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{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}} | ||
{{Infobox royalty | {{Infobox royalty | ||
| name = Pulakeshin | | name = Pulakeshin II | ||
| title = Satyashraya, Shri-prithvi-vallabha, Bhattaraka, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshvara, Karnateshwara{{sfn|Rimjhim Sharma, Anish Kumar|2012|p=134}} | | title = Satyashraya, Shri-prithvi-vallabha, Bhattaraka, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshvara, Karnateshwara{{sfn|Rimjhim Sharma, Anish Kumar|2012|p=134}} | ||
| succession = Chalukya king | | succession = Chalukya king | ||
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| house-type = Dynasty | | house-type = Dynasty | ||
| father = [[Kirttivarman I]] | | father = [[Kirttivarman I]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Chalukyas|Vatapi}} | {{Chalukyas|Vatapi}} | ||
'''Pulakeshin II''' ([[IAST]]: Pulakeśin, r. | '''Pulakeshin II''' ([[IAST]]: Pulakeśin, r. {{Circa|610}}–642 CE) was the most famous ruler of the [[Chalukya dynasty]] of [[Vatapi]] (present-day Badami in [[Karnataka]], India). During his reign, the Chalukya kingdom expanded to cover most of the [[Deccan]] region in peninsular India. | ||
A son of the Chalukya king [[Kirttivarman I]], Pulakeshin overthrew his uncle [[Mangalesha]] to gain control of the throne. He suppressed a rebellion by Appayika and Govinda, and decisively defeated the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]] of [[Banavasi]] in the south. The [[Alupa dynasty|Alupas]] and the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangas]] of [[Talakadu]] recognized his suzerainty. He consolidated the Chalukya control over the western coast by subjugating the Mauryas of [[Konkan]]a. His [[Aihole inscription]] also credits him with subjugating the [[Lata (region)|Latas]], the [[Malavas]], and the [[Gurjaras of Nandipuri|Gurjaras]] in the north. | A son of the Chalukya king [[Kirttivarman I]], Pulakeshin overthrew his uncle [[Mangalesha]] to gain control of the throne. He suppressed a rebellion by Appayika and Govinda, and decisively defeated the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]] of [[Banavasi]] in the south. The [[Alupa dynasty|Alupas]] and the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangas]] of [[Talakadu]] recognized his suzerainty. He consolidated the Chalukya control over the western coast by subjugating the Mauryas of [[Konkan]]a. His [[Aihole inscription]] also credits him with subjugating the [[Lata (region)|Latas]], the [[Malavas]], and the [[Gurjaras of Nandipuri|Gurjaras]] in the north. | ||
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=== Date of ascension === | === Date of ascension === | ||
Pulakeshin's [[Hyderabad]] inscription is dated 613 CE ([[Shaka era|Shaka]] year 534), and was issued during the third year of his reign, which suggests that he must have ascended the throne in | Pulakeshin's [[Hyderabad]] inscription is dated 613 CE ([[Shaka era|Shaka]] year 534), and was issued during the third year of his reign, which suggests that he must have ascended the throne in {{Circa|610}}–611 CE.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=48, 51}} | ||
The exact year of his ascension is debated among modern scholars.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=71}} The 610–611 CE [[Goa]] grant inscription, which refers to an unnamed Chalukya overlord titled ''Shri-prithvi-vallabha Maharaja'', was probably issued during the reign of Pulakeshin's predecessor Mangalesha.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=48–49}} It is dated to the Shaka year 532: assuming it was issued after 532 years of the Shaka era had expired, the date of issue was 4 January 611 CE.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=51}} However, if we assume that it was issued when the 532rd year of the Shaka era was current, it can be dated to 5 July 610 CE.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=71}} Based on this inscription, the end of Mangalesha's reign is variously dated to 610 CE or 611 CE.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=71}} | The exact year of his ascension is debated among modern scholars.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=71}} The 610–611 CE [[Goa]] grant inscription, which refers to an unnamed Chalukya overlord titled ''Shri-prithvi-vallabha Maharaja'', was probably issued during the reign of Pulakeshin's predecessor Mangalesha.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=48–49}} It is dated to the Shaka year 532: assuming it was issued after 532 years of the Shaka era had expired, the date of issue was 4 January 611 CE.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=51}} However, if we assume that it was issued when the 532rd year of the Shaka era was current, it can be dated to 5 July 610 CE.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=71}} Based on this inscription, the end of Mangalesha's reign is variously dated to 610 CE or 611 CE.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=71}} | ||
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The Aihole inscription credits Pulakeshin with subjugating the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangas]] of [[Talakadu|Talakad]], who had matrimonial ties with the Kadambas. The Mahakuta pillar inscription of his predecessor Mangalesha states his father Kirttivarman also subjugated the Gangas. It is possible that the Gangas accepted the Chalukya suzerainty during Kirttivarman's reign, but subsequently gave up this allegiance taking advantage of the war of succession between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin. After Pulakeshin's victory over the Kadambas, the Gangas again accepted the Chalukya suzerainty, possibly without any military conflict.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=76}} | The Aihole inscription credits Pulakeshin with subjugating the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangas]] of [[Talakadu|Talakad]], who had matrimonial ties with the Kadambas. The Mahakuta pillar inscription of his predecessor Mangalesha states his father Kirttivarman also subjugated the Gangas. It is possible that the Gangas accepted the Chalukya suzerainty during Kirttivarman's reign, but subsequently gave up this allegiance taking advantage of the war of succession between Mangalesha and Pulakeshin. After Pulakeshin's victory over the Kadambas, the Gangas again accepted the Chalukya suzerainty, possibly without any military conflict.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=76}} | ||
The Ganga ruler [[Durvinita]] married his daughter to Pulakeshin;{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=76}} she was the mother of Pulakeshin's son [[Vikramaditya I]]. | The Ganga ruler [[Durvinita]] married his daughter to Pulakeshin;{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=76}} she was the mother of Pulakeshin's son [[Vikramaditya I]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=77}} The Gangas probably hoped to gain Chalukya support against the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]], who had captured the [[Kongunadu]] region from them. The Gangas subsequently defeated the Pallava ruler Kaduvetti of Kanchi.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=77}} In return, Shilabhattarika, a daughter of Pulakeshin II was married to Dadiga, a son of Mokkara (Mushkara) and grandson of Durvinita, as attested by a copperplate charter of Chalukya Vijayaditya dated January-February 717 CE. Shreenand L. Bapat of [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], who deciphered this inscription, identifies her with the renowned Sanskrit poetess [[Shilabhattarika]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/99893306 | title=Vijayaditya's charter showing that the Sanskrit poetess Shilabhattarika was a Chalukya princess, and three more copperplate charters | journal=Tarun Bharat, Mumbai | date=January 2023 | last1=Bapat | first1=Shreenand }}</ref> | ||
=== Mauryas of Konkana=== | === Mauryas of Konkana=== | ||
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==== Date ==== | ==== Date ==== | ||
The date of the war between Harsha and Pulakeshin has been debated by modern scholars.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=83–84}} The Kandalgaon copper-plate inscription, dated to Pulakeshin's fifth regnal year ( | The date of the war between Harsha and Pulakeshin has been debated by modern scholars.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=83–84}} The Kandalgaon copper-plate inscription, dated to Pulakeshin's fifth regnal year ({{Circa|615 CE}}), mentions the conflict, but this inscription is regarded as spurious by modern scholars.{{sfn|P. S. Sohoni|S. L. Bapat|2017|p=207}} | ||
Some scholars, such as [[K. V. Ramesh (archaeologist)|K. V. Ramesh]] and [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], date the battle to | Some scholars, such as [[K. V. Ramesh (archaeologist)|K. V. Ramesh]] and [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]], date the battle to {{Circa|612 CE}} or before, based on the 612–613 CE Hyderabad inscription of Pulakeshin.{{sfn|P. S. Sohoni|S. L. Bapat|2017|p=208}}{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1960|p=214}} This inscription boasts that Pulakeshin defeated a king who had fought a hundred battles (presumably Harsha).{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=83}} The later Chalukya inscriptions, dating from the reign of [[Vikramaditya I]] onwards, mention Pulakeshin's victory over Harsha using similar expressions.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1960|p=214}} This early date for the war is also supported by the writings of Xuanzang, who states that Harsha fought wars for six years, and then ruled in peace for thirty years.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=83–84}} | ||
Scholars Shreenand L. Bapat and Pradeep S. Sohoni date the battle to the winter of 618–619 CE. These scholars note that the Bijapur-Mumbai grant inscription, dated to 4 April 619 CE, mentions Pulakeshin's victory over Harsha, which proves that the conflict definitely took place sometime before this date. The earlier Satara inscription of Pulakeshin's brother [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana|Vishnu-vardhana]], issued during his eighth regnal year ( | Scholars Shreenand L. Bapat and Pradeep S. Sohoni date the battle to the winter of 618–619 CE. These scholars note that the Bijapur-Mumbai grant inscription, dated to 4 April 619 CE, mentions Pulakeshin's victory over Harsha, which proves that the conflict definitely took place sometime before this date. The earlier Satara inscription of Pulakeshin's brother [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana|Vishnu-vardhana]], issued during his eighth regnal year ({{Circa|618 CE}}) does not mention the conflict. Based on this, Bapat and Sohoni theorize that the conflict took place between November 618 CE and February 619 CE.{{sfn|P. S. Sohoni|S. L. Bapat|2017|p=208}} | ||
Some earlier scholars, such as D. Devahuti dated the conflict to 630s CE, but this is no longer considered correct after the publication of the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription in 2017.{{sfn|P. S. Sohoni|S. L. Bapat|2017|p=208}} | Some earlier scholars, such as D. Devahuti dated the conflict to 630s CE, but this is no longer considered correct after the publication of the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription in 2017.{{sfn|P. S. Sohoni|S. L. Bapat|2017|p=208}} | ||
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== Xuanzang's visit == | == Xuanzang's visit == | ||
The Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] visited Pulakeshin's kingdom in 641–642 CE.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1960|p=218}} He calls the Chalukya kingdom "Mo-ho-la-cha" (the Chinese transcription of "Maharashtra"), and corroborates Pulakeshin's success against Harsha ([[#Result|see above]]).{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=80–81}} He had visited the Pallava kingdom before arriving in the Chalukya kingdom, but he | The Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] visited Pulakeshin's kingdom in 641–642 CE.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1960|p=218}} He calls the Chalukya kingdom "Mo-ho-la-cha" (the Chinese transcription of "Maharashtra"), and corroborates Pulakeshin's success against Harsha ([[#Result|see above]]).{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=80–81}} He had visited the Pallava kingdom before arriving in the Chalukya kingdom, but he does not mention any conflict between the two kingdoms, presumably because he was not aware of major political changes or because his main interest was Buddhism rather than politics.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1960|p=218}} | ||
Xuanzang describes Pulakeshin ("Po-le-ke-she") as "a man of farsighted resource and astuteness who extends kindness to all". The king's subjects were "tall and sturdy in nature and... proud and carefree by nature... grateful for kindness and revengeful for injustice".{{sfn|Tsai Chiashan|2006|p=428}} They preferred death to disloyalty,{{sfn|Sandhya Jain|2011|p=266}} and called for a [[duel]] if they or their families were insulted.{{sfn|Tsai Chiashan|2006|p=428}} | Xuanzang describes Pulakeshin ("Po-le-ke-she") as "a man of farsighted resource and astuteness who extends kindness to all". The king's subjects were "tall and sturdy in nature and... proud and carefree by nature... grateful for kindness and revengeful for injustice".{{sfn|Tsai Chiashan|2006|p=428}} They preferred death to disloyalty,{{sfn|Sandhya Jain|2011|p=266}} and called for a [[duel]] if they or their families were insulted.{{sfn|Tsai Chiashan|2006|p=428}} | ||
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==In popular culture== | ==In popular culture== | ||
Several Kannada groups demanded the installation of Pulakeshin statue at Badami, Karnataka, to celebrate the great Kannada ruler of past who is being ignored by | * Several Kannada groups demanded the installation of Pulakeshin statue at Badami, Karnataka, to celebrate the great Kannada ruler of past who is being ignored by the Government.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/seeing-beyond-shivaji-activists-push-for-pulikeshi-ii-1055994.html | title=Seeing beyond Shivaji: Activists push for Pulikeshi II. Learn More. | date=30 Nov 2021}}</ref> | ||
* The 1967 [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film ]] ''[[Immadi Pulikeshi (film)|Immadi Pulikeshi]]'' starring [[Dr. Rajkumar]] was based on the life of Pulakeshin II. | |||
[[File:Pulakeshin statue, badami.png|thumb|Statue of Pulakeshin II in Badami]] | [[File:Pulakeshin statue, badami.png|thumb|Statue of Pulakeshin II in Badami]] | ||
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=== Bibliography === | === Bibliography === | ||
{{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
* {{cite book |author=Rimjhim Sharma, Anish Kumar |title=History: BA (Hons) Semester II Course Pack, University of Delhi |url=https:// | * {{cite book |author=Rimjhim Sharma, Anish Kumar |title=History: BA (Hons) Semester II Course Pack, University of Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cyI8BAAAQBAJ |year=2012 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-93-325-1157-6 }} | ||
* {{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |author-link=Abraham Eraly |title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA58 |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08478-4 }} | * {{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |author-link=Abraham Eraly |title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA58 |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08478-4 }} | ||
* {{cite book |editor=B. Chaitanya Deva |title=Musical instruments in sculpture in Karnataka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2gIAQAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study / Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0641-2 }} | * {{cite book |editor=B. Chaitanya Deva |title=Musical instruments in sculpture in Karnataka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2gIAQAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study / Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0641-2 }} | ||