Hyderabad State: Difference between revisions

{{About|this princely state in India from 1724–1948|the Indian State from 1948–1956|Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|the modern state|Telangana}}

| status                = Independent/Mughal Successor State (1724–1798)<br />[[Princely state]] of [[British Indian Empire|British India]] (1798–1947)<br />[[List of historical unrecognized states|Unrecognised state]] (1947–1948)

| government_type        = Independent/Mughal Successor State (1724–1798){{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 1}}<ref>{{citation |last1=Bose |first1=Sugata |author-link1=Sugata Bose |last2=Jalal |first2=Ayesha |author-link2=Ayesha Jalal |title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC&pg=PA42 |year=2004 |edition=Second |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-30787-1 |page=42}}</ref><br />Princely State (1798–1950)<br />

| event_end              = [[Operation Polo|Annexation by India]]{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 7|ps=: "'Operation Polo', the code name for the armed invasion of Hyderabad"}}

| p2                     = Maratha Empire

| flag_p2               = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg

| border_p2              = no

| national_motto        = ''"Al Azmat Allah"'' <br /> (Greatness belongs to God) <br /><br /> ''"Ya Osman"'' <br /> (Oh Osman)

| title_representative  = [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad|Prime Minister]]

| title_leader          = [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]

'''Hyderabad State''' ({{audio|Hyderabad.ogg|pronunciation}}), also known as '''Hyderabad Deccan''' to distinguish it from [[Hyderabad, Sindh]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFgoAAAAYAAJ&q=hyderabad+state+hyderabad+deccan|title=Hyderabad (Deccan) Under Sir Salar Jung|last=Ali|first=Cherágh|date=1886|publisher=Printed at the Education Society's Press|language=en}}</ref> was a [[princely state]] located in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] with its capital at the city of [[Hyderabad]]. It is now divided into the state of [[Telangana]], the [[Kalyana-Karnataka]] region of [[Karnataka]], and the [[Marathwada|Marathwada region]] of [[Maharashtra]], in present-day [[India]].

 

The dynasty declared itself an independent monarchy during the final years of the [[British Raj]]. After the [[Partition of India]], Hyderabad signed a [[Standstill agreement (India)|standstill agreement]] with the new [[dominion of India]], continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. Hyderabad's location in the middle of the Indian union, as well as its diverse cultural heritage, was a driving force behind [[Indian annexation of Hyderabad|India's annexation]] of the state in 1948.<ref>{{citation |last=Sherman |first=Taylor C. |title=The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948–56 |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=44 |pages=489–516 |number=4 |year=2007 |doi=10.1177/001946460704400404 |s2cid=145000228 |url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32805/1/Sherman_Integration_princely_state_2007.pdf}}</ref> Subsequently, [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], the 7th Nizam, signed an [[instrument of accession]], joining India.{{sfn|Chandra|Mukherjee|Mukherjee|2008|p=96}}

Hyderabad State was founded by [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asif Jah I|Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan]] who was the governor of Deccan under the Mughals from 1713 to 1721. In 1724, he resumed rule from the Mughal provincial capital of Aurangabad, under the title of ''Asaf Jah'' (granted by Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]]). His other title, ''Nizam ul-Mulk'' (Order of the Realm), became the title of his position "Nizam of Hyderabad". By the end of his rule, the Nizam had become independent from the Mughals, and had founded the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|title=Hyderabad|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Hyderabad-historical-state-India|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Britannica|access-date=8 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Heitzman|first=James|title=Emporiums, empire, and the early colonial presence|date=2008-03-31|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203483282-9|work=The City in South Asia|pages=102|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9780203483282-9|isbn=9780203483282|access-date=2021-12-30}}</ref>

Following the decline of the Mughal power, the region of Deccan saw the rise of [[Maratha Empire]]. The Nizam himself saw many invasions by the Marathas in the 1720s, which resulted in the Nizam paying a regular ''[[Chauth]]'' (tax) to the Marathas. The major battles fought between the Marathas and the Nizam include [[Battle of Palkhed|Palkhed]], [[Battle of Rakshasbhuvan|Rakshasbhuvan]], and [[Battle of Kharda|Kharda]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&pg=PA1049|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z|isbn=9780313335396|last1=Jaques|first1=Tony|year=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA64|title=The State at War in South Asia|isbn=978-0803213449|last1=Barua|first1=Pradeep|year=2005}}</ref> Following the conquest of Deccan by [[Bajirao&nbsp;I]] and the imposition of ''chauth'' by him, Nizam remained a tributary of the Marathas for all intent and purposes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&q=anglo+maratha+treaty+1790&pg=PA198|title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785–96, Volume 2|first=Sailendra|last=Nath Sen|isbn=9788171547890|year=1994}}</ref>

In 1763, the Nizam shifted the capital to the city of Hyderabad.<ref name=":0" /> From 1778, a British resident and soldiers were installed in his dominions. In 1795, the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] lost some of his own territories to the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]. The territorial gains of the Nizam from Mysore as an ally of the British were ceded to the British to meet the cost of maintaining the British soldiers.<ref name="Britannica" />

{{See also|Northern Circars}}

 

In 1798, [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam ʿĀlī Khan]] (Asaf {{nowrap|Jah II}}) was forced to enter into an agreement that put Hyderabad under British protection. He was the first Indian prince to sign such an agreement. (Consequently, the ruler of Hyderabad rated a 23-gun [[salute state|salute]] during the period of [[British India]].) The Crown retained the right to intervene in case of misrule.<ref name="Britannica" />

Hyderabad under [[Asaf Jah&nbsp;II]] was a British ally in the second and third [[Maratha Wars]] (1803–05, 1817–19), [[Anglo-Mysore wars]], and would remain loyal to the British during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] (1857–58).<ref name="Britannica" />{{sfn|Briggs|1861|pp=79}}

Sikander Jah was succeeded by [[Asaf Jah IV]], who ruled from 1829 to 1857, and was succeeded by his son [[Asaf Jah V]].{{sfn|Briggs|1861|pp=104-115}}

[[Asaf Jah V]]'s reign from 1857 to 1869 was marked by reforms by his [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad|Prime Minister]] [[Salar Jung&nbsp;I]]. Before this time, there was no regular or systematic form of administration, and the duties were in the hand of the ''Diwan'' (Prime Minister), and corruption was thus widespread.{{sfn|Briggs|1861|pp=155-158}}

In 1867, the State was divided into five divisions and seventeen districts, and subedars (governors) were appointed for the five Divisions and ''talukdars'' and ''tehsildars'' for the districts. The judicial, public works, medical, educational, municipal, and police departments were re-organised.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=31-37}} In 1868, ''sadr-i-mahams'' (Assistant Ministers) were appointed for the Judicial, Revenue, Police, and Miscellaneous Departments.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=140-143}}

[[Asaf Jah VI|Asaf Jah VI Mir Mahbub Ali Khan]] became the Nizam at the age of three years. His [[regent]]s were [[Salar Jung&nbsp;I]] and Shams-ul-Umra III. He assumed full rule at the age of 17, and ruled until his death in 1911.{{sfn|Law|pp=26-28}}<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0A1EFD3A5517738DDDA90B94D0405B818DF1D3 "Nizam of Hyderabad Dead"], ''New York Times'', 30 August 1911</ref>{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=13-19}} His reign saw the official language of Hyderabad State shift from Persian to Urdu, a change implemented in the 1880s during the short tenure of Prime Minister [[Salar Jung II]].<ref name="auto1"/>

The [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]] was established during his reign to connect Hyderabad State to the rest of [[British India]]. It was headquartered at [[Secunderabad Railway Station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.steamindex.com/people/inspoff.htm |title=Inspecting Officers (Railways) – Pringle, (Sir) John Wallace |work=SteamIndex |access-date=2011-07-10}}</ref><ref>Nayeem, M. A.; ''The Splendour of Hyderabad''; Hyderabad ²2002 [Orig.: Bombay ¹1987]; {{ISBN|81-85492-20-4}}; S. 221</ref> The railway marked the beginning of industry in Hyderabad, and factories were built in Hyderabad city.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=26-28}}{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=56-57}}

During his rule, the [[Great Musi Flood of 1908]] struck the city of Hyderabad, which killed an estimated 50,000 people. The Nizam opened all his palaces for public asylum.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=84-86}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/hyderabad-observe-104th-anniversary-musi-flood-349446/|title=Hyderabad to observe 104th anniversary of Musi flood {{!}} The Siasat Daily|website=archive.siasat.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref>{{sfn|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987|pp=13-15}}

The last [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] ruled the state from 1911 until 1948. He was given the title "Faithful Ally of the British Empire".<ref name="Britannica" /> The Nizam's rule saw growth of Hyderabad economically and culturally.<br />The Nizam's government invited technocrats from world over for the development of Hyderabad as part of nation building. It has its own foreign policy and established foreign relations with many countries outside of British India. Nizam's government also established its embassy in the new capital of [[New Delhi]]. It commissioned Sir [[Edwin Lutyens]] to design and construct [[Hyderabad House]] as its embassy to deal with British India since Hyderabad was an important British ally. [[Osmania University]] and several schools and colleges were founded throughout the state. Many writers, poets, intellectuals and other eminent people (including [[Fani Badayuni]], [[Dagh Dehlvi]], [[Josh Malihabadi]], [[Ali Haider Tabatabai]], [[Shibli Nomani]], [[Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk]], [[Mirza Ismail]]) migrated from all parts of India to Hyderabad during the reign of [[Asaf Jah VII]], and his father and predecessor [[Asaf Jah VI]]. Apart from the above people, many technocrats also migrated to Hyderabad on the invitation of the govt to develop Hyderabad with all its sustainable modern infrastructure which is still serving the great Hyderabad metropolis in all its brilliance.

The Nizam also established [[Hyderabad State Bank]]. Hyderabad was the only independent state in [[British India|Indian]] subcontinent which had its own currency, the [[Hyderabadi rupee]].<ref>Pagdi, Raghavendra Rao (1987) Short History of Banking in Hyderabad District, 1879-1950. In M. Radhakrishna Sarma, K.D. Abhyankar, and V.G. Bilolikar, eds. ''History of Hyderabad District, 1879-1950AD (Yugabda 4981-5052)''. (Hyderabad : Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti), Vol. 2, pp.85-87.</ref> The [[Begumpet Airport]] was established in the 1930s with formation of [[Hyderabad Aero Club]] by the Nizam. Initially it was used as a domestic and international airport for the Nizam's [[Deccan Airways Limited|Deccan Airways]], the earliest airline in British India. The terminal building was created in 1937.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Begumpet.html|title=Begumpeet Airport History|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221081504/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Museum/Begumpet.html|archive-date=21 December 2005}}</ref>

In order to prevent another [[Great Musi Flood of 1908|great flood]], the Nizam also constructed two lakes, namely the [[Osman Sagar]] and [[Himayath Sagar]]. The [[Osmania General Hospital]], [[Jubilee Hall, Hyderabad|Jubilee Hall]], [[State Library]] (then known as ''Asifia Kutubkhana'') and [[Public Gardens, Hyderabad|Public Gardens]] (then known as ''Bagh e Aam'') were constructed during this period.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://spaceandculture.in/index.php/spaceandculture/article/view/121/78|title=View of Changing Facets of Hyderabadi Tehzeeb: Are we missing anything?|journal=Space and Culture, India|date=18 June 2015|volume=3|issue=1|pages=17–29|doi=10.20896/saci.v3i1.121|access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/h/hyderabad.html|title=Changing Facets of Hyderabadi Tehzeeb: Are We Missing Anything?|last=Pandey|first=Dr. Vinita}}</ref>

===After Indian Independence (1947–48)===

At 5 p.m. on 17 September the Nizam's army surrendered. The Government of Hyderabad resigned, and military governors and chief ministers were appointed by the Nizam at India's direction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |page=66 |quote="On 17 September 1948, the troops of Hyderabad surrendered and the Government of Hyderabad administration headed by Laik Ali (and including Moin) resigned." |title=High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/pakistan-v-prince-muffakham-jah-judgment-021019-1.pdf |page=69 |quote="... Government of India had purposely avoided any question of accession and maintained until that date Nizam’s authority as source from which military Governors' and chief Ministers' powers were derived." |title=High Commissioner of Pakistan v Natwest Bank}}</ref>

=== Hyderabad State (1948–56) ===

{{main|Hyderabad State (1948–56)}}

After the incorporation of Hyderabad State into India, [[M. K. Vellodi]] was appointed as Chief Minister of the state and [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] became the [[Rajpramukh]] on 26 January 1950. He was a Senior Civil servant in the Government of India. He administered the state with the help of bureaucrats from [[Madras state]] and [[Bombay state]].<ref>[http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html APonline - History and Culture - History-Post-Independence Era] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220113947/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html |date=20 December 2013}}</ref>

In the [[1952 Hyderabad Legislative Assembly election|1952 Legislative Assembly election]], Dr. [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]] was elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad State. During this time there were violent agitations by some [[Telangana|Telanganites]] to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules' (local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm |title=Mulki agitation in Hyderabad state |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |access-date=2011-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826122139/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/09/06/stories/2002090603210900.htm |archive-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

In 1956 during the [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation of the Indian States]] based along linguistic lines, the state of Hyderabad was split up among [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Bombay state]] (later divided into states of Maharashtra and [[Gujarat]] in 1960 with the original portions of Hyderabad becoming part of the state of Maharashtra) and [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301045415/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2006 |title=SRC submits report |date= 1 October 2005|access-date=9 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

[[Wilfred Cantwell Smith]] states that Hyderabad was an area where the political and social structure from medieval Muslim rule had been preserved more or less intact into the modern times.{{sfn|Smith|1950|p=28}} The last Nizam was reputed to be the wealthiest man in the world.{{sfn|Guha|2008|p=51}} He was supported by an aristocracy of 1,100 feudal lords who owned a further 30% of the state's land, with some 4 million tenant farmers. The state also owned 50% or more of the capital in all the major enterprises, allowing the Nizam to earn further profits and control their affairs.{{sfn|Smith|1950|p=29}}

Next in the social structure were the administrative and official class, comprising about 1,500 officials. A number of them were recruited from outside the state. The lower level government employees were also predominantly Muslim. Effectively, the Muslims of the Hyderabad represented an 'upper caste' of the social structure.{{sfn|Smith|1950|pp=29–30}}{{efn|However some Hindus served in high government posts such as [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]] ([[Maharaja Chandu Lal]], [[Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad]]) and [[Kotwal]] of Hyderabad ([[Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy]]).}}

All power was vested in the Nizam. He ruled with the help of an Executive Council or Cabinet, established in 1893, whose members he was free to appoint and dismiss. The government of the Nizam recruited heavily from the North Indian Hindu [[Kayastha]] caste for administrative posts.<ref>Leonard, K.I., 1994. Social History of an Indian Caste: The Kayasths of Hyderabad. Orient Blackswan.[https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00990]</ref> There was also an Assembly, whose role was mostly advisory. More than half its members were appointed by the Nizam and the rest elected from a carefully limited franchise. There were representatives of Hindus, [[Parsi]]s, Christians and Depressed Classes in the Assembly. Their influence was however limited due to their small numbers.{{sfn|Smith|1950|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Benichou, Autocracy to Integration|2000|loc=Chapter 2}}

==== Coat of Arms ====

File:CoA Nizam 1893.png|Coat of Arms of Nizam of Hyderabad ('''1869-1911''')

File:In-hyderabad47.png|Coat of Arms of Nizam of Hyderabad ('''1911-1947''')

File:Hyderabad Coat of Arms.jpg|Coat of Arms of Nizam of Hyderabad ('''1947-1948''')

File:State Emblem of Hyderabad.jpg|State Emblem of Hyderabad ('''1947-1948''')<ref>{{Cite web|title=ANDHRA PRADESH|url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaAndhraP.htm|access-date=2021-07-13|website=www.hubert-herald.nl}}</ref>

File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|18th century-1900

File:Flag of Hyderabad 1900-1947.svg|1900-1947

{{Main|National Anthem of Hyderabad}}

| [[Urdu]] || [[Image:Urdu example.svg|90px]]

| [[Chital]] || [[Image:A chital stag 1.JPG|90px]]

The architecture of Hyderabad State is very cosmopolitan in nature, and heavily influenced by European and Islamic styles. The Nizam's palaces and several public buildings were built in a distinctive style. The earliest surviving buildings are purely European, examples being the [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] [[British Residency, Hyderabad|British Residency]] (1798) and [[Falaknuma Palace]] (1893). In the early 20th century, the [[Osmania General Hospital]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofindia.com/city/hyderabad/osmania-general-hospital-gasps-for-attention-heritage-building-crumbling-roofs-caving-in/articleshow/56846559.cms|title = Osmania general hospital gasps for attention: Heritage building crumbling, roofs caving in &#124; Hyderabad News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Various major industries emerged in various parts of the State of Hyderabad before its incorporation into the Union of India, especially during the first half of the twentieth century. Hyderabad city had a separate powerplant for electricity. However, the Nizams focused industrial development on the region of [[Sanathnagar]], housing a number of industries there with transportation facilities by both road and rail.<ref name="Kaleidoscopic view of Deccan">{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2009/08/25/stories/2009082550041600.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Kaleidoscopic view of Deccan | date=25 August 2009}}</ref>

* [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)]]

Historial Places :-