral]] ([[List of constituencies of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|90+1 seats]])

| leader_title3            = [[Parliament of India|Parliamentary constituencies]]

| leader_name3            = * [[Rajya Sabha]] ([[List of Rajya Sabha members from Chhattisgarh|5 seats]])

* [[Lok Sabha]] ([[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Chhattisgarh|11 seats]])

| leader_title4            = [[High Courts of India|High Court]]

| leader_name4            = [[Chhattisgarh High Court]], [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]

| official_name            =  

| module                  = {{Infobox place symbols

| region    = Chhattisgarh

| country    = India

| flag      =  

| emblem    = [[Emblem of Chhattisgarh]][[File:..Chhattisgarh Flag(INDIA).png|50px|left]]

| song      = [[Arpa Pairi Ke Dhar]]

| language  =  

| mammal    = [[Wild water buffalo]][[File:Indian Water Buffalo Bubalus arnee by Dr Raju Kasambe IMG 0347 (11) (cropped).jpg|50px|left]]

| bird      = [[Hill myna]] [[File:Beo-2.jpg|50px|left]]

| fish      =  

| butterfly  = <!-- or | insect = -->

| flower    = [[Rhynchostylis gigantea]] [[File:Rhynchostylis gigantea.jpg|50px|left]]

| fruit      =  

| tree      = [[Shorea robusta]] [[File:Shorea robusta - Simurali 2011-10-05 050368.JPG|50px|left]]

| food      = <!-- or | dish = -->

| sweet      = <!-- or | confectionery = -->

| river      = <!-- or | lake = -->

| fossil    =

| mineral    =

| sport      = <!-- or | game = -->

| costume    = <!-- or | dress = -->

| colour    = <!-- or | color = -->

}}

 

'''Chhattisgarh''' ({{IPAc-en|tʃ|æ|t|ɪ|s|ɡ|ɑː|ɹ}}, {{IPA-hi|ˈtʃʰət̪ːiːsgəɽʱ|lang}}) is a landlocked and heavily forested [[States and union territories of India|state]] located in the region of [[Central India]]. Formerly part of [[Madhya Pradesh]] it was granted statehood on [[Chhattisgarh Rajyotsava|1 November 2000]]. It is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|9th-largest state in India]], with an area of {{convert|135192|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. As of 2021, it has a population of roughly 30 million (3 crores), making it the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|17th most populated state in the country]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chhattisgarh Population 2020/2021|url=https://www.populationu.com/in/chhattisgarh-population|access-date=2021-08-22|website=www.populationu.com}}</ref>

 

The state was formed by the partition of ten [[Chhattisgarhi]] and six [[Gondi language|Gondi]]-speaking [[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|districts]] in the southeast of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="cgfinance.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://cgfinance.nic.in/Rules%20%26%20Act/Reorganisation%20Act-2000/Reorganisation%20Act%2C2000%28English%29.PDF |title=Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 |access-date=29 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718013901/http://cgfinance.nic.in/Rules%20%26%20Act/Reorganisation%20Act-2000/Reorganisation%20Act%2C2000%28English%29.PDF |archive-date=18 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/Elections08/Chhattisgarhstory.aspx?aid=482902|title=Chhattisgarh profile- Know all you want to know about state<!-- Bot generated title -->}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Its capital city is [[Raipur]]. It borders 7 states – [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the north, [[Madhya Pradesh]] to the northwest, [[Maharashtra]] to the southwest, [[Jharkhand]] to the northeast, [[Odisha]] to the east, [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] to the south.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Chhattisgarh,+India/|title=Google Maps|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref> Currently, it comprises [[List of districts of Chhattisgarh|32 districts]].

 

Chhattisgarh is one of the fastest-developing states in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh Steel |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_chhattisgarh.php |access-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707025600/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_chhattisgarh.php |archive-date=7 July 2011 }}</ref> Its [[Gross regional domestic product|Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)]] is {{INRConvert|3.63|lc|lk=}}, with a [[per capita]] GSDP of {{INRConvert|102.762|k|lk=}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/budgets/chhattisgarh-budget-analysis-2019-20|title=Chhattisgarh Budget Analysis 2019–20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217084901/https://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/budgets/chhattisgarh-budget-analysis-2019-20|archive-date=17 February 2019|url-status=dead|access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref> A resource-rich state, Chhattisgarh provides electricity, coal, and steel to the rest of the nation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh State – Power Hub |url=http://cg.gov.in/power/power1.htm |access-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120182905/http://cg.gov.in/power/power1.htm |archive-date=20 November 2010 }}</ref>

 

There are several theories as to the origin of the name ''Chhattisgarh'', which in ancient times was known as [[Dakshina Kosala]] (South Kosala).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/dakshinakosala|title=Dakshinakosala, Dakshina-kosala, Dakṣiṇakosala: 1 definition|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=21 May 2017|website=www.wisdomlib.org|access-date=29 December 2019}}</ref> The native place of [[Bhagavan|bhagwan]] [[Rama]] as his mother name was [[Kausalya]], daughter of Kaushal Naresh.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} "Chhattisgarh" was popularised later during the time of the [[Maratha Empire]] and was first used in an official document in 1795.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/history.html|title=History of Chhattisgarh|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826100529/http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/history.html|archive-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the opinion of Hiralal, it is said that at one time there were 36 strongholds in this area, that is why its name was Chhattisgarh. But even after the increase in the number of strongholds, there was no change in the name, Chhattisgarh is the [[State of India]] which has been given the status of 'Mahtari' (Mother). There are two regions in India which are named for special reasons – one was '[[Magadha]]' which became "[[Bihar]]" due to the abundance of [[Buddhism]] viharas and the other was '[[Dakshina Kosala]]' which became "Chhattisgarh" due to the inclusion of thirty-six strongholds.

Another view, more popular with experts and historians, is that Chhattisgarh is the corrupted form of ''Chedisgarh'' meaning ''Raj'' or "[[Chedi Kingdom|Empire of the Chedis]]".{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} In ancient times, Chhattisgarh region had been part of the Chedi dynasty of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], in modern [[Odisha]]. In the medieval period up to 1803, a major portion of present eastern Chhattisgarh was part of the [[Sambalpur]] Kingdom of [[Odisha]].

Sitabega caves are one of the earliest examples of [[Theatre of India|theatre]] architecture in India located on [[Ramgarh, Chhattisgarh|Ramgarh hill]] of Chhattisgarh dated to Mauryan period of 3rd century BCE. [[Jogimara and Sitabenga Caves|Jogimara caves]] contain ancient Brahmi inscription and the oldest painting known in India. The inscription can be translated as either a love proclamation by a girl or a dancer-painter creating a cave theatre together.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=50|language=en}}</ref> In ancient times, this region was known as [[Dakshina Kosala]]. This area is also mentioned in Ramayana and Mahabharata. One of the earliest statues of [[Vishnu]] has been excavated from [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] period site at [[Malhar, Chhattisgarh|Malhar]]. Between the sixth and twelfth centuries, [[Sharabhapuriya dynasty|Sharabhpurias]], Panduvanshis (of [[Panduvamshis of Mekala|Mekala]] and [[Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala|Dakshina Kosala]]), [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavanshi]], [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Kalachuri]] and [[Chindaka Naga|Nagavanshi]] rulers dominated this region. The [[Bastar state|Bastar]] region of Chhattisgarh was invaded by [[Rajendra Chola I]] and [[Kulothunga Chola I]] of the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 11th century.<ref>Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India by Professor S.K. Tiwari p.161</ref><ref>Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India: by Professor S.K. Tiwari p.163</ref><ref>Tribal Roots of Hinduism by Sheev Kumar Tiwari p.209</ref>

=== Colonial and post-independence history ===

Chhattisgarh was under [[Maratha]] rule (Bhonsales of Nagpur) from 1741 to 1845 CE. It came under British rule from 1845 to 1947 as the [[Chhattisgarh Division]] of the [[Central Provinces]]. Raipur gained prominence over the capital Ratanpur with the advent of the British in 1845. In 1905, the [[Sambalpur district]] was transferred to Odisha and the estates of Surguja were transferred from Bengal to Chhattisgarh.

The area constituting the new state merged into Madhya Pradesh on 1 November 1956, under the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] and remained a part of that state for 44 years. Prior to that, the region was part of the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] (CP and Berar) under British rule. Some areas constituting the Chhattisgarh state were [[princely state]]s under the British rule, but were later on merged into Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Finance Report - Chapter 4|url=http://cgfinance.nic.in/FSFC/State%20Finance%20Report/English/Chap-4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502133300/http://cgfinance.nic.in/FSFC/State%20Finance%20Report/English/Chap-4.pdf|archive-date=2 May 2013|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Secretariat in Naya Raipur.JPG|thumb|Mantralaya in Naya (New) Raipur]]

The demand for Chhattisgarh to be a separate state first rose in the 1920s, with similar demands appearing at regular intervals; however, a well-organised movement was never initiated. Several all-party platforms were created and usually resolved around petitions, public meetings, seminars, rallies and strikes.<ref name="Prithak Chhattisgarh">{{cite web|title=Prithak Chhattisgarh|url=http://cg.gov.in/profile/corigin.htm#prathak|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704202817/http://cg.gov.in/profile/corigin.htm|archive-date=4 July 2010|access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> The demand was raised by the Raipur Congress unit in 1924 and was also discussed in the Indian Congress at Tripuri. A discussion about forming a Regional Congress organisation for Chhattisgarh took place. In 1954, when the State Reorganisation Commission was set up, the demand was put forward but was rejected. In 1955, the demand was raised in the Nagpur assembly of Madhya Bharat.<ref name="Prithak Chhattisgarh" />

In the 1990s, the demand became more prominent, resulting in the formation of a statewide political forum known as the Chhattisgarh Rajya Nirman Manch. The forum was led by [[Chandulal Chadrakar]] and several successful region-wide strikes and rallies were organised under it, all of which were supported by major political parties, such as the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Prithak Chhattisgarh" />

The new National Democratic Alliance government sent the Separate Chhattisgarh Bill for approval by the Madhya Pradesh Assembly, where it was unanimously approved and then submitted to the [[Lok Sabha]]. The bill was passed in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, which allowed the creation of the state of Chhattisgarh. [[K. R. Narayanan]] gave his consent to the [[Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act]] on 25 August 2000 and the government of India set 1 November 2000 as the day Chhattisgarh would be separated from Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="Prithak Chhattisgarh" /> As such, Chhattisgarh was formed from Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="cgfinance.nic.in" /><ref name="zeenews.india.com" />

The state animal is the ''van bhainsa'', or wild Asian buffalo. The state bird is the ''pahari myna'', or hill myna. The state tree is the [[Shorea robusta|Sal (Sarai)]] found in Bastar division.

[[File:Shorea robusta in Chhattisgarh.jpg|thumb|Sal- The State Tree of Chhattisgarh]]

In the north lies the edge of the great [[Indo-Gangetic plain]]. The [[Rihand River]], a tributary of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]], drains this area. The eastern end of the [[Satpura Range]] and the western edge of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] form an east–west belt of hills that divide the [[Mahanadi River]] basin from the Indo-Gangetic plain. The outline of Chhattisgarh is like a sea horse.

The central part of the state lies in the fertile upper basin of the Mahanadi River and its tributaries. This area has extensive rice cultivation. The upper Mahanadi basin is separated from the upper [[Narmada River|Narmada]] basin to the west by the [[Maikal Hill]]s (part of the Satpuras) and from the plains of Odisha to the east by ranges of hills. The southern part of the state lies on the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan plateau]], in the watershed of the [[Godavari River]] and its tributary, the [[Indravati River]]. The Mahanadi is the chief river of the state. The other main rivers are [[Hasdeo River|Hasdeo]] (a tributary of Mahanadi), [[Rihand]], [[Indravati]], [[Jonk River|Jonk]], Arpa and Shivnath.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Major_Rivers_Flowing_in_Chhattisgarh|title=Major Rivers Flowing in Chhattisgarh -|website=india-wris.nrsc.gov.in|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005120535/http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Major_Rivers_Flowing_in_Chhattisgarh|archive-date=5 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The natural environment of Koriya in Chhattisgarh includes forests, mountains, rivers and waterfalls.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} Koriya was a princely state during the British rule in India. Koriya is also known for its mineral deposits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.districtsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/koriya/industriesandmining/mines/index.aspx|title=Welcome To Districts of India|website=www.districtsofindia.com|access-date=27 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127152720/https://www.districtsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/koriya/industriesandmining/mines/index.aspx|archive-date=27 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Coal is also found in this part of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chhattisgarhmines.gov.in/en/coal|title=Chhattisgarh Mines Govt Official Website|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012044852/http://chhattisgarhmines.gov.in/en/coal|archive-date=12 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The dense forests are rich in wildlife.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

 

The Amrit Dhara Waterfall, Koriya's main attraction, is a natural waterfall which originates from the Hasdeo River. The fall is situated seven kilometres from Koriya on the Manendragarh-Baikunthpur road. The Amrit Dhara Waterfall falls from a height of 27&nbsp;m, and it is approximately 3–4.5&nbsp;m wide. [[Chirimiri]] is one of the most popular places, known for its natural environment and climate, in Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maniactravellers.com/india/chhattisgarh/213|title=Chirmiri Hill Station, Chirmiri {{!}} Chhattisgarh|last=Travellers|first=Maniac|website=Maniac Travellers|access-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015646/https://www.maniactravellers.com/india/chhattisgarh/213|archive-date=19 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Landuse landcover imgae of Chhattisgarh.jpg|thumb|https://daac.ornl.gov/VEGETATION/guides/Decadal_LULC_India.html]]

* NH 6

[[File:Raipur Railway Station Entrance.jpg|thumb|Raipur Railway Station Entrance]]

 

 

The air infrastructure in Chhattisgarh is improving. [[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Swami Vivekananda International Airport]] in [[Raipur]] is well connected to all major cities of India and operation of International flights from Raipur are under consideration besides this small airports [[Bilaspur Airport]] and [[Jagdalpur Airport]] are regionally connected with scheduled commercial services. A massive reduction in sales tax on aviation turbine fuel (ATF) from 25 to 4% in Chhattisgarh in 2003 contributed to a sharp rise in passenger flow. The passenger flow increased by 58% between 2011 and November 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pranab hopes Raipur airport's new terminal will support Chhattisgarh's growth|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pranab-hopes-raipur-airports-new-terminal-will-support-chhattisgarhs-growth/article4075110.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 November 2012|access-date=22 April 2013|location=Chennai, India|first=Suvojit|last=Bagchi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904045832/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/pranab-hopes-raipur-airports-new-terminal-will-support-chhattisgarhs-growth/article4075110.ece|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

 

 

* [[Bastar District|Bastar]] (Jagdalpur)

* [[Sarangarh-Bilaigarh District|Sarangarh-Bilaigarh]]<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com"/>

* [[Shakti district|Shakti]]<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com"/>

* [[Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur district|Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur]]<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com"/>

Chhattisgarh comprises 32 districts.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com"/> The following are the list of the districts of Chhattisgarh State with major cities:

| [[Raipur District|Raipur]] || [[Raipur]] || [[Raipur]] || Arang, Tilda-Newra

| [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] || [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] || [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] || Kota (Kargi Road), Bilha

|[[Durg District|Durg]] || [[Durg]] || [[Bhilai]]|| Charoda, Kumhari, Patan

| [[Korba District|Korba]] || [[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]]|| [[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]] || Katghora, Dipka, Pali

|[[Raigarh District|Raigarh]] || [[Raigarh]] || [[Raigarh]]|| [[Kharsia]], Gharghora, Sarangagarh, lailunga

|[[Rajnandgaon District|Rajnandgaon]] || [[Rajnandgaon]] || [[Rajnandgaon]] ||  Dongargarh, Dongargaon

|[[Koriya District|Koriya]] || [[Baikunthpur, Koriya|Baikunthpur]] || [[Chirmiri]] || [[Manendragarh]]

|[[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur-Ramanujganj]] || [[Balrampur]] || [[Balrampur]] || Ramanujganj

| [[Jashpur District|Jashpur]] || [[Jashpur Nagar]]|| [[Jashpur Nagar]]|| Kunkuri, Patthalgaon, Tapkara

| [[Janjgir–Champa]] ||  [[Janjgir]] || [[Janjgir]]-Naila, [[Champa]] || [[Sakti, Chhattisgarh|Sakti]], [[Akaltara]], [[Shivrinarayan]]

|[[Mungeli District|Mungeli]]||[[Mungeli]]||[[Mungeli]]||[[Lormi]], Takhatpur

|[[Kabirdham District|Kabirdham]] || [[Kawardha]] || [[Kawardha]] || Pandariya, Pandatarai

| [[Bemetara]] || [[Bemetara]] || [[Bemetara]] ||  Nawagarh, Saja  

| [[Balod district|Balod]]|| [[Balod]] || [[Balod]] || Dalli-Rajhara

| [[Baloda Bazar District|Baloda Bazar-Bhatapara]] || [[Baloda Bazar]], [[Bhatapara]] || [[Bhatapara]] || Simga, Palari, Lawan, Kasdol, Bilaigarh

| [[Gariaband district|Gariaband]]||[[Gariaband]] || [[Gariaband]] || Rajim, Deobhog

| [[Mahasamund]] || [[Mahasamund]] || [[Mahasamund]] || Saraipali, Bagbahra

| [[Kanker District|Kanker]] || [[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]] ||[[Kanker, Chhattisgarh|Kanker]] ||  Bhanupratapur

| [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]] || [[Dantewada]] || [[Dantewada]] || Kirandul, Geedam  

| [[Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district|Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi]] || [[Gaurella]] || [[Pendra]] ||  Marwahi, Basti-Bagra, Rajmergarh, Pasan  

| [[Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur district|Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur]] || [[Manendragarh]] || [[Chirmiri]] || Bharatpur, Khadgawan, Amritdhara

| [[Mohla Manpur district|Mohla Manpur]] || [[Mohla]] || [[Mohla]] || Chilamtol

| [[Shakti district|Shakti]] || [[Sakti, Chhattisgarh|Sakti]] || [[Sakti, Chhattisgarh|Sakti]] || Sonthi

| [[Sarangarh-Bilaigarh District|Sarangarh-Bilaigarh]] || [[Sarangarh]] || [[Sarangarh]] || Bilaigarh

!colspan="12" style="padding:0.3em 0; line-height:1.2em; font-size:110%;"| [[List of cities in Chhattisgarh by population|Largest cities in Chhattisgarh]]<br />{{nobold|<small>(2011 Census of India estimate)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/default.aspx |title=Chhattisgarh |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner |date=18 March 2007 |access-date=23 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009081347/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/default.aspx |archive-date=9 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref></small>}}

| align=center | 1 ||align=left | '''[[Raipur]]''' || [[Raipur district|Raipur]] || 4,063,872

| align=center | 2 ||align=left | '''[[Bhilai]]-[[Durg]]''' || [[Durg district|Durg]] || 3,343,872

| align=center | 3 ||align=left | '''[[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]''' || [[Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] || 2,663,629

| align=center | 4 ||align=left | '''[[Rajnandgaon]]'''|| [[Rajnandgaon district|Rajnandgaon]] || 1,537,133

| align=center | 5 ||align=left | '''[[Raigarh]]''' || [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]] || 1,493,984

| align=center | 6 ||align=left | '''[[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]]''' || [[Korba district|Korba]] || 1,206,640

| align=center | 7 ||align=left |'''[[Ambikapur, India|Ambikapur]]''' || [[Surguja district|Sarguja]] || 2,359,886

| align=center | 8 ||align=left | '''[[Jagdalpur]]''' ||[[Bastar district|Bastar]] || 125,345

| align=center | 9 ||align=left | '''[[Chirmiri]] ''' ||[[Koriya district|Koriya]] || 100,656

| align=center | 10 ||align=left | '''[[Dhamtari]] ''' ||[[Dhamtari district|Dhamtari]] || 90,254

| align=center | 11 ||align=left | '''[[Mahasamund]] ''' ||[[Mahasamund district|Mahasamund]] || 85,000

| gdp = {{INRConvert|4.38|lc}} (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis"/>

| gdp rank = [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|18th]]

| growth = -1.8% (2020–21)<ref name="Budget Analysis" />

| per capita = {{INRConvert|117615}} (2020–21)<ref name="Budget Analysis" />

| sectors = Agriculture 28% <br /> Industry 34% <br /> Services 38% (2020–21)<ref name="Budget Analysis" />

| debt = 26.14% of GSDP (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis" />

| balance = {{INRConvert|-14600|c}} (3.33% of GSDP) (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis" />

| revenue = {{INRConvert|89400|c}} (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis" />

| expenses = {{INRConvert|1.04|lc}} (2022–23 est.)<ref name="Budget Analysis">{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh Budget Analysis 2022–23|url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/chhattisgarh-budget-analysis-2022-23|website=PRS Legislative Research|access-date=18 March 2022|date=March 2022}}</ref>

Chhattisgarh's nominal gross state domestic product (GSDP) is estimated at {{INRConvert|3.26|lc}} in 2018–19, the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|17th]] largest state economy in India. The economy of Chhattisgarh recorded a growth rate of 6.7% in 2017–18.<ref name="Budget Analysis" /> Chhattisgarh's success factors in achieving high growth rate are growth in agriculture and industrial production.

The aluminium industry of Chhattisgarh was established by Bharat Aluminium Company Limited, which has a capacity of around 5,700,000 tonnes each year.<ref name="Industries in Chhattisgarh" />

Chhattisgarh is rich in minerals. It produces 50% of the country's total cement production. It has the highest output of coal in the country with second-highest reserves. It is third in iron ore production and first in tin production. [[Limestone]], [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] and [[bauxite]] are abundant. It is the only [[tin]] ore-producing state in India. Other commercially extracted minerals include [[corundum]], [[garnet]], [[quartz]], [[marble]], [[alexandrite]] and diamonds.

As of 2018 Chhattisgarh state had a [[Human Development Index]] value of 0.613 (medium), ranks 31st in Indian states & union territories. The national average is 0.647 according to Global Data lab.<ref name="ihdr-2001">{{Cite web|title=Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/IND/?levels=1+4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&colour_scales=global|access-date=2021-02-23|website=globaldatalab.org}}</ref>

Raipur, the capital of Chhattisgarh, is one of the fastest developing cities in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-among-fastest-growing-states/articleshow/62005292.cms|title='Chhattisgarh among fastest growing states' – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821074041/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/chhattisgarh-among-fastest-growing-states/articleshow/62005292.cms|archive-date=21 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Naya Raipur|Atal Nagar]] (Formerly ''Naya Raipur''<ref>{{cite news |title=Chhattisgarh Govt Renames It New Capital Naya Raipur To 'Atal Nagar', Pays Tribute in Unique Way |url=https://headlinestoday.org/national/1802/chhattisgarh-govt-renames-it-new-capital-naya-raipur-to-atal-nagar-pays-tribute-in-unique-way/ |access-date=21 August 2018 |agency=Headlines Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191859/https://headlinestoday.org/national/1802/chhattisgarh-govt-renames-it-new-capital-naya-raipur-to-atal-nagar-pays-tribute-in-unique-way/ |archive-date=21 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>) is the new planned city that is touted to become the financial hub of the [[Central India|Central Indian region]]. New world class educational institutions and hospitals have already been established in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/naya-raipur-953494-2017-01-06|title=Naya Raipur becomes the world's first integrated city|website=India Today|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810112437/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/naya-raipur-953494-2017-01-06|archive-date=10 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Chhattisgarh has an Education Index of 0.526 according to the 2011 NHDR, which is higher than that of the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan. The Average Literacy rate in Chhattisgarh for Urban regions was 84.05 percent in which males were 90.58% literate while female literacy stood at 73.39%. Total literates in the urban region of Chhattisgarh were 4,370,966.<ref name="census2011.co.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/chhattisgarh.html|title=Chhattisgarh Population Sex Ratio in Chhattisgarh Literacy rate data|website=census2011.co.in|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808042246/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/chhattisgarh.html|archive-date=8 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

 

Out of total population of Chhattisgarh, 23.24% people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 5,937,237 of which 3,035,469 are males and while remaining 2,901,768 are females.

Raipur, Durg, Bhilai Nagar, Bilaspur, Korba, Jagdalpur, Rajnandgaon, Ambikapur and Raigarh are some of the urban towns and cities in the region.<ref name="census2011.co.in" />

{{IndiaCensusPop

| title= Population Growth

| footnote=Source:Census of India<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|title=Census Population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|access-date=18 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="2011census">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/states.php|title=States Census 2011|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|access-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214170814/http://www.census2011.co.in/states.php|archive-date=14 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

| 1901=4181554|1911=5191583|1921=5264976|1931=6028778|1941=6814886}}

Chhattisgarh has an urban population of 23.4% (around 5.1&nbsp;million people in 2011) residing in urban areas. According to a report by the government of India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ncw.nic.in/pdfreports/Gender%20Profile-Chhattisgarh.pdf |title=NCW Report, page 4 |publisher=National Commission of Women, Government of India |access-date=22 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619081035/http://ncw.nic.in/pdfreports/Gender%20Profile-Chhattisgarh.pdf |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref> at least 34% are [[Scheduled Tribes]], 12% are [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] and over 50% belong to the official list of [[Other Backward Class]]es. The plains are numerically dominated by castes such as [[Teli]], [[Ghasidas|Satnami]] and [[Kurmi]]; while forest areas are mainly occupied by tribes such as [[Gondi people|Gond]], [[Halba (tribe)|Halba]], [[Kamar language|Kamar]]/Bujia and [[Oraon]]. There is also a large [[Odia people|Odia]] population. A community of [[Bengalis]] has existed in major cities since the times of the [[British Raj]]. They are associated with education, industry and services.

|label1 = [[Hinduism]]

|color1 = DarkOrange

|value1 = 93.25

|label2 = [[Islam]]

|color2 = Green

|value2 = 2.02

|label3 = Christianity

|color3 = DodgerBlue

|value3 = 1.92

|label4 = [[Buddhism]]

|color4 = Yellow

|value4 = 0.28

|label5 = [[Sikhism]]

|color5 = DarkKhaki

|value5 = 0.27

|label6 = [[Jainism]]

|color6 = Brown

|value6 = 0.24

|label7 = Other <small>(Tribal religion)</small>

|color7 = Chartreuse

|value7 = 1.94

|label8 = None or not stated

|value8 = 0.09

|color8 = black

}}According to the 2011 census, 93.25% of Chhattisgarh's population practised Hinduism, while 2.02% followed [[Islam]], 1.92% followed Christianity and smaller number followed [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]] or other religions.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|date=2011|title=Details of communities shown under 'Other Religions and Persuasions'|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx|url-status=live|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803134400/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx |archive-date=3 August 2016 }}</ref>

Islam is the second-largest religion, concentrated in the urban centres. Most Christians are tribals from the Surguja region. Many tribals stated they belonged to a tribal religion such as 'Gond' in the census, especially in the Bastar region.<ref name="census2011" />

|label1=[[Chhattisgarhi]] language including Surgujia |Chhattisgarhi]]

|value1=68.7

|color1=red

|label2=[[Hindi]]

|value2=10.61

|color2=orange

|label3=

|value3=6.8

|color3=tomato

|label4=[[Gondi language|Gondi]]

|value4=3.95

|color4=teal

|label5=[[Halbi language|Halbi]]

|value5=2.76

|color5=gold

|label6=[[Odia language|Odia]]

|value6=2.68

|color6=saddlebrown

|label7=[[Sadri language|Sadri]]

|value7=2.53

|color7=peachpuff

|label8=[[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]

|value8=2.02

|color8=lightskyblue

|label9=Others

|value9=6.75

|color9=grey

 

The official languages of the state are [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] and [[Hindi]]. Chhattisgarhi, a variety of eastern Hindi, is spoken and understood by the majority of people in Chhattisgarh and is the dominant language in the Chhattisgarh plain. Chhattisgarhi is called Khaltahi by tribals and Laria in [[Odia language|Odia]]. Chhattisgarhi is itself divided into many dialects, one of the most distinct being [[Surgujia dialect|Surgujia]] from the Surguja region, which is sometimes considered its own language. Near the Uttar Pradesh border this dialect merges into [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], while it merges with [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]] near the Madhya Pradesh border. Surgujia also merges into [[Sadri language|Sadri]] in the northeast along the border with Jharkhand. [[Hindi]] is spoken by many migrants from outside the state, and is a major language in the cities and industrial centres, while many whose dialect is actually Chhattisgarhi. [[Odia language|Odia]] is widely-spoken in eastern Chhattisgarh especially near the Odisha border. Telugu and Marathi speaking minorities can be found along the Telangana and Maharashtra borders respectively. In the eastern Bastar region, [[Halbi language|Halbi]] and [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]] are major languages.

In addition, Chhattisgarh has several tribal languages. [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] and [[Korwa language|Korwa]] are both spoken in the Surguja region. [[Gondi language|Gondi]] is a major language in southern Chhattisgarh. Gondi has many dialects, such as [[Muria language|Muria]] in north Bastar, which transitions to [[Madiya language|Madia]] further south and Dorli, transitional between Gondi and [[Koya language|Koya]], along the borders of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. In the east of Bastar. Most Gonds in the north and east of Bastar, as well as the rest of the state, speak regional languages and have largely forgotten their original tongue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kanker.gov.in/art.html|title=District - North Baster, Kanker|date=8 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008235722/http://kanker.gov.in/art.html|archive-date=8 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bastar.gov.in/people_and_culture.htm|title=District-Bastar, Chhattishgarh|publisher=bastar.gov.in|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916000959/http://bastar.gov.in/people_and_culture.htm|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/junjulaug2001/bastar.html|title=Language in India|publisher=languageinindia.com|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202231005/http://www.languageinindia.com/junjulaug2001/bastar.html|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmijag.in/Bastar.html|title=BASTAR REGION|website=cmijag.in|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913230846/http://www.cmijag.in/Bastar.html|archive-date=13 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Chhattisgarh has a significant role in the life of the Lord [[Rama]]. Lord Rama along with his wife Sita and his younger brother [[Lakshmana]] had started his ''[[Vanvas]]'' (exile) in the Bastar, then known as Dandakarayna. They lived more than 10 of their 14 years of Vanvas in different places of Chhattisgarh. One of the remarkable places is [[Shivrinarayan]] which is nearby [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] district of Chhattisgarh. Shivrinarayan was named after an old lady [[Shabari]]. When Ram visited Shabari she said "I do not have anything to offer other than my heart, but here are some berry fruits. May it please you, my Lord." Saying so, Shabari offered the fruits she had meticulously collected to Rama. When Rama was tasting them, Lakshmana raised the concern that Shabari had already tasted them and therefore unworthy of eating. To this Rama said that of the many types of food he had tasted, "nothing could equal these berry fruits, offered with such devotion. You taste them, then alone will you know. Whomsoever offers a fruit, leaf, flower or some water with love, I partake it with great joy."

[[Mohammed Rafi]] sang a song for Chhattisgarhi film. He had also sung songs for various Chhattisgarhi films like Ghardwaar, [[Kahi Debe Sandesh]], Punni Ke Chanda, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/raipur-first-chhattisgarhi-film-kahi-debe-sandesh-complete-50-years-1104391/|title=हिंदी खबर, Latest News in Hindi, हिंदी समाचार, ताजा खबर|website=Patrika News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kosalkatha.com/manu-nayak-kahi-debe-sandesh/|title=इन्होंने तब छत्तीसगढ़ी फ़िल्म बन दी जब छत्तीसगढ़ ही नही बना था, कथा मनु नायक की।|first=Shubham|last=Thawait|date=24 January 2018}}</ref>

{{Main|Cuisine of Chhattisgarh}}The State of Chhattisgarh is known as the rice bowl of India and has a rich tradition of food culture.

The typical Chhattisgarhi thali consists of roti, bhat, dal or kadhi, curry, chutney and bhaji. Few Chhattisgarhi dishes are Aamat, Bafauri, Bhajia, Chousela, Dubkikadhi, Farra, Khurmi, Moong Bara, Thethari, and Muthia.<ref>Oudhia, P. (1999) Chhattisgarh farmer's response on control of weeds in direct seeded rice. Agril. Sci. Digest. 19(4): 261–263.</ref><ref>Das, G.K. and Oudhia, P. (2001). Rice as the medicinal plant in Chhattisgarh (India): A survey. Agric. Sci. Digest. 21(3):204–205.</ref><ref>Oudhia, P. (2002). Rice-Acorus intercropping: A new system developed by innovative farmers of Chhattisgarh (India). International Rice Research Notes (IRRN).27(1):56.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/|title=Chhattisgarh|publisher=mapsofindia.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110802034713/http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/|archive-date=2 August 2011|access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Farmers_groups_conserve_traditional_rice_varieties_in_Bastar_region_of_Chhattisgarh.pdf|title=Rice Bowl of India|website=India Water Portal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215101855/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Farmers_groups_conserve_traditional_rice_varieties_in_Bastar_region_of_Chhattisgarh.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2017|access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gktoday.in/quiz-questions/which-of-the-following-district-is-called-as-the-rice-bowl-of-andhra-pradesh/|title=Which of the following district is called as the 'Rice Bowl of Andhra Pradesh' ?|work=gktoday.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714164456/http://www.gktoday.in/quiz-questions/which-of-the-following-district-is-called-as-the-rice-bowl-of-andhra-pradesh/|archive-date=14 July 2015|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>

 

** डाॅ. सुरेश चन्द्र शुक्ला एवं डाॅ. (श्रीमती) अर्चना शुक्ला - छत्तीसगढ़ का समग्र इतिहास (मातुश्री पब्लिकेशन, रायपुर, {{ISBN|978-81-939385-0-8}})

** Dr. Suresh Chandra Shukla & Dr. (Smt.) Archana Shukla - Chhattisgarh Ka Samagra Itihas (Matushree Publication, Raipur {{ISBN|978-81-939385-0-8}})

** ड़ा.संजय अलंग-छत्तीसगढ़ की जनजातियाँ Tribes और जातियाँ Castes (मानसी पब्लीकेशन,दिल्ली 6, {{ISBN|978-81-89559-32-8}})

** ड़ा.संजय अलंग-छत्तीसगढ़ की पूर्व रियासतें और जमीन्दारियाँ (वैभव प्रकाशन,रायपुर 1, {{ISBN|81-89244-96-5}}) [https://www.scribd.com/doc/72030961/Dr-Sanjay-Alung-CG-Ki-Riyaste-Jamindariya-Hindi DR Sanjay Alung-CG Ki Riyaste & Jamindariya (Hindi)]

** Ramdas Lamb, "Rapt in the Name: Ramnamis, Ramnam and Untouchable Religion in Central India"

** Chad Bauman, "Identifying the Satnam: Hindu Satnamis, Indian Christians and Dalit Religion in Colonial Chhattisgarh, India (1868–1947) (Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton Theological Seminary, 2005)

** [http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1023/to/21330/Author/Shukla,%20H.%20L.%20(Hira%20Lal),%201939-/Books-By-Indian-Author.html "List of books by Prof H. L. Shukla]

** Raipur district gazetteer Hindi [https://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/09/raipur-rashmi-gazeteer-history-of.html रायपुर-रश्मि] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911032006/http://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/09/raipur-rashmi-gazeteer-history-of.html |date=11 September 2019 }} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/09/raipur-rashmi-gazeteer-history-of.html|title=रायपुर-रश्मि : रायपुर जिले का इतिहास Raipur-Rashmi Gazeteer History of Raipur District|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602152405/https://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/09/raipur-rashmi-gazeteer-history-of.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

** Durg district gazetteer Hindi [https://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/08/1921-history-of-durg-district-durg.html दुर्ग-दर्पण] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912230840/http://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/08/1921-history-of-durg-district-durg.html |date=12 September 2019 }} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/08/1921-history-of-durg-district-durg.html|title=दुर्ग दर्पण - दुर्ग जिले का इतिहास सन् 1921|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508020106/https://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/08/1921-history-of-durg-district-durg.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

** Bilaspur district gazetteer Hindi [https://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/08/1923.html बिलासपुर-वैभव]{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/08/1923.html|title=बिलासपुर-वैभव 1923 बिलासपुर जिले का इतिहास|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602152526/http://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/08/1923.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150920041757/http://www.cgstate.gov.in/en/web/guest/home The Official Site of the Government of Chhattisgarh]