Bharatpedia

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: Difference between revisions

Article Talk

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (edit)

Revision as of 13:36, 22 July 2023

4,032 bytes added ,  22 July 2023
Cleanup: Spelling fix. Source modification. Information added.
->Peter Ormond
No edit summary
(Cleanup: Spelling fix. Source modification. Information added.)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Indian philosopher and politician (1888–1975)}}
{{Short description|President of India from 1962 to 1967}}
{{redirect|Radhakrishnan|other people with this name|Radhakrishnan (name)}}
{{Redirect|Radhakrishnan|other people with this name|Radhakrishnan (name)}}
{{family name hatnote|Sarvepalli|lang=Telugu}}
{{Family name hatnote|Sarvepalli|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
Line 9: Line 9:
| office              = President of India
| office              = President of India
| image              = Photograph of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan presented to First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962.jpg
| image              = Photograph of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan presented to First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in 1962.jpg
| caption            = Radhakrishnan in 1962
| caption            = Official Portrait, 1962
| predecessor        = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| predecessor        = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| primeminister      = {{ubl|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (Acting)|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]|[[Indira Gandhi]]}}
| primeminister      = {{ubl|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]|[[Gulzarilal Nanda]] (Acting)|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]|[[Indira Gandhi]]}}
| successor          = [[Zakir Hussain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]]
| successor          = [[Zakir Husain]]
| vicepresident      = Zakir Hussain
| vicepresident      = Zakir Hussain
| term_start          = 13 May 1962
| term_start          = 13 May 1962
Line 22: Line 22:
| primeminister2      = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| primeminister2      = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| party              = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| party              = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| predecessor2        = ''Office Established''
| predecessor2        = ''Position established''
| successor2          = [[Zakir Hussain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]]
| successor2          = [[Zakir Husain]]
| term_start2        = 13 May 1952
| term_start2        = 13 May 1952
| term_end2          = 12 May 1962
| term_end2          = 12 May 1962
| office3            = [[List of ambassadors of India to Russia|2nd Ambassador of India to Soviet Union]]
| term_start3        = 12 July 1949
| term_end3          = 12 May 1952
| predecessor3        = [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]]
| successor3          = [[K. P. S. Menon]]
| office4            = Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University
| order4              = 4th
| term_start4        = 1939
| term_end4          = 1948
| predecessor4        = [[Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya]]
| successor4          = [[Amarnath Jha]]
| birth_name          = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnayya
| birth_name          = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnayya
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=yes|1888|9|5}}
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=yes|1888|9|5}}
| birth_place        = [[Thiruttani]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 1975 |title=Radhakrishnan of India, Philosopher, Dead at 86 |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/17/archives/radhakrishnan-of-india-philosopher-dead-at-86.html |access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref>
| birth_place        = [[Thiruttani]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] <br /> (present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 1975 |title=Radhakrishnan of India, Philosopher, Dead at 86 |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/17/archives/radhakrishnan-of-india-philosopher-dead-at-86.html |access-date=2 September 2018}}</ref>
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|1975|4|17|1888|9|5}}
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|1975|4|17|1888|9|5}}
| death_place        = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_place        = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] <br /> (present-day [[Chennai]])
| children            = 6, including daughters Sumitra, Shakuntla, Rukmini Kasturi and son [[Sarvepalli Gopal]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Sivakamu Radhakrishnan]]|1903|1956|reason=her death}}
| alma_mater          = {{ubl|[[Voorhees College]], Vellore|[[Madras Christian College]] ([[B.A.|BA]], [[M.A.|MA]])}}
| children            = 6, including [[Sarvepalli Gopal|Gopal]]
| nationality        = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| nationality        = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| occupation          = Politician
| occupation          = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[professor]]|[[vice-chancellor]]}}
| profession          = {{hlist|[[Philosopher]]|academic|professor}}
| profession          = {{hlist|[[Philosopher]]|[[academic]]}}
| awards              = {{ubl|[[Bharat Ratna]] (1954)|[[Templeton Prize]] (1975)}}
| awards              = {{ubl|[[Bharat Ratna]] (1954)|[[Templeton Prize]] (1975)}}
| module2            = {{Infobox scholar|child=yes
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Voorhees College]], [[Vellore]]|[[Madras Christian College]] ([[B.A.|BA]], [[M.A.|MA]])}}
| workplaces = {{ubl|[[Madras Presidency College]]|[[Maharaja's College, Mysore]]|[[University of Calcutta]]|[[Harris Manchester College, Oxford|Manchester College, Oxford]]|[[Andhra University]]|[[Banaras Hindu University]]}}
| discipline = {{hlist|[[Philosophy]]|[[Indology]]}}
| main_interests = {{hlist|[[Indian philosophy]]|[[Indian religions]]}}
| known_for  = the ''Indian Philosophy'': 2 volume set}}
}}
}}
{{Advaita}}  
{{Advaita}}
'''Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan''' (Sarvepalli Radhakrishnayya;<ref>{{Cite web|title=March 21, 2010|url=https://www.koumudi.net/gollapudi/sakshi/march_21_10.html|access-date=2021-09-05|website=www.koumudi.net}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=September 2021}} {{pronunciation|Svpr.ogg}} 5 September 1888&nbsp;– 17 April 1975) was an Indian philosopher and statesman who served as the second [[president of India]] from 1962 to 1967.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lawhead |first=William F. |url=http://socionix.com/misc/books/PhilosophicalJourneyThe-LawheadWF.pdf |title=The philosophical Journey. An Interactive Approach. Fifth Edition |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2009 |page=382 |author-link=William F. Lawhead}}</ref><ref group="web">[http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe0898/f2808981.html Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: The Philosopher President]. Press Information Bureau, Government of India</ref>
{{Hindu philosophy}}
 
'''Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan''' {{post-nominals|list=[[Order of Merit|OM]]}} ({{pronunciation|Svpr.ogg}}; 5 September 1888{{Snd}}17 April 1975; natively '''Radhakrishnayya''') was an Indian politician, philosopher, and statesman who served as the second [[president of India]] from 1962 to 1967. He previously served as the first [[vice president of India]] from 1952 to 1962. He was the second [[ambassador of India to the Soviet Union]] from 1949 to 1952. He was also the fourth [[vice-chancellor of Banaras Hindu University]] from 1939 to 1948 and the second vice-chancellor of [[Andhra University]] from 1931 to 1936. Radhakrishnan is considered one of the most influential and distinguished 20th century scholars of [[comparative religion]] and [[philosophy]],<ref name="Pollock">{{cite journal|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mesaas/faculty/directory/pollock_pub/classics.pdf|author=Pollock, Sheldon |year=2011|title=Crisis in the Classics|journal=Social Research |volume=78|issue=1 |pages=21–48|doi=10.1353/sor.2011.0015 |s2cid=141188541 }}</ref><ref group=web name="IEP" /> he held the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the [[University of Calcutta]] from 1921 to 1932 and [[Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics|Spalding Chair of Eastern Religion and Ethics]] at [[University of Oxford]] from 1936 to 1952.<ref>''The Madras Mail'', Saturday, 8 February 1936, page 9</ref>
One of the most distinguished twentieth-century scholars of [[comparative religion]] and philosophy,<ref name="Pollock">{{cite journal|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mesaas/faculty/directory/pollock_pub/classics.pdf|author=Pollock, Sheldon |year=2011|title=Crisis in the Classics|journal=Social Research |volume=78|issue=1 |pages=21–48}}</ref><ref group=web name="IEP" /> Radhakrishnan held the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the [[University of Calcutta]] from 1921 to 1932 and [[Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics|Spalding Chair of Eastern Religion and Ethics]] at [[University of Oxford]] from 1936 to 1952.<ref>''The Madras Mail'', Saturday, 8 February 1936, page 9</ref>


Radhakrishnan's philosophy was grounded in [[Advaita Vedanta]], reinterpreting this tradition for a contemporary understanding.<ref group=web name="IEP" /> He defended Hinduism against what he called "uninformed Western criticism",<ref name=brown153/> contributing to the formation of contemporary Hindu identity.<ref>{{cite book|author=Flood, Gavin D. |title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo|url-access=registration |date=13 July 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/249 249]}}</ref> He has been influential in shaping the understanding of Hinduism, in both India and the west, and earned a reputation as a bridge-builder between India and the West.<ref name="Hawley">Hawley, Michael. [http://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/ "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888—1975)"]. ''[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''</ref>
Radhakrishnan's philosophy was grounded in [[Advaita Vedanta]], reinterpreting this tradition for a contemporary understanding.<ref group=web name="IEP" /> He defended Hinduism against what he called "uninformed Western criticism",<ref name=brown153/> contributing to the formation of contemporary Hindu identity.<ref>{{cite book|author=Flood, Gavin D. |title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo|url-access=registration |date=13 July 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/249 249]}}</ref> He has been influential in shaping the understanding of Hinduism, in both India and the west, and earned a reputation as a bridge-builder between India and the West.<ref name="Hawley">Hawley, Michael. [http://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/ "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888—1975)"]. ''[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]''</ref>


Radhakrishnan was awarded several high awards during his life, including a knighthood in 1931, the [[Bharat Ratna]], the highest civilian award in India, in 1954, and honorary membership of the British Royal [[Order of Merit]] in 1963. He was also one of the founders of Helpage India, a non profit organisation for elderly underprivileged in India. Radhakrishnan believed that "teachers should be the best minds in the country". Since 1962, his birthday has been celebrated in India as [[Teachers' Day (India)|Teachers' Day]] on 5 September every year.<ref group=web name=BharatRatna>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007)|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs|access-date=26 November 2010|archive-date=4 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304070427/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Radhakrishnan was awarded several high awards during his life, including a knighthood in 1931, the [[Bharat Ratna]], the highest civilian award in India, in 1954, and honorary membership of the British Royal [[Order of Merit]] in 1963. He was also one of the founders of Helpage India, a non profit organisation for elderly underprivileged in India. Radhakrishnan believed that "teachers should be the best minds in the country". Since 1962, his birthday has been celebrated in India as [[Teachers' Day (India)|Teachers' Day]] on 5 September every year.<ref group="web" name="BharatRatna">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007)|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs|access-date=26 November 2010|archive-date=4 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304070427/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
===Early life===
===Early life===
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born in a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Niyogi|Niyogi Brahmin]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNCDF7wm8R4C&q=Sarvepalli+radhakrishnan+Niyogi&pg=PA136|title=How to be a Good Teacher|first=Rupal|last=Jain|date=10 April 2013|publisher=Pustak Mahal|via=Google Books}}</ref> family, in [[Tiruttani]] of [[Madras district]] in the erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]] (later in [[Andhra Pradesh]] till 1960, now in [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] since 1960).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/remembering-an-educator/article19609361.ece | title=On Teachers' Day, remembering an educator of the students| work=The Hindu  | date=2 September 2017 | last1=Subramanian | first1=Archana }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha|title=Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: a commemorative volume, 1888–1988|year=1988|publisher=Prentice-Hall of India|isbn=978-0-87692-557-7|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Sarvapall.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/happy-teachers-day-10-things-to-know-about-india-s-philosopher-president-sarvepalli-radhakrishnan/story-dDTInmWZtlf08olIIhX99N.html | title=Teachers' Day: 10 things to know about India's 'philosopher President' Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=5 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Sarvapall.pdf|title=Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan A Commemorative Volume|editor=Sudarshan Agarwal|website=Rajyasabha.nic.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/remembering-an-educator/article19609361.ece | title=On Teachers' Day, remembering an educator | work=The Hindu| date=2 September 2017 | access-date=29 July 2018| last1=Subramanian | first1=Archana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2010/september/engpdf/1-4.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128200049/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2010/september/engpdf/1-4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2016|title=The Great Indian Philosopher |publisher= Internet Archive|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref> He was born to [[Sarvepalli Veeraswami]] and Sita (Sitamma). His family hails from [[Sarvepalli]] village in [[Nellore district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. His early years were spent in [[Thiruttani]] and [[Tirupati]]. His father was a subordinate revenue official in the service of a local [[zamindar]] (local landlord). His primary education was at K. V. High School at Thiruttani. In 1896 he moved to the Hermansburg Evangelical Lutheran Mission School in [[Tirupati]] and Government High Secondary School, [[Walajapet]].{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=11}}
Radhakrishnan was born as Sarvepalli Radhakrishnayya<ref>{{Cite web |title=March 21, 2010 |url=https://www.koumudi.net/gollapudi/sakshi/march_21_10.html |access-date=2021-09-05 |website=www.koumudi.net}}</ref><ref>"Radhakrishnayya, as Shri Radhakrishnan sometimes referred to himself, was born in the Sarvepalli family which traced its roots in the village of Sarvepalli in the Nellore District of Andhra Pradesh." {{Cite web |date=5 September 2021 |title=Teachers' Day 2021 – Lessons from Radhakrishnayya for 2047 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/teachers-day-2021-lessons-from-radhakrishnayya-for-2047/2324242/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> into a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking family of Sarvepalli Veeraswami and Sithamma. He was the second born of three siblings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNCDF7wm8R4C&q=Sarvepalli+radhakrishnan+Niyogi&pg=PA136|title=How to be a Good Teacher|first=Rupal|last=Jain|date=10 April 2013|publisher=Pustak Mahal|via=Google Books}}</ref> in [[Tiruttani]] of [[North Arcot|North Arcot district]] in the erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]] (now in [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/remembering-an-educator/article19609361.ece | title=On Teachers' Day, remembering an educator of the students| work=The Hindu  | date=2 September 2017 | last1=Subramanian | first1=Archana }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=India. Parliament. Rajya Sabha|title=Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: a commemorative volume, 1888–1988|year=1988|publisher=Prentice-Hall of India|isbn=978-0-87692-557-7|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Sarvapall.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/happy-teachers-day-10-things-to-know-about-india-s-philosopher-president-sarvepalli-radhakrishnan/story-dDTInmWZtlf08olIIhX99N.html | title=Teachers' Day: 10 things to know about India's 'philosopher President' Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=5 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Sarvapall.pdf|title=Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan A Commemorative Volume|editor=Sudarshan Agarwal|website=Rajyasabha.nic.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/remembering-an-educator/article19609361.ece | title=On Teachers' Day, remembering an educator | work=The Hindu| date=2 September 2017 | access-date=29 July 2018| last1=Subramanian | first1=Archana }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2010/september/engpdf/1-4.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128200049/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2010/september/engpdf/1-4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2016|title=The Great Indian Philosopher |publisher= Internet Archive|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref> His family hails from [[Sarvepalli]] village in [[Nellore district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. His early years were spent in [[Thiruttani]] and [[Tirupati]]. His father was a subordinate revenue official in the service of a local ''[[Zamindar]]'' (local landlord). His primary education was at K. V. High School at Thiruttani. In 1896 he moved to the Hermansburg Evangelical Lutheran Mission School in [[Tirupati]] and Government High Secondary School, [[Walajapet]].{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=11}}


===Education===
===Education===
[[File:President John F. Kennedy with Indian President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, in the Oval Office (1).jpg|thumb|right|Indian President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan with US President John F. Kennedy in the Oval Office, 1963]] Radhakrishnan was awarded scholarships throughout his academic life. He joined [[Voorhees College (India)|Voorhees College]] in [[Vellore]] for his high school education. After his F.A. (First of Arts) class, he joined the [[Madras Christian College]] (affiliated to the [[University of Madras]]) at the age of 16. He graduated from there in 1907, and also finished his Masters from the same college.
[[File:President John F. Kennedy with Indian President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, in the Oval Office (1).jpg|thumb|right|Indian President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan with US President [[John F. Kennedy]] in the Oval Office, 1963]] Radhakrishnan was awarded scholarships throughout his academic life. He joined [[Voorhees College (India)|Voorhees College]] in [[Vellore]] for his high school education. After his F.A. (First of Arts) class, he joined the [[Madras Christian College]] (affiliated to the [[University of Madras]]) at the age of 16. He graduated from there in 1907, and also finished his Masters from the same college.


Radhakrishnan studied philosophy by chance rather than choice. Being a financially constrained student, when a cousin who graduated from the same college passed on his philosophy textbooks to Radhakrishnan, it automatically decided his academics course.<ref>{{Cite book | last =Schillp | first =Paul Arthur | year =1992 | title =The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | publisher =Motilall Banarsidass | isbn=9788120807921|page=6}}</ref>{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=14}}
Radhakrishnan studied philosophy by chance rather than choice. Being a financially constrained student, when a cousin who graduated from the same college passed on his philosophy textbooks to Radhakrishnan, it automatically decided his academics course.<ref>{{Cite book | last =Schillp | first =Paul Arthur | year =1992 | title =The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | publisher =Motilall Banarsidass | isbn=9788120807921|page=6}}</ref>{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=14}}
Line 58: Line 74:
Sarvepalli wrote his bachelor's degree thesis on "The Ethics of the Vedanta and its Metaphysical Presuppositions".{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=16}} It "was intended to be a reply to the charge that the [[Vedanta]] system had no room for ethics."{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=112}} Two of his professors, Rev. William Meston and Dr. Alfred George Hogg, commended Radhakrishnan's dissertation.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Radhakrishnan's thesis was published when he was only twenty. According to Radhakrishnan himself, the criticism of Hogg and other Christian teachers of Indian culture "disturbed my faith and shook the traditional props on which I leaned."{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=112}} Radhakrishnan himself describes how, as a student,{{quote|The challenge of Christian critics impelled me to make a study of Hinduism and find out what is living and what is dead in it. My pride as a Hindu, roused by the enterprise and eloquence of [[Swami Vivekananda]], was deeply hurt by the treatment accorded to Hinduism in [[Timeline of Christian missions|missionary institutions]].<ref name=brown153/>}}
Sarvepalli wrote his bachelor's degree thesis on "The Ethics of the Vedanta and its Metaphysical Presuppositions".{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=16}} It "was intended to be a reply to the charge that the [[Vedanta]] system had no room for ethics."{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=112}} Two of his professors, Rev. William Meston and Dr. Alfred George Hogg, commended Radhakrishnan's dissertation.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Radhakrishnan's thesis was published when he was only twenty. According to Radhakrishnan himself, the criticism of Hogg and other Christian teachers of Indian culture "disturbed my faith and shook the traditional props on which I leaned."{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=112}} Radhakrishnan himself describes how, as a student,{{quote|The challenge of Christian critics impelled me to make a study of Hinduism and find out what is living and what is dead in it. My pride as a Hindu, roused by the enterprise and eloquence of [[Swami Vivekananda]], was deeply hurt by the treatment accorded to Hinduism in [[Timeline of Christian missions|missionary institutions]].<ref name=brown153/>}}


This led him to his critical study of [[Indian philosophy]] and [[Indian religions|religion]]{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=112}} and a lifelong defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism".<ref name=brown153/> At the same time, Radhakrishnan commended Professor Hogg as 'My distinguished teacher,'<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishna |first1=Sarvepalli |title=My Search for Truth|page=19}}</ref> and as "one of the greatest Christian thinkers we had in India.'<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |last2=Schilpp (ed.) |first2=P.A. |title=Reply to Critics, in, The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|page=806}}</ref> Besides, Professor William Skinner, who was acting Principal of the College, gave a testimonial saying "he is one of the best men we have had in the recent years", which enabled him to get the first job in Presidency College. In reciprocation, Radhakrishnan dedicated one of his early books to William Skinner.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=15}}
This led him to his critical study of [[Indian philosophy]] and [[Indian religions|religion]]{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=112}} and a lifelong defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism".<ref name=brown153/> At the same time, Radhakrishnan commended Professor Hogg as 'My distinguished teacher,'<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishna |first1=Sarvepalli |title=My Search for Truth|page=19}}</ref> and as "one of the greatest Christian thinkers we had in India.'<ref>{{cite book |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Sarvepalli |editor-last=Schilpp |editor-first=P.A. |title=Reply to Critics, in, The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|page=806}}</ref> Besides, Professor William Skinner, who was acting Principal of the College, gave a testimonial saying "he is one of the best men we have had in the recent years", which enabled him to get the first job in Presidency College. In reciprocation, Radhakrishnan dedicated one of his early books to William Skinner.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=15}}


'''<big>The Spirit of ''Abheda''</big>'''
'''<big>The Spirit of ''Abheda''</big>'''
Line 71: Line 87:


===Marriage and family ===
===Marriage and family ===
Radhakrishnan was married to Sivakamu,<ref group=note name=skspell>Radhakrishnan's wife's name is spelled differently in different sources, perhaps because a common Telugu spelling is Sivamma. It is spelled ''Sivakamu'' by Sarvepalli Gopal (1989); ''Sivakamuamma'' by Mamta Anand (2006); and still differently by others.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}</ref> a distant cousin, at the age of 14.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=12}} As per tradition the marriage was [[arranged marriage|arranged]] by the family. The couple had five daughters. Two of them have been recognised as Sumitra and Shakuntla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vitorr.com/details?detail_id=21237|title=Vitorr - the story of Dr. Radhakrishnan's family for the first time: Out of 6 children and 13 grand}}</ref> They also had a son named [[Sarvepalli Gopal]] who went on to a notable career as a historian. Sivakamu died on 26 November 1956. They were married for about 53 years.
Radhakrishnan was married to [[Sivakamu Radhakrishnan|Sivakamu]]<ref group=note name=skspell>Radhakrishnan's wife's name is spelled differently in different sources, perhaps because a common Telugu spelling is Sivamma. It is spelled ''Sivakamu'' by Sarvepalli Gopal (1989); ''Sivakamuamma'' by Mamta Anand (2006); and still differently by others.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}</ref> (1893–1956) in May 1903, a distant cousin, at the age of 16, when she was aged 10.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=12}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=K. R. Gupta & Amita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA1056 |title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India |date=2006 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0639-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bharathi |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LeHxfYFD69AC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA11 |title=Encyclopaedia of Eminent Thinkers |date=1998 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-688-8 |language=en}}</ref> As per tradition the marriage was [[arranged marriage|arranged]] by the family. The couple had five daughters named Padmavati, Rukmini, Sushila, Sundari and Shakuntala. They also had a son named [[Sarvepalli Gopal]] who went on to a notable career as a historian. Many of Radhakrishnan's family members including his grandchildren and great-grandchildren have pursued a wide range of careers in academia, public policy, medicine, law, banking, business, publishing and other fields across the world. Former Indian cricketer [[V. V. S. Laxman]] is his great-grandnephew. Sivakamu died on 26 November 1956. They were married for about 53 years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Saran |first=Renu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMNPCgAAQBAJ&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PT6 |title=Dr. Radha Krishnan: The Great Indian Philosopher |date=2015-08-06 |publisher=Junior Diamond |isbn=978-93-83990-10-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jai |first=Janak Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2C2InxI0xAC&dq=Sivakamu+Radhakrishnan&pg=PA25 |title=Presidents of India, 1950-2003 |date=2003 |publisher=Regency Publications |isbn=978-81-87498-65-0 |language=en}}</ref>


===Academic career===
===Academic career===
Line 86: Line 102:
He was the [[vice-chancellor]] of [[Andhra University]] from 1931 to 1936. During his first convocation address, he spoke about his native [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] as,  
He was the [[vice-chancellor]] of [[Andhra University]] from 1931 to 1936. During his first convocation address, he spoke about his native [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] as,  
{{quote|We, the Andhras, are fortunately situated in some respects. I firmly believe that if any part of India is capable of developing an effective sense of unity it is in Andhra. The hold of conservatism is not strong. Our generosity of spirit and openness of mind are well -known. Our social instinct and suggestibility are still active. Our moral sense and sympathetic imagination are not much warped by dogma. Our women are relatively more free. Love of the mother-tongue binds us all.}}
{{quote|We, the Andhras, are fortunately situated in some respects. I firmly believe that if any part of India is capable of developing an effective sense of unity it is in Andhra. The hold of conservatism is not strong. Our generosity of spirit and openness of mind are well -known. Our social instinct and suggestibility are still active. Our moral sense and sympathetic imagination are not much warped by dogma. Our women are relatively more free. Love of the mother-tongue binds us all.}}
In 1936 Radhakrishnan was named Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at the University of Oxford, and was elected a Fellow of [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls College]]. That same year, and again in 1937, he was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize]] in Literature, although this nomination process, as for all laureates, was not public at the time. Further nominations for the award would continue steadily into the 1960s. In 1939 Pt. [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] invited him to succeed him as the Vice-Chancellor of [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU).{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=90}} He served as its Vice-Chancellor till January 1948.
[[File:Portrait DR. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan by Serge Ivanoff. 1953]]
In 1936 Radhakrishnan was named [[Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics]] at the [[University of Oxford]], and was elected a Fellow of [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls College]]. That same year, and again in 1937, he was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize]] in Literature, although this nomination process, as for all laureates, was not public at the time. Further nominations for the award would continue steadily into the 1960s. In 1939 Pt. [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] invited him to succeed him as the Vice-Chancellor of [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU).{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=90}} He served as its Vice-Chancellor till January 1948.


===Political career===
===Political career===
{{See also|British Raj|Indian independence movement|Indian Independence Act 1947}}
{{See also|British Raj|Indian Independence Act 1947}}
[[File:President John F. Kennedy and President Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan of India Exit White House.jpg|left|thumb|President of United States John F. Kennedy and President of India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (left), depart the White House following a meeting. Minister of External Affairs of India, Lakshmi N. Menon, walks behind President Kennedy at West Wing Entrance, White House, Washington, D.C on 4 June 1963]]
[[File:President John F. Kennedy and President Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan of India Exit White House.jpg|thumb|President of United States John F. Kennedy and President of India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (left), depart the White House following a meeting. Minister of External Affairs of India, Lakshmi N. Menon, walks behind President Kennedy at West Wing Entrance, White House, Washington, D.C., on 4 June 1963]]


Radhakrishnan started his political career "rather late in life", after his successful academic career.<ref name=brown153/> His international authority preceded his political career. He was one of those stalwarts who attended [[Andhra Mahasabha]] in 1928 where he seconded the idea of renaming Ceded Districts division of [[Madras Presidency]] as [[Rayalaseema]]. In 1931 he was nominated to the League of Nations [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation|Committee for Intellectual Cooperation]], where after "in Western eyes he was the recognized Hindu authority on Indian ideas and a persuasive interpreter of the role of Eastern institutions in contemporary society."<ref name=brown153/> When India became independent in 1947,  Radhakrishnan represented India at [[UNESCO]] (1946–52) and was later [[Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union]], from 1949 to 1952. He was also elected to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]. Radhakrishnan was elected as the first Vice-President of India in 1952, and elected as the second President of India (1962–1967).
Radhakrishnan started his political career "rather late in life", after his successful academic career.<ref name=brown153/> His international authority preceded his political career. He was one of those stalwarts who attended [[Andhra Mahasabha]] in 1928 where he seconded the idea of renaming Ceded Districts division of [[Madras Presidency]] as [[Rayalaseema]]. In 1931 he was nominated to the League of Nations [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation|Committee for Intellectual Cooperation]], where after "in Western eyes he was the recognized Hindu authority on Indian ideas and a persuasive interpreter of the role of Eastern institutions in contemporary society."<ref name=brown153/>  


Radhakrishnan did not have a background in the Congress Party, nor was he active in the struggle against British rules. He was the ''politician in shadow''.{{Explain|date=August 2020}} His motivation lay in his pride of [[Hindu culture]], and the defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism".<ref name=brown153/> According to the historian Donald Mackenzie Brown,
When India became independent in 1947,  Radhakrishnan represented India at [[UNESCO]] (1946–52) and was later [[Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union]], from 1949 to 1952. He was also elected to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]. Radhakrishnan was elected as the first Vice-President of India in 1952, and elected as the second President of India (1962–1967). Radhakrishnan did not have a background in the Congress Party, nor was he active in the [[Indian independence movement]]. He was the ''politician in shadow''.{{Explain|date=August 2020}} His motivation lay in his pride of [[Hindu culture]], and the defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism".<ref name=brown153/> According to the historian Donald Mackenzie Brown,


{{quote|He had always defended Hindu culture against uninformed Western criticism and had symbolized the pride of Indians in their own intellectual traditions.<ref name=brown153/>}}
{{quote|He had always defended Hindu culture against uninformed Western criticism and had symbolized the pride of Indians in their own intellectual traditions.<ref name=brown153/>}}
Line 123: Line 140:
"Intuition", <ref group=web name="IEP" /> synonymously called "religious experience",<ref group=web name="IEP" /> has a central place in Radhakrishnan's philosophy as a source of knowledge which is not mediated by conscious thought.<ref name=sharf1998/> His specific interest in experience can be traced back to the works of [[William James]] (1842–1910), [[F. H. Bradley]] (1846–1924), [[Henri Bergson]] (1859–1941), and [[Friedrich von Hügel]] (1852–1925),<ref name=sharf1998/> and to [[Vivekananda]] (1863–1902),<ref name=Rambachan1994/> who had a strong influence on Sarvepalli's thought.{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=179}} According to Radhakrishnan, intuition is of a self-certifying character (''svatassiddha''), self-evidencing (''svāsaṃvedya''), and [[self-luminous]] (''svayam-prakāsa'').<ref group=web name="IEP" /> In his book ''An Idealist View of Life'', he made a powerful case for the importance of intuitive thinking as opposed to purely intellectual forms of thought.<ref group=web >{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/September/engpdf/1-4.pdf|title=The Great Indian Philosopher : Dr.Radhakrishnan|publisher=State Govt. Of Orissa }}</ref> According to Radhakrishnan, ''intuition'' plays a specific role in all kinds of experience.<ref group=web name="IEP" />
"Intuition", <ref group=web name="IEP" /> synonymously called "religious experience",<ref group=web name="IEP" /> has a central place in Radhakrishnan's philosophy as a source of knowledge which is not mediated by conscious thought.<ref name=sharf1998/> His specific interest in experience can be traced back to the works of [[William James]] (1842–1910), [[F. H. Bradley]] (1846–1924), [[Henri Bergson]] (1859–1941), and [[Friedrich von Hügel]] (1852–1925),<ref name=sharf1998/> and to [[Vivekananda]] (1863–1902),<ref name=Rambachan1994/> who had a strong influence on Sarvepalli's thought.{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=179}} According to Radhakrishnan, intuition is of a self-certifying character (''svatassiddha''), self-evidencing (''svāsaṃvedya''), and [[self-luminous]] (''svayam-prakāsa'').<ref group=web name="IEP" /> In his book ''An Idealist View of Life'', he made a powerful case for the importance of intuitive thinking as opposed to purely intellectual forms of thought.<ref group=web >{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/September/engpdf/1-4.pdf|title=The Great Indian Philosopher : Dr.Radhakrishnan|publisher=State Govt. Of Orissa }}</ref> According to Radhakrishnan, ''intuition'' plays a specific role in all kinds of experience.<ref group=web name="IEP" />


Radhakrishnan discernes five sorts of experience:<ref group="web" name="IEP" />
Radhakrishnan discernes eight sorts of experience:<ref group="web" name="IEP" />
# Cognitive Experience:
# Cognitive Experience:
## Sense Experience
# Sense Experience
## Discursive Reasoning
# Discursive Reasoning
## Intuitive Apprehension
# Intuitive Apprehension
# Psychic Experience
# Psychic Experience
# Aesthetic Experience
# Aesthetic Experience
Line 141: Line 158:
# The worshippers of the petty forces and spirits
# The worshippers of the petty forces and spirits


Radhakrishnan saw Hinduism as a scientific religion based on facts, apprehended via intuition or religious experience.<ref group=web name="IEP" /> According to Radhakrishnan, "[i]f philosophy of religion is to become scientific, it must become empirical and found itself on religious experience".<ref group=web name="IEP" /> He saw this empiricism exemplified in the Vedas:
Radhakrishnan saw Hinduism as a scientific religion based on facts, apprehended via intuition or religious experience.<ref group=web name="IEP" /> According to Radhakrishnan, "if philosophy of religion is to become scientific, it must become empirical and found itself on religious experience".<ref group=web name="IEP" /> He saw this empiricism exemplified in the Vedas:


{{quote|The truths of the ṛṣis are not evolved as the result of logical reasoning or systematic philosophy but are the products of spiritual intuition, dṛṣti or vision. The ṛṣis are not so much the authors of the truths recorded in the Vedas as the seers who were able to discern the eternal truths by raising their life-spirit to the plane of universal spirit. They are the pioneer researchers in the realm of the spirit who saw more in the world than their followers. Their utterances are not based on transitory vision but on a continuous experience of resident life and power. When the Vedas are regarded as the highest authority, all that is meant is that the most exacting of all authorities is the authority of facts.<ref group=web name="IEP" />}}
{{quote|The truths of the ṛṣis are not evolved as the result of logical reasoning or systematic philosophy but are the products of spiritual intuition, dṛṣti or vision. The ṛṣis are not so much the authors of the truths recorded in the Vedas as the seers who were able to discern the eternal truths by raising their life-spirit to the plane of universal spirit. They are the pioneer researchers in the realm of the spirit who saw more in the world than their followers. Their utterances are not based on transitory vision but on a continuous experience of resident life and power. When the Vedas are regarded as the highest authority, all that is meant is that the most exacting of all authorities is the authority of facts.<ref group=web name="IEP" />}}
Line 153: Line 170:


Although Radhakrishnan was well-acquainted with western culture and philosophy, he was also critical of them. He stated that Western philosophers, despite all claims to [[objectivity (philosophy)|objectivity]], were influenced by [[theology|theological]] influences of their own culture.<ref>Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli and Moore, Charles (eds.) (1989) ''A Source Book in Indian Philosophy'', Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 610–639. {{ISBN|0691019584}}</ref>
Although Radhakrishnan was well-acquainted with western culture and philosophy, he was also critical of them. He stated that Western philosophers, despite all claims to [[objectivity (philosophy)|objectivity]], were influenced by [[theology|theological]] influences of their own culture.<ref>Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli and Moore, Charles (eds.) (1989) ''A Source Book in Indian Philosophy'', Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 610–639. {{ISBN|0691019584}}</ref>
== Accusations of plagiarism ==
Radhakrishnan's appointment, as a southerner, to "the most important chair of philosophy in India" in the north, was resented by a number of people from the Bengali intellectual elite, and ''The Modern Review'', which was critical of the appointment of non-Bengalis, became the main vehicle of criticism.{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=37}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=30-31}}{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=116}} Soon after his arrival in Calcutta in 1921, Radhakrishnan's writings  were regularly criticised in ''The Modern Review''.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=116}} When Radhakrishnan published his ''Indian Philosophy'' in two volumes (1923 and 1927), ''The Modern Review'' questioned his use of sources, criticising the lack of references to Bengali scholars. Yet, in an editor's note, ''The Modern Review'' acknowledged that "As professor's Radhakrishnan's book has not been received for review in this Journal, ''The Modern Review'' is not in a position to form any opinion on it."{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=34}}
In the January 1929 issue of ''The Modern Review'', the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] philosopher [[Jadunath Sinha]] made the claim that parts of his 1922 doctoral thesis, ''Indian Psychology of Perception'', published in 1925, were copied by his teacher Radhakrishnan into the chapter on "The Yoga system of Patanjali" in his book ''Indian Philosophy II'', published in 1927.{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=34}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=31}} Sinha and  Radhakrishnan exchanged several letters in the ''Modern Review'', in which Sinha compared parts of his thesis with  Radhakrishnan's publication, presenting altogether 110 instances of "borrowings."{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=35}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=31}} Radhakrishnan felt compelled to respond, stating that Sinha and he had both used the same classical texts,{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=36}} his translation were standard translations, and that similarities in translations were therefore unavoidable. He further argued that he was lecturing on the subject before publishing his book, and that his book was ready for publication in 1924, before Sinha's thesis was published.{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=35}}
Scholars such as Kuppuswami Sastri, [[Ganganath Jha]], and Nalini Ganguli confirmed that Radhakrishnan was distributing the notes in question since 1922.{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=32-33}}{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=117-118}} Ramananda Chatterjee, the editor of ''The Modern Review'', refused to publish a letter by Nalini Ganguli confirming this fact, while continuing publishing Sinha's letters.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=117-118}} The General Editor of Radhakrishnan's publisher, professor Muirhead, further confirmed that the publication was delayed for three years, due to his stay in the United States.{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=32-33}}{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=35-36}}
Responding to this "systematic effort [...] to destroy Radhakrishnan's reputation as a scholar and a public figure,"{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=118}} Summer 1929 the dispute escalated into a juristic fight, with Radhakrishnan filing a suit for defamation of character against Sinha and Chatterjee, demanding Rs. 100,000 for the damage done,{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=118}} and Sinha filing a case against Radhakrishnan for copyright infringement, demanding Rs. 20,000.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=118}}{{refn|group=note|The timeline is not clear from these sources. According to Gopal, Radhakrishnan filed his lawsuit in the summer of 1929, to which Sinha filed a clounter-claim.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=118}} According to Minor and Murty & Vohra, Sinha filed a lawsuit first, to which Radhakrishnan responded.{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=37}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=33}}}} The suits were settled in May 1933, the terms of the settlement were not disclosed, and "all the allegations made in the pleadings and in the columns of the ''Modern Review'' were withdrawn."{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=37}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=32-33}}


==Influence==
==Influence==
[[File:Sarve palli raadhakrishnan, tankbund.JPG|thumb|Statue of Sarvepalli at Tankbund]]
[[File:Sarve palli raadhakrishnan, tankbund.JPG|thumb|Statue of Sarvepalli at Hyderabad (Tankbund)]]
Radhakrishnan was one of India's best and most influential twentieth-century scholars of comparative religion and philosophy.<ref name="Pollock" /><ref group=web name="IEP" />
Radhakrishnan was one of world's best and most influential twentieth-century scholars of comparative religion and philosophy.<ref name="Pollock" /><ref group=web name="IEP" />


Radhakrishnan's defence of the Hindu traditions has been highly influential,<ref name=sharf1998/> both in India and the western world. In India, Radhakrishnan's ideas contributed to the formation of India as a nation-state.{{sfn|Long|2007|p=173}} Radhakrishnan's writings contributed to the hegemonic status of Vedanta as "the essential world view of Hinduism".{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=199}} In the western world, Radhakrishnan's interpretations of the Hindu tradition, and his emphasis on "spiritual experience", made Hinduism more readily accessible for a western audience, and contributed to the influence Hinduism has on modern [[spirituality]]:
Radhakrishnan's defence of the Hindu traditions has been highly influential,<ref name=sharf1998/> both in India and the western world. In India, Radhakrishnan's ideas contributed to the formation of India as a nation-state.{{sfn|Long|2007|p=173}} Radhakrishnan's writings contributed to the hegemonic status of Vedanta as "the essential world view of Hinduism".{{sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=199}} In the western world, Radhakrishnan's interpretations of the Hindu tradition, and his emphasis on "spiritual experience", made Hinduism more readily accessible for a western audience, and contributed to the influence Hinduism has on modern [[spirituality]]:
Line 224: Line 232:
<br />
<br />
See also [[Postcolonialism]] and [http://kashuradab.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/the-pizza-effect-in-indian-philosophy/ Mrinal Kaud, ''The "Pizza Effect" in Indian Philosophy'']}}
See also [[Postcolonialism]] and [http://kashuradab.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/the-pizza-effect-in-indian-philosophy/ Mrinal Kaud, ''The "Pizza Effect" in Indian Philosophy'']}}
==== Accusations of plagiarism ====
Radhakrishnan's appointment, as a southerner, to "the most important chair of philosophy in India" in the north, was resented by a number of people from the Bengali intellectual elite, and ''The Modern Review'', which was critical of the appointment of non-Bengalis, became the main vehicle of criticism.{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=37}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=30-31}}{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=116}} Soon after his arrival in Calcutta in 1921, Radhakrishnan's writings  were regularly criticised in ''The Modern Review''.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=116}} When Radhakrishnan published his ''Indian Philosophy'' in two volumes (1923 and 1927), ''The Modern Review'' questioned his use of sources, criticising the lack of references to Bengali scholars. Yet, in an editor's note, ''The Modern Review'' acknowledged that "As professor's Radhakrishnan's book has not been received for review in this Journal, ''The Modern Review'' is not in a position to form any opinion on it."{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=34}}
In the January 1929 issue of ''The Modern Review'', the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] philosopher [[Jadunath Sinha]] made the claim that parts of his 1922 doctoral thesis, ''Indian Psychology of Perception'', published in 1925, were copied by his teacher Radhakrishnan into the chapter on "The Yoga system of Patanjali" in his book ''Indian Philosophy II'', published in 1927.{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=34}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=31}} Sinha and  Radhakrishnan exchanged several letters in the ''Modern Review'', in which Sinha compared parts of his thesis with  Radhakrishnan's publication, presenting altogether 110 instances of "borrowings."{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=35}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=31}} Radhakrishnan felt compelled to respond, stating that Sinha and he had both used the same classical texts,{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=36}} his translation were standard translations, and that similarities in translations were therefore unavoidable. He further argued that he was lecturing on the subject before publishing his book, and that his book was ready for publication in 1924, before Sinha's thesis was published.{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=35}}
Scholars such as Kuppuswami Sastri, [[Ganganath Jha]], and Nalini Ganguli confirmed that Radhakrishnan was distributing the notes in question since 1922.{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=32-33}}{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=117-118}} Ramananda Chatterjee, the editor of ''The Modern Review'', refused to publish a letter by Nalini Ganguli confirming this fact, while continuing publishing Sinha's letters.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=117-118}} The General Editor of Radhakrishnan's publisher, professor Muirhead, further confirmed that the publication was delayed for three years, due to his stay in the United States.{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=32-33}}{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=35-36}}
Responding to this "systematic effort [...] to destroy Radhakrishnan's reputation as a scholar and a public figure,"{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=118}} Summer 1929 the dispute escalated into a juristic fight, with Radhakrishnan filing a suit for defamation of character against Sinha and Chatterjee, demanding Rs. 100,000 for the damage done,{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=118}} and Sinha filing a case against Radhakrishnan for copyright infringement, demanding Rs. 20,000.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=118}}{{refn|group=note|The timeline is not clear from these sources. According to Gopal, Radhakrishnan filed his lawsuit in the summer of 1929, to which Sinha filed a clounter-claim.{{sfn|Gopal|1989|p=118}} According to Minor and Murty & Vohra, Sinha filed a lawsuit first, to which Radhakrishnan responded.{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=37}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=33}}}} The suits were settled in May 1933, the terms of the settlement were not disclosed, and "all the allegations made in the pleadings and in the columns of the ''Modern Review'' were withdrawn."{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=37}}{{sfn|Murty|Vohra|1990|p=32-33}}


==Awards and honours==
==Awards and honours==
[[File:S. Radhakrishnan receiving the Bharat Ratna award from President Dr. Prasad.jpg|thumb|S. Radhakrishnan receiving the [[Bharat Ratna]] award from President [[Rajendra Prasad]]]]
===Civilian honours===
===Civilian honours===
====National====
====National====
Line 231: Line 249:
**[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|70px]] Recipient of the [[Bharat Ratna]] (1954)
**[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|70px]] Recipient of the [[Bharat Ratna]] (1954)
*{{flag|British Raj|name=British India}}:
*{{flag|British Raj|name=British India}}:
**[[File:Knight Bachelor Ribbon.png|70px]] [[Knight Bachelor]] (1931),<ref group=web name="london-gazette1"/> ''ceased to use the pre-nominal of Sir in 1947 following India's independence.''<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book |last=Kuttan |first=Mahadevan |date=2009 |title=The Great Philosophers of India |publisher=Authorhouse 1663 Liberty Drive Suite 200 Bloomington, IN 47403 |isbn=9781434377807 |page=169}}</ref>
**[[File:Knight Bachelor Ribbon.svg|70px]] [[Knight Bachelor]] (1931),<ref group=web name="london-gazette1"/> ''ceased to use the pre-nominal of Sir in 1947 following India's independence.''<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book |last=Kuttan |first=Mahadevan |date=2009 |title=The Great Philosophers of India |publisher=Authorhouse 1663 Liberty Drive Suite 200 Bloomington, IN 47403 |isbn=9781434377807 |page=169}}</ref>


====Foreign====
====Foreign====
Line 239: Line 257:
**[[File:MEX Order of the Aztec Eagle 1Class BAR.png|70px]] Sash First Class of the [[Order of the Aztec Eagle]] (1954)<ref>{{cite book |date=1954 |title=Memoria de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |publisher=Government of Mexico|page=509}}</ref>
**[[File:MEX Order of the Aztec Eagle 1Class BAR.png|70px]] Sash First Class of the [[Order of the Aztec Eagle]] (1954)<ref>{{cite book |date=1954 |title=Memoria de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |publisher=Government of Mexico|page=509}}</ref>
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}:
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}:
**[[File:Order of Merit (Commonwealth realms) ribbon.png|70px]] Honorary member of the [[Order of Merit]] (1963)
**[[File:Galó de l'Orde del Mèrit (UK).svg|70px]] Honorary member of the [[Order of Merit]] (1963)


===Other achievements===
===Other achievements===
[[File:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 1989 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Radhakrishnan on a 1989 stamp of India]]
* A portrait of Radhakrishnan adorns the Chamber of the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/PhotoGal/PhotoGalleryPicture.aspx?GalID=4&CatDesc=Rajya%20Sabha%20Chamber%20and%20its%20Inner%20Lobby|title=Photo Gallery : Lok Sabha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/dr_radhakrhishnan_1.asp|title = Rajya Sabha}}</ref>
* A portrait of Radhakrishnan adorns the Chamber of the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/PhotoGal/PhotoGalleryPicture.aspx?GalID=4&CatDesc=Rajya%20Sabha%20Chamber%20and%20its%20Inner%20Lobby|title=Photo Gallery : Lok Sabha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/dr_radhakrhishnan_1.asp|title = Rajya Sabha}}</ref>
* 1933–37: Nominated five times for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].
* 1933–37: Nominated five times for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].
* 1938: elected Fellow of the [[British Academy]].
* 1938: elected Fellow of the [[British Academy]].
* 1947: election as Permanent Member of the Instutut international de philosophie.
* 1947: election as Permanent Member of the Instutut international de philosophie.
* 1959: [[Goethe Plaque of the City of Frankfurt]].
* 1961: the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade.
* 1961: the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade.
* 1962: Institution of [[Teachers' Day (India)|Teacher's Day]] in India, yearly celebrated at 5 September, Radhakrishnan's birthday, in honour of Radhakrishnan's belief that "teachers should be the best minds in the country".<ref group=web name=BharatRatna/>
* 1962: Institution of [[Teachers' Day (India)|Teacher's Day]] in India, yearly celebrated at 5 September, Radhakrishnan's birthday, in honour of Radhakrishnan's belief that "teachers should be the best minds in the country".<ref group=web name=BharatRatna/>
Line 253: Line 271:
* 1989: institution of the Radhakrishnan Scholarships by Oxford University in the memory of Radhakrishnan. The scholarships were later renamed the "Radhakrishnan Chevening Scholarships".<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuttan |first=Mahadevan |date=2009 |title=The Great Philosophers of India |publisher=Authorhouse 1663 Liberty Drive Suite 200 Bloomington, IN 47403 |isbn=9781434377807 |page=174}}</ref>
* 1989: institution of the Radhakrishnan Scholarships by Oxford University in the memory of Radhakrishnan. The scholarships were later renamed the "Radhakrishnan Chevening Scholarships".<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuttan |first=Mahadevan |date=2009 |title=The Great Philosophers of India |publisher=Authorhouse 1663 Liberty Drive Suite 200 Bloomington, IN 47403 |isbn=9781434377807 |page=174}}</ref>
* He  was nominated sixteen times for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel prize in literature]], and eleven times for the [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Peace prize]].<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/show.php&id=17169 Nomination Database]. nobelprize.org</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=7525|title=Nomination Database|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref>
* He  was nominated sixteen times for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel prize in literature]], and eleven times for the [[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Peace prize]].<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/show.php&id=17169 Nomination Database]. nobelprize.org</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=7525|title=Nomination Database|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref>
'''Commemorative stamps''' released by [[India Post]] (by year) -
<gallery>
File:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 1967 stamp of India.jpg|1967
File:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 1989 stamp of India.jpg|1989
</gallery>


==In popular culture==
==In popular culture==
Line 272: Line 296:
=== Works by Radhakrishnan ===
=== Works by Radhakrishnan ===
* ''The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore'' (1918), Macmillan, London, 294 pages
* ''The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore'' (1918), Macmillan, London, 294 pages
* {{cite journal |date=October 1922 |title=The Hindu Dharma |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/intejethi.33.1.2377174 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=[[International Journal of Ethics]] |location=[[Chicago]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=1-22 |doi=10.1086/intejethi.33.1.2377174 |doi-access=free |issn=1539-297X |jstor=2377174 |s2cid=144844920 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230114545/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/intejethi.33.1.2377174 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |access-date=30 December 2021}}
* {{cite journal |date=October 1922 |title=The Hindu Dharma |journal=[[International Journal of Ethics]] |location=[[Chicago]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1086/intejethi.33.1.2377174 |doi-access=free |issn=1539-297X |jstor=2377174 |s2cid=144844920 |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=S. }}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan.Indian.Philosophy.Volume.1-2 Indian Philosophy]'' (1923) Vol. 1, 738 pages. (1927) Vol. 2, 807 pages. [[Oxford]]: [[Oxford University Press]] (1st edition).
* ''[https://archive.org/details/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan.Indian.Philosophy.Volume.1-2 Indian Philosophy]'' (1923) Vol. 1, 738 pages. (1927) Vol. 2, 807 pages. [[Oxford]]: [[Oxford University Press]] (1st edition).
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170903'' The Hindu View of Life''] (1927), London: Allen & Unwin. 92 pages
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170903'' The Hindu View of Life''] (1927), London: Allen & Unwin. 92 pages
Line 299: Line 323:


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[Indian philosophy]]
* [[Vedanta Society]]
* [[Postcolonialism]]
* [[Postcolonialism]]
* [[Sarvepalli Gopal]]
* [[Sarvepalli Gopal]]
Line 350: Line 377:


==External links==
==External links==
{{Wikisource author}}
 
{{commons category}}
 
{{wikiquote}}
 
* [http://www.sarvepalli.com/dr-sarvepalli-radhakrishnan "Official Website: The Legend of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan"]
* [https://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan] at the [[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]
* [https://www.iep.utm.edu/radhakri/ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan] at the [[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]
* {{Internet Archive author}}   
* {{Internet Archive author}}   
Line 360: Line 386:
* [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/s-radhakrishnan S. Radhakrishnan materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
* [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/s-radhakrishnan S. Radhakrishnan materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]


{{Navboxes
|title=Offices and distinctions
|list1=
{{S-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Cattamanchi Ramalinga Reddy]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Vice-Chancellor of [[Andhra University]]|years=1931–1936}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Vasireddy Sri Krishna]]}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-new|reason=First holder}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics]]|years=1936–1952}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Robert Charles Zaehner]]}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Madan Mohan Malaviya]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University]]|years=1939–1948}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Amarnath Jha]]}}
{{S-break}}
{{s-dip}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union]]|years=1949–1952}}
{{S-aft|after=[[K. P. S. Menon]]}}
{{S-break}}
{{s-off}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Rajendra Prasad]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of India]]|years=1962–1967}}
{{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]]}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice President of India]]|years=1952–1962}}
{{S-end}}
}}
{{Navboxes
{{Navboxes
|list =  
|list =  
Line 371: Line 428:
}}  
}}  
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Politics|Philosophy|Religion}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli}}
Line 384: Line 442:
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Neo-Advaita teachers]]
[[Category:Neo-Advaita teachers]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
Line 391: Line 450:
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Templeton Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Templeton Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of India]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of India]]
[[Category:Vice Chancellors of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Vice Chancellors of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:University of Mysore faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency College, Chennai]]
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Mysore faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Maharaja's College, Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Spalding Professors of Eastern Religion and Ethics]]
[[Category:Spalding Professors of Eastern Religion and Ethics]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
Line 407: Line 464:
[[Category:Translators of the Bhagavad Gita]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bhagavad Gita]]
[[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:State funerals in India]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Andhra movement]]
WikiDwarfBOT
Bots, trusted
7,437

edits

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/397766"