16,952
edits
m
clean up, added uncategorised tag
(Created page with "{{Short description|Region of southwestern Asia}} {{About|the geographic region|other uses|Balochistan (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Balochistan | native_name = بلۏچستان | native_name_lang = bal | settlement_type = Region | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt...") Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit self-published-blog |
CleanupBot (talk | contribs) m (clean up, added uncategorised tag) |
||
| Line 142: | Line 142: | ||
[[Asko Parpola]] relates the name ''Meluḫḫa'' to Indo-Aryan words ''[[mleccha]]'' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]) and ''milakkha/milakkhu'' ([[Pali language|Pali]]) etc., which do not have an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] etymology even though they were used to refer to non-Aryan people. Taking them to be [[Dravidian languages|proto-Dravidian]] in origin, he interprets the term as meaning either a proper name ''milu-akam'' (from which ''tamilakam'' was derived when the Indus people migrated south) or ''melu-akam'', meaning "high country", a possible reference to Balochistani high lands.{{sfn|Parpola|Parpola|1975|pp= 217–220}} Historian [[Romila Thapar]] also interprets ''Meluḫḫa'' as a proto-Dravidian term, possibly ''mēlukku'', and suggests the meaning "western extremity" (of the Dravidian-speaking regions in the Indian subcontinent). A literal translation into [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], ''aparānta'', was later used to describe the region by the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]].{{sfn|Thapar|1975|p=10}} | [[Asko Parpola]] relates the name ''Meluḫḫa'' to Indo-Aryan words ''[[mleccha]]'' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]) and ''milakkha/milakkhu'' ([[Pali language|Pali]]) etc., which do not have an [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] etymology even though they were used to refer to non-Aryan people. Taking them to be [[Dravidian languages|proto-Dravidian]] in origin, he interprets the term as meaning either a proper name ''milu-akam'' (from which ''tamilakam'' was derived when the Indus people migrated south) or ''melu-akam'', meaning "high country", a possible reference to Balochistani high lands.{{sfn|Parpola|Parpola|1975|pp= 217–220}} Historian [[Romila Thapar]] also interprets ''Meluḫḫa'' as a proto-Dravidian term, possibly ''mēlukku'', and suggests the meaning "western extremity" (of the Dravidian-speaking regions in the Indian subcontinent). A literal translation into [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], ''aparānta'', was later used to describe the region by the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]].{{sfn|Thapar|1975|p=10}} | ||
During the time of [[Alexander the Great]] (356–323 BC), the [[Classical Greece|Greeks]] called the land ''[[Gedrosia]]'' and its people ''Gedrosoi'', terms of unknown origin.<ref name="Bevan2015">{{citation |last= Bevan |first= Edwyn Robert |title= The House of Seleucus |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EWdSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA272 |date= 12 November 2015 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-1-108-08275-4 |page= 272}}</ref>Gedrosia ruled by Chandragupta Maurya after Mauryan Selucuid War.The all four Satrapian territories, known collectively as Ariyana were later lost to the Mauryan Empire of ancient India under the reign of [[Chandragupta Maurya]].<ref name="Ray2003">{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-01109-9 |language=English|quote=In spite of the vagueness of the historical texts, the consensus among scholars is that the treaty concluded between Candragupta Maurya and Seleucus acknowledged Indian control of territories to the west of the Indus. These included Gedrosia, Paropamisadae (the region of Kabul and Begram) and Arachosia (the Kandahar region).}}</ref> Gedrosia, along with [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]], were regions in ancient India that formed an important part of the [[Maurya Empire]], before being attacked by Indo-Greeks from the west.<ref name="BRS1949">{{cite book |title=The Journal of the Bihar Research Society |date=1949 |publisher=Bihar Research Society |page=74 |language=English |quote=Gedrosia and Saurashtra had formed important parts of the Mauryan empire.}}</ref> | During the time of [[Alexander the Great]] (356–323 BC), the [[Classical Greece|Greeks]] called the land ''[[Gedrosia]]'' and its people ''Gedrosoi'', terms of unknown origin.<ref name="Bevan2015">{{citation |last= Bevan |first= Edwyn Robert |title= The House of Seleucus |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EWdSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA272 |date= 12 November 2015 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-1-108-08275-4 |page= 272}}</ref> Gedrosia ruled by Chandragupta Maurya after Mauryan Selucuid War.The all four Satrapian territories, known collectively as Ariyana were later lost to the Mauryan Empire of ancient India under the reign of [[Chandragupta Maurya]].<ref name="Ray2003">{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-01109-9 |language=English|quote=In spite of the vagueness of the historical texts, the consensus among scholars is that the treaty concluded between Candragupta Maurya and Seleucus acknowledged Indian control of territories to the west of the Indus. These included Gedrosia, Paropamisadae (the region of Kabul and Begram) and Arachosia (the Kandahar region).}}</ref> Gedrosia, along with [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]], were regions in ancient India that formed an important part of the [[Maurya Empire]], before being attacked by Indo-Greeks from the west.<ref name="BRS1949">{{cite book |title=The Journal of the Bihar Research Society |date=1949 |publisher=Bihar Research Society |page=74 |language=English |quote=Gedrosia and Saurashtra had formed important parts of the Mauryan empire.}}</ref> | ||
Using etymological reasoning, H. W. Bailey reconstructs a possible [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] name, ''uadravati'', meaning "the land of underground channels", which could have been transformed to ''badlaut'' in the 9th century and further to ''balōč'' in later times. This reasoning remains speculative.<ref>{{harvnb|Hansman|1973|at= Appendix C. Gadrōsia, by H. W. Bailey}}</ref> | Using etymological reasoning, H. W. Bailey reconstructs a possible [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] name, ''uadravati'', meaning "the land of underground channels", which could have been transformed to ''badlaut'' in the 9th century and further to ''balōč'' in later times. This reasoning remains speculative.<ref>{{harvnb|Hansman|1973|at= Appendix C. Gadrōsia, by H. W. Bailey}}</ref> | ||
| Line 190: | Line 190: | ||
== Culture == | == Culture == | ||
The cultural values which are the pillars of the Baloch individual and national identity were firmly established during the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, a period which not only brought sufferings for the Baloch and forced them into en masse migrations but also brought fundamental sociocultural transformation of the Baloch society. An overlapping of pastoral ecology and tribal structure had shaped contemporary Baloch social values. The [[Pastoralists and Graziers Association of Western Australia|pastoralist]] [[ | The cultural values which are the pillars of the Baloch individual and national identity were firmly established during the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, a period which not only brought sufferings for the Baloch and forced them into en masse migrations but also brought fundamental sociocultural transformation of the Baloch society. An overlapping of pastoral ecology and tribal structure had shaped contemporary Baloch social values. The [[Pastoralists and Graziers Association of Western Australia|pastoralist]] [[nomad]]ic way of life and the inclination to resist the assimilation attempts of various powerful ethnic identities shaped the peculiar Baloch ethnic identity. It was the persecution by strong and organized religions for the last two thousand years that has shaped their secular attitude about religion in social or community affairs. Their independent and stubborn behavior as the distinctive feature of the Baloch identity is consistent with their nomadic or agro-pastoral past.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-29 |title=Balochi Culture |url=https://www.pakpedia.pk/balochi-culture/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=History Pak |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
Med o Maraka, for resolution of disputes among the Baloch, is a much-honored tradition. In a broader context, it is, in a way, accepting the guilt by the accused or offender and asking for forgiveness from the affected party. Usually, the offender himself does this by going to the home of the affected person and asking for forgiveness.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |title=Baloch {{!}} people {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baloch |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> | Med o Maraka, for resolution of disputes among the Baloch, is a much-honored tradition. In a broader context, it is, in a way, accepting the guilt by the accused or offender and asking for forgiveness from the affected party. Usually, the offender himself does this by going to the home of the affected person and asking for forgiveness.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |title=Baloch {{!}} people {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Baloch |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| Line 243: | Line 243: | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
{{Coord|27|25|N|64|30|E|type:landmark_dim:1000000|display=title}} | {{Coord|27|25|N|64|30|E|type:landmark_dim:1000000|display=title}} | ||
{{Uncategorized|date=November 2023}} | |||