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 During the extended period of Humayun's exile, Akbar was brought up in [[Kabul]] by his paternal uncles, [[Kamran Mirza]] and [[Askari Mirza]], and aunts, in particular, Kamran Mirza's wife. He spent his youth learning to hunt, run, and fight, and although he never learned to read or write, when he retired in the evening, he would have someone read to him.<ref name="AknamaVolI">{{cite book|author=Fazl, Abul|title=Akbarnama Volume I}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1917|p=22}}</ref> On 20 November 1551, Humayun's youngest brother, Hindal Mirza, died in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief.<ref name=Erskine>{{cite book|last=Erskine|first=William|title=A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Báber and Humáyun, Volume 2|year=1854|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|isbn=978-1108046206|pages=403, 404}}</ref>
-About the time of nine-year-old Akbar's first appointment as governor of [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]], he married Hindal's daughter, [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]].<ref name="Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd">{{harvnb|Mehta|1984|p=189}}</ref> Humayun gave Akbar command of Hindal's troops and conferred on the imperial couple all of Hindal's wealth.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Ferishta |first=Mahomed Kasim |title=History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, Till the Year AD 1612 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-108-05555-0 |volume=2 |page=169 |translator-last=Briggs |translator-first=John |orig-year=1829}}</ref> Akbar's marriage to Ruqaiya was solemnised in [[Jalandhar]], Punjab, when they were both 14 years old.<ref name="Eraly 2000 123, 272">{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|pp=123, 272}}</ref> Begum was his first wife and chief consort.<ref name="Sang-E-Meel Pub">{{harvnb|Schimmel|2005|p=149}}</ref><ref name="Thackston1999p437" />
+About the time of nine-year-old Akbar's first appointment as governor of [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]], he married Hindal's daughter, [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]].<ref name="Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd">{{harvnb|Mehta|1984|p=189}}</ref> Humayun gave Akbar command of Hindal's troops and conferred on the imperial couple all of Hindal's wealth.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Ferishta |first=Mahomed Kasim |title=History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, Till the Year AD 1612 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-108-05555-0 |volume=2 |page=169 |translator-last=Briggs |translator-first=John |orig-year=1829}}</ref> Akbar's marriage to Ruqaiya was solemnised in [[Jalandhar]], Punjab, when they were both 14 years old.<ref name="Eraly 2000 123, 272">{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|pp=123, 272}}</ref> Begum was his first wife and chief consort.<ref name="Thackston1999p437" /><ref name="Sang-E-Meel Pub">{{harvnb|Schimmel|2005|p=149}}</ref>
 Following chaos over the succession of Sher Shah Suri's son [[Islam Shah]], Humayun reconquered Delhi in 1555,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Akbar, the Great Mughal |journal=Nature |date=21 November 1942 |volume=150 |issue=3812 |pages=600–601 |language=en |doi=10.1038/150600b0|bibcode=1942Natur.150R.600. |s2cid=4084248 |doi-access=free }}</ref> leading an army partly provided by his Persian ally [[Tahmasp I]]. A few months later, Humayun died. Akbar's guardian, [[Bairam Khan]], concealed his death to prepare for Akbar's succession. Akbar succeeded Humayun on 14 February 1556,<ref name="India Today">{{cite news |title=Remembering Akbar the Great: Facts about the most liberal Mughal emperor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/akbar-the-great-348793-2016-10-27 |access-date=31 January 2021 |work=India Today |date=27 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref> while in the midst of a war against [[Sikandar Shah Suri|Sikandar Shah]] to reclaim the Mughal throne. In [[Kalanaur, Punjab]], the 14-year-old Akbar was enthroned by Bairam Khan on a newly constructed platform (which still stands<ref>{{cite web |url=http://punjabgovt.nic.in/government/gurdas1.GIF |title=Gurdas |publisher=[[Government of Punjab (India)|Government of Punjab]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527210721/http://punjabgovt.nic.in/government/gurdas1.GIF |archive-date=27 May 2008 |access-date=30 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About District |url=https://gurdaspur.nic.in/html/profile.htm#history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050802074716/http://gurdaspur.nic.in/html/profile.htm#history |archive-date=2 August 2005 |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=Gurdaspur District}}</ref>) and was proclaimed ''Shahanshah'' ([[Persian language|Persian]] for "King of Kings").<ref name="India Today"/> Bairam Khan ruled on his behalf until he came of age.<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2002|p=337}}</ref>
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 ===Campaigns in Afghanistan and Central Asia===
-[[File:Akbar's amrour.jpg|thumb|Plate and helmet of the personal armour of Akbar ]]Following his conquests of Gujarat and Bengal, Akbar was preoccupied with domestic concerns.{{Clarify|date=May 2023}}{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} He did not leave Fatehpur Sikri on a military campaign until 1581, when Punjab was again invaded by his brother, Mirza Muhammad Hakim. Akbar expelled his brother to Kabul and waged a campaign to remove him from power. At the same time, Akbar's nobles were resisting leaving India to administer the Empire's holdings in Afghanistan; they were, according to Abul Fazl "afraid of the cold of Afghanistan".{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Likewise, Hindu officers in the Mughal army were inhibited by the traditional [[Kala pani (taboo)|taboo against crossing the Indus]]. To encourage them, Akbar provided them with pay eight months in advance.
+[[File:Akbar's amrour.jpg|thumb|Plate and helmet of the personal armour of Akbar]]Following his conquests of Gujarat and Bengal, Akbar was preoccupied with domestic concerns.{{Clarify|date=May 2023}}{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} He did not leave Fatehpur Sikri on a military campaign until 1581, when Punjab was again invaded by his brother, Mirza Muhammad Hakim. Akbar expelled his brother to Kabul and waged a campaign to remove him from power. At the same time, Akbar's nobles were resisting leaving India to administer the Empire's holdings in Afghanistan; they were, according to Abul Fazl "afraid of the cold of Afghanistan".{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} Likewise, Hindu officers in the Mughal army were inhibited by the traditional [[Kala pani (taboo)|taboo against crossing the Indus]]. To encourage them, Akbar provided them with pay eight months in advance.
 In August 1581, Akbar seized Kabul and took up residence at [[Bala Hissar, Kabul|Babur's old citadel]]. He stayed there for three weeks and his brother fled into the mountains. Akbar left Kabul in the hands of his sister, [[Bakht-un-Nissa Begum]], and returned to India. He then pardoned his brother, who took up de facto control of the Mughal administration in Kabul; Bakht-un-Nissa continued to be the official governor. In 1585, after Muhammad Hakim died, Kabul passed into the hands of Akbar and was officially incorporated as a province of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Eraly5" />
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 [[File:Jalal al-Din Muhammad Akbar. AH 963-1014 AD 1556-1605. AV Mohur Falcon type. Asir mint. Dated Khurdad Ilahi year 45 (20 February – 20 March AD 1600).jpg|thumb|300px|Falcon [[Mohur]] of Akbar, minted in Asir, issued in the name of Akbar to commemorate the capture of Asirgarh Fort of the on 17 January 1601. Legend: ''"Allah is great, [[Khordad]] Ilahi 45, struck at Asir"''.{{sfn|Smith|1917|p=274}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbs |first1=J. |title=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1865 |publisher=Calcutta |pages=4–5 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofasi1883asia/page/4/mode/2up}}</ref>]]
 {{main|Deccan sultanates}}
-In 1593, Akbar began military operations against the Deccan Sultans, who had not submitted to his authority. He besieged [[Ahmednagar Fort]] in 1595, forcing [[Chand Bibi]] to cede [[Berar Subah|Berar]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adibah |first1=Sulaiman |title=Akbar (1556-1605) and India unification under the mughals |journal=ResearchGate |date=December 2017 |volume=8 |issue=12 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322752022 |access-date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> A subsequent revolt forced Akbar to take the fort in August 1600. Akbar occupied [[Burhanpur]] and besieged [[Asirgarh Fort]] in 1599, and took it on 17 January 1601, when Miran Bahadur Shah of the [[Farooqui dynasty|Khandesh Sultanate]] refused to relinquish [[Khandesh]]. Akbar then established the [[Subah|Subahs]] of Ahmadnagar, Berar, and Khandesh under Prince Daniyal. "By the time of his death in 1605, Akbar controlled a broad sweep of territory from the Bay of Bengal to Qandahar and Badakshan. He touched the western sea in Sind and at [[Surat]] and was well astride central India."<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |pages=164, 188}}</ref>
+In 1593, Akbar began military operations against the Deccan Sultans, who had not submitted to his authority. He besieged [[Ahmednagar Fort]] in 1595, forcing [[Chand Bibi]] to cede [[Berar Subah|Berar]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adibah |first1=Sulaiman |title=Akbar (1556-1605) and India unification under the mughals |journal=ResearchGate |date=December 2017 |volume=8 |issue=12 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322752022 |access-date=31 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> A subsequent revolt forced Akbar to take the fort in August 1600. Akbar occupied [[Burhanpur]] and besieged [[Asirgarh Fort]] in 1599, and took it on 17 January 1601, when Miran Bahadur Shah of the [[Farooqui dynasty|Khandesh Sultanate]] refused to relinquish [[Khandesh]]. Akbar then established the [[Subah]]s of Ahmadnagar, Berar, and Khandesh under Prince Daniyal. "By the time of his death in 1605, Akbar controlled a broad sweep of territory from the Bay of Bengal to Qandahar and Badakshan. He touched the western sea in Sind and at [[Surat]] and was well astride central India."<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |pages=164, 188}}</ref>
 ==Administration==
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 [[File:Portrait of Emperor Akbar Praying.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Portrait of the Mughal Emperor Akbar invocation of a [[Dua]] prayer]]
-Akbar, as well as his mother and other members of his family, are believed to have been [[Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] Muslims.<ref>{{harvnb|Habib|1997|p=80}}</ref> His early days were spent in the backdrop of an atmosphere in which liberal sentiments were encouraged and [[fundamentalism|religious narrow-mindedness]] was frowned upon.<ref name="religion1">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=253}}</ref> From the 15th century, a number of rulers in various parts of the country adopted a more liberal policy of [[Religious toleration|religious tolerance]], attempting to foster [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal harmony]] between Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="religion2">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=252}}</ref> These sentiments were earlier encouraged by the teachings of popular saints like [[Guru Nanak]], [[Kabir]], and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]],<ref name="religion1"/> and the verses of the Persian poet [[Hafez]], which advocated human sympathy and a liberal outlook.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hasan|2007|p=72}}</ref> The Timurid ethos of religious tolerance persisted from the times of [[Timur]] to [[Humayun]], and influenced Akbar's policy of tolerance in matters of religion.<ref name="religion3">{{harvnb|Habib|1997|p=81}}</ref>Akbar's childhood tutors, including two Irani Shias, were largely above [[sectarianism|sectarian]] prejudices, and made a significant contribution to Akbar's later inclination towards religious tolerance.<ref name="religion3"/>
+Akbar, as well as his mother and other members of his family, are believed to have been [[Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] Muslims.<ref>{{harvnb|Habib|1997|p=80}}</ref> His early days were spent in the backdrop of an atmosphere in which liberal sentiments were encouraged and [[fundamentalism|religious narrow-mindedness]] was frowned upon.<ref name="religion1">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=253}}</ref> From the 15th century, a number of rulers in various parts of the country adopted a more liberal policy of [[Religious toleration|religious tolerance]], attempting to foster [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal harmony]] between Hindus and Muslims.<ref name="religion2">{{harvnb|Chandra|2007|p=252}}</ref> These sentiments were earlier encouraged by the teachings of popular saints like [[Guru Nanak]], [[Kabir]], and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]],<ref name="religion1"/> and the verses of the Persian poet [[Hafez]], which advocated human sympathy and a liberal outlook.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hasan|2007|p=72}}</ref> The Timurid ethos of religious tolerance persisted from the times of [[Timur]] to [[Humayun]], and influenced Akbar's policy of tolerance in matters of religion.<ref name="religion3">{{harvnb|Habib|1997|p=81}}</ref> Akbar's childhood tutors, including two Irani Shias, were largely above [[sectarianism|sectarian]] prejudices, and made a significant contribution to Akbar's later inclination towards religious tolerance.<ref name="religion3"/>
 Akbar sponsored religious debates between different Muslim groups ([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]], [[Shia Islam|Shia]], [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]], and [[Sufism|Sufis]]), [[Parsis]], [[Hindus]] ([[Shaivite]] and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]]), [[Sikhs]], [[Jainism|Jains]], Jews, [[Jesuits]], and [[Materialism|Materialists]]. He was also partial to Sufism; he proclaimed that "the wisdom of Vedanta is the wisdom of Sufism".<ref>{{Cite book|title=On Hinduism|last=Doniger|first=Wendy|isbn=978-0199360079|location=Oxford|oclc=858660095|date = March 2014}}</ref>
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 ==Consorts and concubines==
-Akbar's first wife and one of the chief consorts was his cousin, Princess [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]],<ref name="Sang-E-Meel Pub"/><ref name="Thackston1999p437" /> the only daughter of his paternal uncle, Prince [[Hindal Mirza]],{{sfn|Jahangir|Thackston|1999|p=40}} and his wife Sultanam Begum. In 1551, Hindal Mirza died fighting in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief.<ref name="Erskine"/> Hindal's daughter Ruqaiya married Akbar about the time of his first appointment, at age nine, as governor of [[Ghazni Province]].<ref name="Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd"/> Akbar was also given the command of his uncle's army.<ref name="auto"/> Akbar's marriage with Ruqaiya was solemnised near [[Jalandhar]], Punjab, when both of them were 14 years old.<ref name="Eraly 2000 123, 272"/> She was a senior-ranking wife of Akbar. She died childless in January 1626 and was buried next to her father's grave.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
+Akbar's first wife and one of the chief consorts was his cousin, Princess [[Ruqaiya Sultan Begum]],<ref name="Thackston1999p437" /><ref name="Sang-E-Meel Pub"/> the only daughter of his paternal uncle, Prince [[Hindal Mirza]],{{sfn|Jahangir|Thackston|1999|p=40}} and his wife Sultanam Begum. In 1551, Hindal Mirza died fighting in a battle against Kamran Mirza's forces. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overwhelmed with grief.<ref name="Erskine"/> Hindal's daughter Ruqaiya married Akbar about the time of his first appointment, at age nine, as governor of [[Ghazni Province]].<ref name="Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd"/> Akbar was also given the command of his uncle's army.<ref name="auto"/> Akbar's marriage with Ruqaiya was solemnised near [[Jalandhar]], Punjab, when both of them were 14 years old.<ref name="Eraly 2000 123, 272"/> She was a senior-ranking wife of Akbar. She died childless in January 1626 and was buried next to her father's grave.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
 His third wife was the daughter of Abdullah Khan Mughal.<ref name="Burke1989p143"/> The marriage took place in 1557 during the siege of [[Mankot]]. [[Bairam Khan]] did not approve of this marriage because Abdullah's sister was married to Akbar's uncle, Prince [[Kamran Mirza]], and so he regarded Abdullah as a partisan of Kamran. Akbar opposed the match until Nasir-al-Mulk persuaded him that he could not oppose it. Nasir-al-Mulk arranged an {{Clarify span|assemblage of pleasure and banquet of joy,|date=May 2023}} and a royal feast was provided.{{sfn|Beveridge Volume II|1907|p=88}}