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(→Contacts with the Indian subcontinent (250–180 BC): Providing reference map for Rock Edict No.13. Extracted from en-wiki.) Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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The '''Greco-Bactrian Kingdom''' or simply '''Greco-Bactria'''<ref>[https://brewminate.com/the-ancient-greco-bactrian-kingdom-and-hellenistic-afghanistan/ The Ancient Greco-Bactrian kingdom and Hellenistic Afghanistan] ''Brewminate'', {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924155537/https://brewminate.com/the-ancient-greco-bactrian-kingdom-and-hellenistic-afghanistan/|date=2021-09-24}} - ''Matthew A. McIntosh''</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mairs |first=Rachel |title=Bactrian or Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom |url=https://www.academia.edu/23031604 |journal=The Encyclopedia of Empire |year=2016 |pages=1–4}}</ref>{{Efn|'Greco-Bactrian Kingdom', 'Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom' and 'Greco-Bactria' are names applied by historians. The actual historical name of the state is unknown, but probably related to the ruling dynasties, which see.}} was a [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic-era]] [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] state,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cribb |first=Joe |date=2005 |title=The Greek Kingdom of Bactria, its coinage and its collapse |url=https://www.academia.edu/3026258 |journal=Afghanistan Ancien Carrefour Entre Lʼest et Lʼouest |pages=1 |via=[[Academia.edu|Academia]]}}</ref> and along with the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]], the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world in [[Central Asia]] and the [[ | The '''Greco-Bactrian Kingdom''' or simply '''Greco-Bactria'''<ref>[https://brewminate.com/the-ancient-greco-bactrian-kingdom-and-hellenistic-afghanistan/ The Ancient Greco-Bactrian kingdom and Hellenistic Afghanistan] ''Brewminate'', {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924155537/https://brewminate.com/the-ancient-greco-bactrian-kingdom-and-hellenistic-afghanistan/|date=2021-09-24}} - ''Matthew A. McIntosh''</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Mairs |first=Rachel |title=Bactrian or Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom |url=https://www.academia.edu/23031604 |journal=The Encyclopedia of Empire |year=2016 |pages=1–4}}</ref>{{Efn|'Greco-Bactrian Kingdom', 'Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom' and 'Greco-Bactria' are names applied by historians. The actual historical name of the state is unknown, but probably related to the ruling dynasties, which see.}} was a [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic-era]] [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] state,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cribb |first=Joe |date=2005 |title=The Greek Kingdom of Bactria, its coinage and its collapse |url=https://www.academia.edu/3026258 |journal=Afghanistan Ancien Carrefour Entre Lʼest et Lʼouest |pages=1 |via=[[Academia.edu|Academia]]}}</ref> and along with the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]], the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world in [[Central Asia]] and the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It was founded in 256 BC by the Seleucid satrap [[Diodotus I|Diodotus I Soter]] and lasted until its fall {{circa|120}} BC with some cities still controlled by Greek kings such as [[Hermaeus |Hermaeus Soter]] (90-70 BC) in what is today Kabul. It was ruled by the [[Diodotid dynasty]] and the rival [[Euthydemid dynasty]]. | ||
It covered much of present-day [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Turkmenistan]], and some parts of [[Iran]] and [[Pakistan]]. An extension further east, with military campaigns and settlements, had most likely reached the borders of the [[Qin (state)|Qin State]] in 230 BC.<ref>Lucas, Christopoulos. Dionysian Rituals and the Golden Zeus of China. Sino-Platonic Papers 326.</ref><ref>Strabo, Geography 11.11.1</ref> The capitals of [[Ai-Khanoum|Ai-Khanum]] and [[Balkh|Bactra]] were among the largest and richest cities of antiquity; indeed, Bactria was itself known as the ''land of a thousand golden cities''. The Indo-Greek Kingdoms, as Bactrian successor states, would last until 10 AD.<ref>Doumanis, Nicholas. (16 Dec 2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vuEcBQAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+180+bc+established&pg=PA64 ''A History of Greece'']{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Palgrave Macmillan {{ISBN|978-1137013675}} p 64</ref><ref>[[Christoph Baumer|Baumer, Christoph]]. (11 Dec 2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&q=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks ''The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145809/https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&dq=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=2022-11-19 }} Vol. '''1''' I.B. Tauris, {{ISBN|978-1780760605}} p 289</ref><ref>Kaushik Roy. ( 28 July 2015) [https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&pg=PT34 ''Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145817/https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwjYyoSrwvLIAhVCgA8KHQhgC-g#v=onepage&q=indo-greek%20kingdom%20invaded%20india&f=false |date=2022-11-19 }}. Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1317321279}}</ref> | It covered much of present-day [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Turkmenistan]], and some parts of [[Iran]] and [[Pakistan]]. An extension further east, with military campaigns and settlements, had most likely reached the borders of the [[Qin (state)|Qin State]] in 230 BC.<ref>Lucas, Christopoulos. Dionysian Rituals and the Golden Zeus of China. Sino-Platonic Papers 326.</ref><ref>Strabo, Geography 11.11.1</ref> The capitals of [[Ai-Khanoum|Ai-Khanum]] and [[Balkh|Bactra]] were among the largest and richest cities of antiquity; indeed, Bactria was itself known as the ''land of a thousand golden cities''. The Indo-Greek Kingdoms, as Bactrian successor states, would last until 10 AD.<ref>Doumanis, Nicholas. (16 Dec 2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=vuEcBQAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+180+bc+established&pg=PA64 ''A History of Greece'']{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Palgrave Macmillan {{ISBN|978-1137013675}} p 64</ref><ref>[[Christoph Baumer|Baumer, Christoph]]. (11 Dec 2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&q=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks ''The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145809/https://books.google.com/books?id=yglkwD7pKV8C&dq=greco-bactrians+establish+indo-greeks&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=2022-11-19 }} Vol. '''1''' I.B. Tauris, {{ISBN|978-1780760605}} p 289</ref><ref>Kaushik Roy. ( 28 July 2015) [https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&pg=PT34 ''Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119145817/https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PT34&dq=indo-greek+kingdom+invaded+india&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAzgKahUKEwjYyoSrwvLIAhVCgA8KHQhgC-g#v=onepage&q=indo-greek%20kingdom%20invaded%20india&f=false |date=2022-11-19 }}. Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1317321279}}</ref> | ||
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{{Quote | ... for if he did not yield to this demand, neither of them would be safe: Seeing that great hordes of Nomads were close at hand, who were a danger to both; and that if they admitted them into the country, it would certainly be utterly barbarised.<ref name="Polybius 11.34"/>}} | {{Quote | ... for if he did not yield to this demand, neither of them would be safe: Seeing that great hordes of Nomads were close at hand, who were a danger to both; and that if they admitted them into the country, it would certainly be utterly barbarised.<ref name="Polybius 11.34"/>}} | ||
In an inscription found in the [[Kulab, Tajikistan|Kuliab]] area of [[Tajikistan]], in eastern Greco-Bactria, and dated to 200–195 BC,<ref name="SW">Shane Wallace [https://www.academia.edu/25638818 Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112215954/https://www.academia.edu/25638818 |date=2020-01-12 }} p.206</ref> a Greek by the name of Heliodotos, dedicating a fire altar to [[Hestia]], mentions Euthydemus as the greatest of all kings, and his son [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] as "Demetrios Kalinikos" "Demetrius the Glorious Conqueror":<ref>[[Osmund Bopearachchi]], [https://www.academia.edu/22821570 Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308060357/https://www.academia.edu/22821570/Some_observations_on_the_chronology_of_the_early_Kushans |date=2021-03-08 }}, p.48</ref | In an inscription found in the [[Kulab, Tajikistan|Kuliab]] area of [[Tajikistan]], in eastern Greco-Bactria, and dated to 200–195 BC,<ref name="SW">Shane Wallace [https://www.academia.edu/25638818 Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112215954/https://www.academia.edu/25638818 |date=2020-01-12 }} p.206</ref> a Greek by the name of Heliodotos, dedicating a fire altar to [[Hestia]], mentions Euthydemus as the greatest of all kings, and his son [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] as "Demetrios Kalinikos" "Demetrius the Glorious Conqueror":<ref name="SW"/><ref>[[Osmund Bopearachchi]], [https://www.academia.edu/22821570 Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308060357/https://www.academia.edu/22821570/Some_observations_on_the_chronology_of_the_early_Kushans |date=2021-03-08 }}, p.48</ref> | ||
{{clear}} | {{clear}} | ||
{| class="wikitable centre" | {| class="wikitable centre" | ||
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===[[Euthydemid dynasty]]=== | ===[[Euthydemid dynasty]]=== | ||
[[File:Menander I Drachm, Sear7604.jpg|alt=Silver drachm of Menander I|thumb|Silver drachm of Menander I, dated circa 160–145 BC. Obverse: {{lang|grc-x-hellen|ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ}} ('of King Menander the Saviour'), heroic bust of Menander, viewed from behind, head turned to left; Reverse: Athena standing right, brandishing thunderbolt and holding aegis, Karosthi legend around, monogram in field to left.<ref> Coin reference: Sear 7604{{full citation|date=January 2022}}</ref>]] | [[File:Menander I Drachm, Sear7604.jpg|alt=Silver drachm of Menander I|thumb|Silver drachm of Menander I, dated circa 160–145 BC. Obverse: {{lang|grc-x-hellen|ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ}} ('of King Menander the Saviour'), heroic bust of Menander, viewed from behind, head turned to left; Reverse: Athena standing right, brandishing thunderbolt and holding aegis, Karosthi legend around, monogram in field to left.<ref>Coin reference: Sear 7604{{full citation|date=January 2022}}</ref>]] | ||
*'''[[Euthydemus I]]''' (reigned {{circa|225-200}} BC) | *'''[[Euthydemus I]]''' (reigned {{circa|225-200}} BC) | ||
*'''[[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]]''' (r. {{circa|200–180}} BC), invaded and conquered India, establishing the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo Greek Kingdom]]. | *'''[[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]]''' (r. {{circa|200–180}} BC), invaded and conquered India, establishing the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo Greek Kingdom]]. | ||