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'''Kalinga''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{transliteration|sa|Kaliṅga}}), is a historical region of [[India]]. It is generally defined as the [[Eastern coastal plains|eastern coastal region]] between the [[Mahanadi]] and the [[Godavari]] rivers, although its boundaries have fluctuated with the territory of its rulers. The core territory of Kalinga now encompasses central and southern [[Odisha]] and northern [[Andhra Pradesh]]. At its widest extent, the Kalinga region also included parts of present-day [[Chhattisgarh]], extending up to [[Amarkantak]] in the west.<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar | | '''Kalinga''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{transliteration|sa|Kaliṅga}}), is a historical region of [[India]]. It is generally defined as the [[Eastern coastal plains|eastern coastal region]] between the [[Mahanadi]] and the [[Godavari]] rivers, although its boundaries have fluctuated with the territory of its rulers. The core territory of Kalinga now encompasses central and southern [[Odisha]] and northern [[Andhra Pradesh]]. At its widest extent, the Kalinga region also included parts of present-day [[Chhattisgarh]], extending up to [[Amarkantak]] in the west.<ref name="rcm">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory00rcma |title=Outline of the History of Kalinga |first=R.C. |last=Majumdar |pages=1, 19 |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |date=1996|isbn=9788120611948 |access-date=May 1, 2021}}</ref> | ||
The [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]] have been mentioned as a major tribe in the legendary text ''[[Mahabharata]]''. In the 3rd century BCE, the region came under [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] control as a result of the [[Kalinga War]]. It was subsequently ruled by several regional dynasties whose rulers bore the title ''Kalingādhipati'' ("Lord of Kalinga"); these dynasties included [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana]], [[Vasishtha dynasty|Vasishtha]], [[Mathara dynasty|Mathara]], [[Pitrbhakta dynasty|Pitrbhakta]], [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhava]], [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshi]], and [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]]. The medieval era rulers to rule over the Kalinga region were the Suryavamsa [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapatis]], [[Bhoi dynasty]],<ref>{{cite book|author=L.S.S. O'malley|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Puri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&pg=PA30|date=1 January 2007|access-date=2 February 2021|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-138-8|pages=30}}</ref> [[Paralakhemundi Estate|Paralakhemundi Gangas]]<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145916 |publisher=Indian History Congress |date=2005–2006|jstor = 44145916|access-date=31 December 2020|title = Formation of Orissa Province and Role of Oriyas in Berhampur|last1 = Padhy|first1 = S. C.|journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume = 66|pages = 1030–1040}}</ref><ref name="GAJAPATI">{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS GAJAPATI |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Gajapati_Gazetteer.pdf |page=51 |date=2002 }}</ref> and the zamindaris of Ganjam and Vizagapatam.<ref>{{citation |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7900 |title=Standing Information Regarding the Official Administration of the Madras Presidency in each Department |publisher=Madras University |last1=Maclean |first1=C.D. |date=1877 }}</ref> | The [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalingas]] have been mentioned as a major tribe in the legendary text ''[[Mahabharata]]''. In the 3rd century BCE, the region came under [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] control as a result of the [[Kalinga War]]. It was subsequently ruled by several regional dynasties whose rulers bore the title ''Kalingādhipati'' ("Lord of Kalinga"); these dynasties included [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana]], [[Vasishtha dynasty|Vasishtha]], [[Mathara dynasty|Mathara]], [[Pitrbhakta dynasty|Pitrbhakta]], [[Shailodbhava dynasty|Shailodbhava]], [[Somavamshi dynasty|Somavamshi]], and [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]]. The medieval era rulers to rule over the Kalinga region were the Suryavamsa [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapatis]], [[Bhoi dynasty]],<ref>{{cite book|author=L.S.S. O'malley|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Puri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&pg=PA30|date=1 January 2007|access-date=2 February 2021|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-138-8|pages=30}}</ref> [[Paralakhemundi Estate|Paralakhemundi Gangas]]<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145916 |publisher=Indian History Congress |date=2005–2006|jstor = 44145916|access-date=31 December 2020|title = Formation of Orissa Province and Role of Oriyas in Berhampur|last1 = Padhy|first1 = S. C.|journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume = 66|pages = 1030–1040}}</ref><ref name="GAJAPATI">{{citation |title=ODISHA DISTRICT GAZETTEERS GAJAPATI |publisher=GAD, Govt of Odisha |url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Gajapati_Gazetteer.pdf |page=51 |date=2002 }}</ref> and the zamindaris of Ganjam and Vizagapatam.<ref>{{citation |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7900 |title=Standing Information Regarding the Official Administration of the Madras Presidency in each Department |publisher=Madras University |last1=Maclean |first1=C.D. |date=1877 }}</ref> | ||
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;Known rulers are- | ;Known rulers are- | ||
* Brahmaadittiya (c. 4th century BCE) | * Brahmaadittiya (c. 4th century BCE) | ||
His son, prince 'Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya' was exiled and as per [[History of Maldives|Maldivian history]], established the first kingdom [[List of Maldivian monarchs#Solar dynasty (Aditta Vansa)|Dheeva Maari]] and laid the foundation of the [[Adeetta dynasty]] (Aditta Vansa).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohamed |first=Naseema |title=First Settlers |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_2005_num_70_1_3970 |journal=Note on the Early History of the Maldives |date=2005 |page=9 |doi=10.3406/arch.2005.3970 |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref> | His son, prince 'Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya' was exiled and as per [[History of Maldives|Maldivian history]], established the first kingdom [[List of Maldivian monarchs#Solar dynasty (Aditta Vansa)|Dheeva Maari]] and laid the foundation of the [[Adeetta dynasty]] (Aditta Vansa).<ref name="Mohamed 2005 9">{{Cite journal |last=Mohamed |first=Naseema |title=First Settlers |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_2005_num_70_1_3970 |journal=Note on the Early History of the Maldives |date=2005 |page=9 |doi=10.3406/arch.2005.3970 |access-date=21 March 2021 }}</ref> | ||
* ''Unknown rulers'' | * ''Unknown rulers'' | ||
* ''Unknown'' (till 261 BCE), ruler of Kalinga at time of [[Kalinga War|Mauryan annexation of Kalinga]].<ref name=Indika>[[Pliny the Elder]] (77 CE), ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]] VI'', 22.1, quoting [[Megasthenes]] (3rd century BCE), ''[[Megasthenes#Indica|Indika]]'', Fragm. LVI.</ref> | * ''Unknown'' (till 261 BCE), ruler of Kalinga at time of [[Kalinga War|Mauryan annexation of Kalinga]].<ref name=Indika>[[Pliny the Elder]] (77 CE), ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]] VI'', 22.1, quoting [[Megasthenes]] (3rd century BCE), ''[[Megasthenes#Indica|Indika]]'', Fragm. LVI.</ref> | ||
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Burma went by the name of Kalinga-rattha (likely observed in the old Indo-Chinese records for Pegu) and there is evidence of very early merchant settlements and Buddhist missions in the southern Mon regions and by the 2nd century CE, the rule of Kalinga migrants centered around Kale, the Arakan River valley and Pegu, around the Gulf of Martaban. The remains of a ship excavated at Tante, near Yangon is thought to have belonged to Kalingan traders. Place names and similarities in architecture also indicate close contacts across the Gulf of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patnaik|first=Durga Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90_qAeMT1bwC|title=Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa|date=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-248-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Kalinga_and_Burma-A_Study_%20in_%20Ancient_Relations.pdf |title=Kalinga and Burma - A Study in Ancient Relations |author=Benudhar Patra |date=November 2005 |publisher=Orissa Review }}</ref> | Burma went by the name of Kalinga-rattha (likely observed in the old Indo-Chinese records for Pegu) and there is evidence of very early merchant settlements and Buddhist missions in the southern Mon regions and by the 2nd century CE, the rule of Kalinga migrants centered around Kale, the Arakan River valley and Pegu, around the Gulf of Martaban. The remains of a ship excavated at Tante, near Yangon is thought to have belonged to Kalingan traders. Place names and similarities in architecture also indicate close contacts across the Gulf of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patnaik|first=Durga Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90_qAeMT1bwC|title=Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa|date=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-248-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Kalinga_and_Burma-A_Study_%20in_%20Ancient_Relations.pdf |title=Kalinga and Burma - A Study in Ancient Relations |author=Benudhar Patra |date=November 2005 |publisher=Orissa Review }}</ref> | ||
As per Maldivian history, the first kingdom [[List of sultans of the Maldives#Solar dynasty|Dheeva Maari]] was established before 3rd century BC by Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya of the Solar dynasty, an exiled prince and son of King Brahmaadittiya of the Kalinga Kingdom and laid the foundation of the Adeetta dynasty.<ref | As per Maldivian history, the first kingdom [[List of sultans of the Maldives#Solar dynasty|Dheeva Maari]] was established before 3rd century BC by Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya of the Solar dynasty, an exiled prince and son of King Brahmaadittiya of the Kalinga Kingdom and laid the foundation of the Adeetta dynasty.<ref name="Mohamed 2005 9"/> | ||
In the Philippines according to Eric Casino, a king of [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] was called Kiling; Casino posited that the king was not of Visayan origin but was rather of Indian origin, basing solely on the likelihood that the name Kiling was the same as the Malay term [[Keling]] (albeit this term is pronounced with a schwa) which refers to Indians.<ref>Eric Casino. "The Barangays of Butuan: Lumad Mindanaoans in China and the Sulu Zone". Asia Mindanaw: Dialogue of Peace and Development (2014): 2.</ref> | In the Philippines according to Eric Casino, a king of [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]] was called Kiling; Casino posited that the king was not of Visayan origin but was rather of Indian origin, basing solely on the likelihood that the name Kiling was the same as the Malay term [[Keling]] (albeit this term is pronounced with a schwa) which refers to Indians.<ref>Eric Casino. "The Barangays of Butuan: Lumad Mindanaoans in China and the Sulu Zone". Asia Mindanaw: Dialogue of Peace and Development (2014): 2.</ref> | ||