Nondualism

Nondualism refers to any kind of thought or philosophy that claims to transcend various forms of dualism, the major one being nonduality.

Eastern traditions

In the context of Hindu Vedanta philosophy, "non-dualism" (Sanskrit: advaita) refers to various traditions, including:

• Advaita Vedanta
• Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dual Vedanta)
• Suddhadvaita (pure non-dual Vedanta)
• Achintya-Bheda-Abheda (inconceivable difference and non-difference)

In the context of other Hindu traditions, it may also refer to:

• Various schools of non-dualistic Shaivism (Shiva Advaita), including Kashmir Shaivism
• Some traditions of non-dualistic Shaktism (Shakta Advaita)

In the context of Mahayana Buddhism, non-duality (Sanskrit: advaya) can refer to various views on the nature of reality, such as:

• The Madhyamaka school's theory of emptiness (which holds that everything is non-dual since everything is empty)
• The Yogacara school's doctrine of mind-only (which holds that everything is non-dual since everything is mind)
• Other Buddhist views such as Buddha-nature, Shentong, Dzogchen, Huayan, and Tiantai

In the context of East Asian religion, non-dualism may refer to some Daoist philosophical views which hold that everything partakes of the Dao

Western traditions

In the context of Abrahamic religions, "non-duality" may refer to some views such as:

• Mysticism in general
• The esoteric teachings of Kabbalah
• Christian mysticism
• Sufi metaphysics, particularly Waḥdat al-wujūd, the doctrine of the "the Unity of Existence"

In the context of Western philosophy, the term may refer to:

• Monist philosophies, like Neo-Platonism
• Holism
• Josef Mitterer's Non-dualizing Philosophy of Change

In the context of modern spirituality, it may refer to:

• Transcendentalism
• Perennialism
• Nonduality (modern interpretations)
• New age thought
• Neo-Advaita

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