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{{Short description|Emperor of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
| title      = Kalingadhipati
| title      = ''Chakravartin Samrat''<ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><br>'''Kalingadhipati'''
| titletext  = Lord of Kalinga
| titletext  = '''(Lord of Kalinga)'''
| succession  = King of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]
| succession  = Emperor of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]
| reign      = 1st or 2nd century BCE
| reign      = 103-95 B.C.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RQc_AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA150&dq=kharavela+wife&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwipgOPcrK6BAxWIUGwGHU0qDYQQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=Bhikshuraj&f=false |title=Proceedings |date=1885 |language=fr}}</ref>
| predecessor = possibly Vriddharaja (a.k.a. Vudharaja)
| predecessor = possibly Vriddharaja (aka Vudharaja)
| successor  = possibly [[Kudepasiri|Vakradeva]] (a.k.a. Vakadepa)
| successor  = possibly [[Kudepasiri|Vakradeva]] (aka Vakadepa)
|spouse= Agramahishi<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ayBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+Vajiraghara&dq=kharavela+Vajiraghara&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR0aT4ta6BAxVTBogKHWsED_IQ6AF6BAgOEAM#%20Agramahishi |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal |date=1975 |publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum |language=en}}</ref>
|spouses-type=Queen (Samragyi)
|issue = Vakradeva
| issue-type = Son
|religion    = [[Jainism]]
|house        = [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chedi-Chandel]]
|dynasty      = [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana]]
|father = Vridhhraja
}}
 
'''Kharavela''' ({{Lang-sa|खारवेल}}) also referred to as '''Bhikshuraj''', ''the protector of Kings''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RQc_AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA148&dq=Bhikshuraj+Kharvela&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU38TUi6-BAxUCbt4KHQ-yCdoQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=Bhikshuraj%20Kharvela&f=false |title=Proceedings |date=1885 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leiden) |first=International Congress of Orientalists (6, 1883 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uyQVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA148&dq=Bhikshuraj+Kharvela&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU38TUi6-BAxUCbt4KHQ-yCdoQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Bhikshuraj%20Kharvela&f=false |title=Actes Du Sixieme Congres International Des Orientalistes |date=1972 |publisher=Brill Archive |language=fr}}</ref> (reign. 103-95 B.C.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RQc_AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA150&dq=kharavela+wife&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwipgOPcrK6BAxWIUGwGHU0qDYQQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=Bhikshuraj&f=false |title=Proceedings |date=1885 |language=fr}}</ref>) was the [[Chakravartin]] emperor from [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana dynasty]] of [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chedi-Chandel clan]].<ref name="MajumdarBhavan1951">{{cite book |author=[[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]] |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial unity; 2d ed. 1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3dDAAAAYAAJ |year=1951 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Society |first=Bihar and Orissa Research |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=IahEAQAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+chakravarti&dq=kharavela+chakravarti&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgorSBt66BAxWSPXAKHWHvDBAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#kharavela%20chakravarti |title=Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society |date=1917 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=M2Pr0PCTYV4C&q=kharavela+Agramahishi&dq=kharavela+Agramahishi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY4Ze-tq6BAxXYO3AKHaXqBHwQ6AF6BAgOEAM#kharavela%20Agramahishi |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society |date=1946 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |language=en}}</ref> He ruled from his capital [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] (present-day in [[Odisha]], [[India]]). In early ruling years, he defeated the Indo-Greek ruler [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] around Mathura and drove them out from [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=C.S.Natarajan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=H91LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT234&dq=Kharavela+defeated+Greek&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwy-uvhLSBAxWZb94KHUBcAVk4ChDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=Kharavela%20defeated%20Greek&f=false |title=National Words: A Solution to the National Language Problem of India |date=2018-02-13 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-948147-14-9 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Sanjeev |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0SD5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56&dq=Kharavela+defeated+Greek&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwij1LuChLSBAxV8dPUHHSmQCrEQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Kharavela%20defeated%20Greek&f=false |title=Incredible History of the Indian Ocean |date=2020-09-14 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-962-0 |language=en}}</ref> In his first Invasion on the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryans]], he humiliated the last Maurya king [[Brihadratha Maurya|Brihdratha]] and in the second Invasion on [[Magadha]], he defeated King [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] and made him his vassal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Manmatha Nath |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32999 |title=Glimpses Of Kalinga History |date=1949}}</ref> He also conquered the [[Satavahanas]], Musikas, Bhojakas, Rastrikas and Pandyas. His empire had extensive trade with Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Manmatha Nath |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32999 |title=Glimpses Of Kalinga History |date=1949}}</ref>
 


|religion=[[Jainism]]| dynasty    = [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana]]
He was a follower of [[Jainism]], through he has lineage from the Chedi-Chandel clan, he has no hate toward with the [[Hinduism]], so he performed Rajasuya Yagya as per tradition. Moreover, whenever he returned home after victory, he always celebrated his victory by giving generous gifts of money, precious gems, elephants and horses to the Brahmins. He always built houses for them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=Vidya Dhar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=CGs8AAAAMAAJ&q=Kharavela+rajsuya&dq=Kharavela+rajsuya&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwietYv7oa-BAxWO_GEKHd13Dfc4FBDoAXoECAYQAw#Kharavela%20rajsuya |title=Ancient India |date=1962 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}</ref>
}}


'''Kharavela''' (also transliterated '''Khārabēḷa''') was a Jain king of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] in present-day [[Odisha]], [[India]], who ruled during the second or first century BCE. The primary source for Kharavela is his rock-cut [[Hathigumpha inscription]]. The inscription is undated, only four of its 17 lines are completely legible, others unclear, variously interpreted and disputed by scholars. The inscription written with [[Jainism]]-related phrases recites a year by year record of his reign and panegyrically credits him with public infrastructure projects, welfare activities, patronage of the arts, and many military victories. Historians agree that it is best and most complete biography of Kharavela available. He was a follower of [[Jainism]].
==Personal life==
According to the inscriptions of Hathigumpha, he was born in 127 B.C..<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RQc_AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA150&dq=Kharvela+born+in&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjcgrTnl6-BAxUKQ94KHXwGCMgQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Kharvela%20born%20in&f=false |title=Proceedings |date=1885 |language=fr}}</ref> His family was [[Mahameghavahana dynasty|Mahameghavahana dynasty]] and clan was [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chedi/Chandel]] who were elder branch of [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravanshi]] Kshatriyas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=t6A4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155&dq=genealogy+of+Mahameghavahana&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixm4WCsq6BAxW2SGwGHRhJA0YQ6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=genealogy%20of%20Mahameghavahana&f=false |title=Political Violence in Ancient India |date=2017-09-25 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-97527-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=5pvpAAAAMAAJ&q=Chandel+Kshatriya+Gidhaur&dq=Chandel+Kshatriya+Gidhaur&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjs8N6llK-BAxVNSGwGHddHBWoQ6AF6BAgGEAM#Kshatriya |title=Art, Archaeology, and Cultural History of India: U. N. Roy Felicitation Volume |date=2006 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |isbn=978-81-7646-492-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA484&dq=Chandelas+were+Kshatriya&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjiyrz9la-BAxWQS2wGHekTDOEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20were%20Kshatriya&f=false |title=Malwa Through The Ages |date=1972-12-31 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tripāṭhī |first=Kāśī Prasāda |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=G3puAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiE8JvBlq-BAxUFbGwGHf7LAL8Q6AF6BAgNEAM#%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF |title=Bundelakhaṇḍa kā br̥had itihāsa: rājatantra se janatantra |date=1991 |publisher=Lalita Nārāyaṇa Tripāṭhī |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Raj |first=Sudha Chauhan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ak1PEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiE8JvBlq-BAxUFbGwGHf7LAL8Q6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4 |title=Madhya Kalin Mahoba |date=2021-11-15 |publisher=Anjuman Prakashan |isbn=978-93-88556-71-2 |language=hi}}</ref> Chedi and Vrishni clan or Kula are synonyms of Chandel clan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taṇḍana |first=Premanārāyaṇa |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a0shAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwieq52v2LaBAxWG1GEKHX_kClE4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2 |title=ब्रजभाषा सूर-कोश: Nirdeśaka Dīnadayālu Gupta |date=1962 |publisher=Lakhanaū Viśvavidyālaya |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=R. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=V%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%ABs&f=false |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-046-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Dr Shyam Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabhat_Brihat_Hindi_Shabdakosh_Vol_1.html?id=hr9Zl_7g8HAC |title=Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh (Vol-1): Bestseller Book by Dr Shyam Bahadur Verma: Prabhat Brihat Hindi Shabdakosh) |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-769-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Badrinath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Brihat_Pramanik_Hindi_Kosh.html?id=hkmDkkI5JYYC |title=Brihat Pramanik Hindi Kosh |date=2006-09-01 |publisher=Lokbharti Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8031-057-7 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur ‘Bipin’ |first=Dr Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=2Ht3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA502&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiikYfu2baBAxUddfUHHTlyCisQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2&f=false |title=BHARTIYA SANSKRITI KE GAKAAR PRATEEK |publisher=Sarv Bhasha Trust |isbn=978-93-93605-21-4 |language=hi}}</ref> Inscriptions state that his ancestors were from Chedi Kingdom and he was the son of Vriddharaja.<ref name="NKSahu_1984"/><ref name="Bhagwan_1883"/> His Queen's name was Agramahishi, the daughter of Hastisimha who became the queen of Vajiraghara. Kharavala had a son from Agramahishi who was named Vakradeva and he became the successor of Kharavela.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ayBuAAAAMAAJ&q=kharavela+Vajiraghara&dq=kharavela+Vajiraghara&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR0aT4ta6BAxVTBogKHWsED_IQ6AF6BAgOEAM#%20Agramahishi |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal |date=1975 |publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum |language=en}}</ref>


== Background ==
== Background ==
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