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| location = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]] | | location = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]] | ||
| caption = A view of Chittorgarh Fort, Rajasthan, India | | caption = A view of Chittorgarh Fort, Rajasthan, India | ||
| map_type = Rajasthan | | map_type = India#Rajasthan | ||
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8863|74.647|type:landmark|display=inline}} | | coordinates = {{coord|24.8863|74.647|type:landmark|display=inline}} | ||
| map_size = | | map_size = | ||
| map_relief = yes | |||
| map_caption = | | map_caption = | ||
| garrison = | | garrison = | ||
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==Geography<!-- Good -->== | ==Geography<!-- Good -->== | ||
[[File:A Painting of the Fort 1857.jpg|thumb|left|A painting of the fort by [[Marianne North]], 1878]] | |||
[[Chittorgarh]], located in the southern part of the state of Rajasthan, {{convert|233|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from [[Ajmer]], midway between [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]] on the [[National Highway 8 (India)]] in the road network of [[Golden Quadrilateral]]. Chittorgarh is situated where National Highways No. 76 & 79 intersect. | [[Chittorgarh]], located in the southern part of the state of Rajasthan, {{convert|233|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from [[Ajmer]], midway between [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]] on the [[National Highway 8 (India)]] in the road network of [[Golden Quadrilateral]]. Chittorgarh is situated where National Highways No. 76 & 79 intersect. | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
[[File: | [[File:Chittorgarh fragmentary inscriptions of the Naigamas, first half of the 6th century CE.jpg|thumb|Chittorgarh fragmentary inscriptions of the Naigamas, first half of the 6th century CE.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balogh |first1=Dániel |title=Chittorgarh fragmentary inscriptions of the Naigamas, inked rubbing |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2105017#.Y9OgOXbMJhE |date=9 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol 34 |pages=53-58 |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiaindicavol34_388_M/page/n93/mode/2up}}</ref>]] | ||
Chittorgarh (''garh'' means fort) was originally called Chitrakut.{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}} It is said to have been built by a local [[Mori Rajputs|Mori Rajput]] ruler [[Chitrangada Mori]] | Chittorgarh (''garh'' means fort) was originally called Chitrakut.{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}} It is said to have been built by a local [[Mori Rajputs|Mori Rajput]] ruler [[Chitrangada Mori]]{{sfn|Shiv Kumar Tiwari|2002|p=271}}(Maurya) who was a Mauryan ruler. According to one legend, the name of the fort is derived from its builder.{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}} Several small Buddhist stupas dated to 9th century based on the script were found at the edge of Jaimal Patta lake.<ref>Chittorgarh, Shobhalal Shastri, 1928, pp. 64-65</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247|title = Hill Forts of Rajasthan}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Government ASI board installed at Chittorgarh fort.jpg|thumb|ASI board installed at Chittorgarh fort inform about Moris clain as Mauryan dynasty branch.]] | |||
The [[Guhilas of Medapata|Guhila]] ruler [[Bappa Rawal]] is said to have captured the fort in either 728 CE or 734 CE. One account states that he received the fort in [[dowry]].{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}} According to other versions of the legend, Bappa Rawal captured the fort either from the [[mlechchhas]] or the [[Mori Rajputs|Moris]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=298-299}} Historian [[R. C. Majumdar]] theorizes that the Moris (Mauryas) were ruling at Chittor when the Arabs (mlechchhas) invaded north-western India around 725 CE.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=298-299}} The Arabs defeated the Moris, and in turn, were defeated by a confederacy that included Bappa Rawal. R. V. Somani theorized that Bappa Rawal was a part of the army of [[Nagabhata I]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=45}} Some historians doubt the historicity of this legend, arguing that the Guhilas did not control Chittor before the reign of the later ruler Allata.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=44}} The earliest Guhila inscription discovered at Chittor is from the reign of [[Tejasimha]] (mid-13th century); it mentions "Chitrakuta-''maha-durga''" (the great fort of Chittor).{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} | The [[Guhilas of Medapata|Guhila]] ruler [[Bappa Rawal]] is said to have captured the fort in either 728 CE or 734 CE. One account states that he received the fort in [[dowry]].{{sfn|Paul E. Schellinger|Robert M. Salkin|1994|p=191}} According to other versions of the legend, Bappa Rawal captured the fort either from the [[mlechchhas]] or the [[Mori Rajputs|Moris]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=298-299}} Historian [[R. C. Majumdar]] theorizes that the Moris (Mauryas) were ruling at Chittor when the Arabs (mlechchhas) invaded north-western India around 725 CE.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=298-299}} The Arabs defeated the Moris, and in turn, were defeated by a confederacy that included Bappa Rawal. R. V. Somani theorized that Bappa Rawal was a part of the army of [[Nagabhata I]].{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=45}} Some historians doubt the historicity of this legend, arguing that the Guhilas did not control Chittor before the reign of the later ruler Allata.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=44}} The earliest Guhila inscription discovered at Chittor is from the reign of [[Tejasimha]] (mid-13th century); it mentions "Chitrakuta-''maha-durga''" (the great fort of Chittor).{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1957|p=90}} | ||
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| align = right | | align = right | ||
| direction = vertical | | direction = vertical | ||
| | | total_width = 400 | ||
| header = Padmini's Palace | | header = Padmini's Palace | ||
| image1 = Oil painting of Padmini's palace in the fort in the midst of the tank.jpg | | image1 = Oil painting of Padmini's palace in the fort in the midst of the tank.jpg | ||
| caption1 = An 1878 painting | | caption1 = An 1878 painting by [[Marianne North]] | ||
| image2 = ChittorgarhFortWaterReflection.JPG | | image2 = ChittorgarhFortWaterReflection.JPG | ||
| caption2 = A 2010 photograph | | caption2 = A 2010 photograph | ||
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However [[Rajput|Rajput Confederation]] suffered a disastrous defeat at [[Khanwa]] due to Babur's superior generalship and modern tactics. The battle was more historic than [[First Battle of Panipat]] as it firmly establish [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule in India while crushing re-emerging [[Rajput]] powers. The battle was also earliest to use [[cannons]], [[matchlocks]], swivel guns and [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] to great use.{{sfn|Rao|1991|p=453-454}} | However [[Rajput|Rajput Confederation]] suffered a disastrous defeat at [[Khanwa]] due to Babur's superior generalship and modern tactics. The battle was more historic than [[First Battle of Panipat]] as it firmly establish [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule in India while crushing re-emerging [[Rajput]] powers. The battle was also earliest to use [[cannons]], [[matchlocks]], swivel guns and [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]] to great use.{{sfn|Rao|1991|p=453-454}} | ||
Rana Sanga was taken away from the battlefield in an unconscious state by his vassals [[Prithviraj Singh I]] of [[Jaipur]] and [[Maldeo Rathore]] of [[Marwar]]. After regaining consciousness he took an oath to never return to Chittorgarh until he defeated Babur and conquer Delhi. He also stop wearing turban and | Rana Sanga was taken away from the battlefield in an unconscious state by his vassals [[Prithviraj Singh I]] of [[Jaipur]] and [[Maldeo Rathore]] of [[Marwar]]. After regaining consciousness he took an oath to never return to Chittorgarh until he defeated Babur and conquer Delhi. He also stop wearing turban and used to wrap a cloth over his head.{{sfn|Sharma|1954|pp=43}} While he was preparing to wage another war against [[Babur]] he was poisoned by his own nobles who did not want another battle with [[Babur]]. He died in [[Kalpi]] in January 1528.{{sfn|Sharma|1954|pp=44}} | ||
After his defeat his vassal [[Medini Rai]] was defeated by Babur at [[Battle of Chanderi]] and Babur | After his defeat his vassal [[Medini Rai]] was defeated by Babur at [[Battle of Chanderi]] and Babur captured the capital of Rai kingdom [[Chanderi]]. Medini was offered Shamsabad instead of Chanderi as it was historically important in conquering Malwa but Rai refused the offer and chose to die fighting. The [[Rajput]] women and children committed [[self-immolation]] to save their honour from Muslim army. After the victory, Babur captured Chanderi along with Malwa which was ruled by Rai.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2002|p=157}} | ||
===Post Rana Sanga=== | ===Post Rana Sanga=== | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
* | * | ||
* | * | ||
{{Forts in Rajasthan}} | {{Forts in Rajasthan}} | ||
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[[Category:Chittorgarh Fort| ]] | [[Category:Chittorgarh Fort| ]] | ||
[[Category:Forts in Rajasthan]] | [[Category:Forts in Rajasthan]] | ||
[[Category:Rajput architecture]] | |||
[[Category:1567 in India]] | [[Category:1567 in India]] | ||
[[Category:1535 in India]] | [[Category:1535 in India]] | ||