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(Created page with "{{Infobox philosopher | name = Plutarch | image = Plutarch of Chaeronea-03 (cropped).jpg | caption = Modern portrait at Chaeronea, based on a bust from Delphi tentatively identified as Plutarch<!--discussed on Talk: see also File:Head of a philosopher - Archaeological Museum of Delphi.jpg --> | birth_date = {{circa|AD 46}} | birth_place = Chaeronea, Boeotia | death_date = after AD 119 (aged 73–74) | death_pl...") Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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Plutarch studied [[mathematics]] and [[philosophy]] in [[Athens]] under [[Ammonius of Athens|Ammonius]] from AD 66 to 67.<ref name=eb/> He attended the games of Delphi where the emperor [[Nero]] competed and possibly met prominent Romans, including future emperor [[Vespasian]].{{sfn|Stadter|2014|p=14}} | Plutarch studied [[mathematics]] and [[philosophy]] in [[Athens]] under [[Ammonius of Athens|Ammonius]] from AD 66 to 67.<ref name=eb/> He attended the games of Delphi where the emperor [[Nero]] competed and possibly met prominent Romans, including future emperor [[Vespasian]].{{sfn|Stadter|2014|p=14}} | ||
Plutarch and Timoxena had at least four sons and one daughter, though two died in childhood. The loss of his daughter and a young son, Chaeron, are mentioned in his letter to Timoxena.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plutarch, Consolatio ad uxorem, section 5 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0310:section=5 |access-date=15 January 2023 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Two sons, named Autoboulos and Plutarch, appear in a number of Plutarch's works; Plutarch's treatise on Plato's ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'' is dedicated to them.{{sfn|Jones|1971|p=11}} It is likely that a third son, named Soklaros after Plutarch's confidant Soklaros of Tithora, survived to adulthood as well although he is not mentioned in Plutarch's later works: a Lucius Mestrius Soclarus, who shares Plutarch's Latin family name, appears in an inscription in Boeotia from the time of [[Trajan]].<ref>The inscription is in [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/42003?bookid=8&location=1698 ''Inscriptiones Graecae'', 9.1.61], see the note in Jones, ''Plutarch and Rome'', 22. Older scholarship tended assume Soklaros was not a son or died young, because he did not appear in any dedications.</ref> Traditionally the surviving catalog of Plutarch's works is ascribed to another son, named Lamprias after Plutarch's grandfather.<ref>See for example the entry for [http://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/lambda/96 Lamprias] in the [[Suda]]. </ref> However most modern scholars believe this tradition is a later interpolation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ziegler |first=Konrat |title=Plutarchos von Chaironeia |publisher=Alfred Druckenmuller |year=1964 |location=Stuttgart |page=60 |language=de}}</ref> Plutarch's treatise on marriage questions, addressed to Eurydice and Pollianus,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plutarch • Conjugalia Praecepta |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Coniugalia_praecepta*.html |access-date=15 January 2023 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> seems to speak of the former as having recently lived in his house, but without any clear evidence on whether she was his daughter or not.<ref name=Stewart-Long>{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=Aubrey |last2=Long |title=Plutarch's Lives |volume=1 |year=1894 |chapter=Life of Plutarch |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14033/14033.txt |publisher=George Bell & Sons |via=Gutenberg |access-date=3 January 2007}}</ref> | Plutarch and Timoxena had at least four sons and one daughter, though two died in childhood. The loss of his daughter and a young son, Chaeron, are mentioned in his letter to Timoxena.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plutarch, Consolatio ad uxorem, section 5 |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0310:section=5 |access-date=15 January 2023 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Two sons, named Autoboulos and Plutarch, appear in a number of Plutarch's works; Plutarch's treatise on Plato's ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'' is dedicated to them.{{sfn|Jones|1971|p=11}} It is likely that a third son, named Soklaros after Plutarch's confidant Soklaros of Tithora, survived to adulthood as well although he is not mentioned in Plutarch's later works: a Lucius Mestrius Soclarus, who shares Plutarch's Latin family name, appears in an inscription in Boeotia from the time of [[Trajan]].<ref>The inscription is in [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/42003?bookid=8&location=1698 ''Inscriptiones Graecae'', 9.1.61], see the note in Jones, ''Plutarch and Rome'', 22. Older scholarship tended assume Soklaros was not a son or died young, because he did not appear in any dedications.</ref> Traditionally the surviving catalog of Plutarch's works is ascribed to another son, named Lamprias after Plutarch's grandfather.<ref>See for example the entry for [http://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/lambda/96 Lamprias] in the [[Suda]].</ref> However most modern scholars believe this tradition is a later interpolation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ziegler |first=Konrat |title=Plutarchos von Chaironeia |publisher=Alfred Druckenmuller |year=1964 |location=Stuttgart |page=60 |language=de}}</ref> Plutarch's treatise on marriage questions, addressed to Eurydice and Pollianus,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plutarch • Conjugalia Praecepta |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Coniugalia_praecepta*.html |access-date=15 January 2023 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> seems to speak of the former as having recently lived in his house, but without any clear evidence on whether she was his daughter or not.<ref name=Stewart-Long>{{cite book |last1=Stewart |first1=Aubrey |last2=Long |title=Plutarch's Lives |volume=1 |year=1894 |chapter=Life of Plutarch |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14033/14033.txt |publisher=George Bell & Sons |via=Gutenberg |access-date=3 January 2007}}</ref> | ||
Plutarch was either the uncle or grandfather of [[Sextus of Chaeronea]] who was one of the teachers of [[Marcus Aurelius]], and who may have been the same person as the philosopher [[Sextus Empiricus]]. His family remained in Greece down to at least the fourth century, producing a number of philosophers and authors.{{sfn|Jones|1971|p=11}} [[Apuleius]], the author of [[The Golden Ass]], made his fictional protagonist a descendant of Plutarch. | Plutarch was either the uncle or grandfather of [[Sextus of Chaeronea]] who was one of the teachers of [[Marcus Aurelius]], and who may have been the same person as the philosopher [[Sextus Empiricus]]. His family remained in Greece down to at least the fourth century, producing a number of philosophers and authors.{{sfn|Jones|1971|p=11}} [[Apuleius]], the author of [[The Golden Ass]], made his fictional protagonist a descendant of Plutarch. | ||
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===Late period: priest at Delphi=== | ===Late period: priest at Delphi=== | ||
[[File:Plutarch and herm.jpg|thumb|Portrait of a philosopher, and a [[ | [[File:Plutarch and herm.jpg|thumb|Portrait of a philosopher, and a [[Herm (sculpture)|hermaic]] [[stele]] at the [[Delphi Archaeological Museum]]]] | ||
Some time {{circa|AD 95}}, Plutarch was made one of the two sanctuary priests for the temple of Apollo at Delphi; the site had declined considerably since the classical Greek period. Around the same time in the 90s, Delphi experienced a construction boom, financed by Greek patrons and possible imperial support.{{sfn|Stadter|2014|p=20}} His priestly duties connected part of his literary work with the Pythian oracle at Delphia: one of his most important works is the "Why Pythia does not give oracles in verse".<ref>{{cite book |author=Plutarch |title=[[Moralia]] |at=11}}</ref>({{math|"Περὶ τοῦ μὴ χρᾶν ἔμμετρα νῦν τὴν Πυθίαν"}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CF%87%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%BD_(%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82) |title=Περί του μη χραν έμμετρα νυν την Πυθίαν (Πλούταρχος) - Βικιθήκη |website=el.wikisource.org |access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> Even more important is the dialogue "On the 'E' at Delphi" ({{math|"Περὶ τοῦ Εἶ τοῦ ἐν Δελφοῖς"}}),<ref>{{cite book |author=Plutarch |title=Moralia |chapter=On the 'E' at "Delphi" |language=ancient Greek |url=https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B5%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%AF%CF%82}} | Some time {{circa|AD 95}}, Plutarch was made one of the two sanctuary priests for the temple of Apollo at Delphi; the site had declined considerably since the classical Greek period. Around the same time in the 90s, Delphi experienced a construction boom, financed by Greek patrons and possible imperial support.{{sfn|Stadter|2014|p=20}} His priestly duties connected part of his literary work with the Pythian oracle at Delphia: one of his most important works is the "Why Pythia does not give oracles in verse".<ref>{{cite book |author=Plutarch |title=[[Moralia]] |at=11}}</ref>({{math|"Περὶ τοῦ μὴ χρᾶν ἔμμετρα νῦν τὴν Πυθίαν"}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CF%87%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%BD_(%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82) |title=Περί του μη χραν έμμετρα νυν την Πυθίαν (Πλούταρχος) - Βικιθήκη |website=el.wikisource.org |access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> Even more important is the dialogue "On the 'E' at Delphi" ({{math|"Περὶ τοῦ Εἶ τοῦ ἐν Δελφοῖς"}}),<ref>{{cite book |author=Plutarch |title=Moralia |chapter=On the 'E' at "Delphi" |language=ancient Greek |url=https://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%95%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B5%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%AF%CF%82}} | ||
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The portrait of a philosopher exhibited at the exit of the [[Delphi Archaeological Museum|Archaeological Museum of Delphi]], dates to the 2nd century; due to its inscription, in the past it had been identified with Plutarch. The man, although bearded, is depicted at a relatively young age: His hair and beard are rendered in coarse volumes and thin incisions. The gaze is deep, due to the heavy eyelids and the incised pupils.<ref>{{cite web |title=SELECTED EXHIBITS - Archaeological Site of Delphi - Museum of Delphi |url=https://delphi.culture.gr/museum/selected-exhibits/ |website=Delphi.culture.gr |publisher=Delphi Archaeological Museum |access-date=26 October 2022 |date=11 December 2019}}</ref> | The portrait of a philosopher exhibited at the exit of the [[Delphi Archaeological Museum|Archaeological Museum of Delphi]], dates to the 2nd century; due to its inscription, in the past it had been identified with Plutarch. The man, although bearded, is depicted at a relatively young age: His hair and beard are rendered in coarse volumes and thin incisions. The gaze is deep, due to the heavy eyelids and the incised pupils.<ref>{{cite web |title=SELECTED EXHIBITS - Archaeological Site of Delphi - Museum of Delphi |url=https://delphi.culture.gr/museum/selected-exhibits/ |website=Delphi.culture.gr |publisher=Delphi Archaeological Museum |access-date=26 October 2022 |date=11 December 2019}}</ref> | ||
But a fragmentary [[ | But a fragmentary [[Herm (sculpture)|hermaic]] [[stele]] ''next'' to the portrait probably did once bear a portrait of Plutarch, since it is inscribed, "The Delphians, along with the Chaeroneans, dedicated this (image of) Plutarch, following the precepts of the Amphictyony" ({{math|"Δελφοὶ Χαιρωνεῦσιν ὁμοῦ Πλούταρχον ἔθηκαν}} | {{math|τοῖς Ἀμφικτυόνων δόγμασι πειθόμενοι"}}.<ref>''Syll.''<sup>3</sup> 843=''CID'' 4, no. 151 {{full citation|date=July 2021}}</ref> | ||
==Works== | ==Works== | ||