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{{short description|Historic fortress in Delhi, India}}
{{short description|Historical Fort in Delhi, India}}
{{redirect|Lal Qila}}
{{redirect|Lal Qila}}
{{about-distinguish|the Red Fort in Delhi|Red Fort of Agra|Red Fort, Muzaffarabad}}
{{about-distinguish|the Red Fort in Delhi|Red Fort, Muzaffarabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2019}}
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| image = Delhi fort.jpg
| image = Delhi fort.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| image_size = 220px
| caption = A view of the Red Fort's Lahori Gate
| caption = A view of the Red Fort's Lahori Gate
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = Red Fort Complex
| designation1_offname = Red Fort Complex
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  1639 – {{start date and age|6 April 1648}}
  1639 – {{start date and age|6 April 1648}}
| architect = [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori]]
| architect = [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori]]
| architecture = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]], [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]
| architecture = Indo Islamic Architecture
| owner = *[[Mughal Empire]] (1638–1771)
| owner = *Mughal Empire (1639–1771)  
*[[Maratha Empire]] (1771–1803)
*Maratha Empire (1771-1803)
*[[British Raj|British India]] (1803–1947)
* British Indian Empire (1803-1947)
*[[Government of India]] (1947–present)
* Dominion Of India (1947-1950)
* Republic of India (1950- Present
| coordinates = {{coord|28|39|21|N|77|14|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|28|39|21|N|77|14|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India New Delhi
| locmapin = India New Delhi
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| height = {{cvt|18|-|33|m}}
| height = {{cvt|18|-|33|m}}
}}
}}
The '''Red Fort''' or '''Lal Qila''' ({{IPA-hns|laːlqiːlaː|lang}}) is a historic [[fort]] in the [[Old Delhi]] neighbourhood of [[Delhi]], India, that historically served as the main residence of the [[Mughal emperors]]. Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] commissioned construction of the Red Fort on 12 May 1638, when he decided to shift his capital from [[Agra]] to [[Delhi]]. Originally red and white, its design is credited to architect [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori]], who also constructed the [[Taj Mahal]]. The fort represents the peak in [[Mughal architecture]] under Shah Jahan and combines [[Persianate society|Persianate]] palace architecture with Indian traditions.
The '''Red Fort''' or '''Lal Qila''' ({{IPA-hns|laːl qiːlaː|lang}}) is a historic [[fort]] in the [[Old Delhi]] neighbourhood of [[Delhi]], India, that historically served as the main residence of the [[Mughal emperors]]. Emperor [[ Shah Jahan]] commissioned construction of the Red Fort on 12<sup>th</sup>&nbsp;May 1638, when he decided to shift his capital from [[Agra]] to [[Delhi]]. Originally red and white, its design is credited to architect [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori]], who also constructed the [[Taj Mahal]]. The fort represents the peak in [[Mughal architecture]] under Shah Jahan and combines [[Persianate society|Persianate]] palace architecture with Indian traditions.


The fort was plundered of its artwork and jewels during [[Nadir Shah|Nader Shah]]'s invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1739. Most of the fort's marble structures were subsequently demolished by the British following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The fort's defensive walls were largely undamaged, and the fortress was subsequently used as a [[garrison]].
The fort was plundered of its artwork and jewels during [[Nadir Shah|Nader Shah]]'s invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1739. Most of the fort's marble structures were subsequently demolished by the British following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. The fort's defensive walls were largely undamaged, and the fortress was subsequently used as a [[garrison]].
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The major architectural features are in mixed condition; the extensive water features are dry. Some buildings are in fairly good condition, with their decorative elements undisturbed; in others, the marble inlaid flowers have been removed by looters. The tea house, although not in its historical state, is a working restaurant. The mosque and ''[[hammam]]'' or public baths are closed to the public, although visitors can peer through their glass windows or marble latticework. Walkways are crumbling, and public toilets are available at the entrance and inside the park. The Lahori Gate entrance leads to a mall with jewellery and craft stores. There is also a museum of "blood paintings", depicting young 20th-century Indian martyrs and their stories, an archaeological museum and an Indian war-memorial museum.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}
The major architectural features are in mixed condition; the extensive water features are dry. Some buildings are in fairly good condition, with their decorative elements undisturbed; in others, the marble inlaid flowers have been removed by looters. The tea house, although not in its historical state, is a working restaurant. The mosque and ''[[hammam]]'' or public baths are closed to the public, although visitors can peer through their glass windows or marble latticework. Walkways are crumbling, and public toilets are available at the entrance and inside the park. The Lahori Gate entrance leads to a mall with jewellery and craft stores. There is also a museum of "blood paintings", depicting young 20th-century Indian martyrs and their stories, an archaeological museum and an Indian war-memorial museum.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}


=== Major events ===
=== 2000 terrorist attack ===
The Red Fort was the site of a [[2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort|terrorist attack on 22&nbsp;December 2000]], carried out by six [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] members. Two soldiers and a civilian were killed in what the news media described as an attempt to derail India-Pakistan peace talks.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 August 2012|title=Red Fort attack will not affect peace moves|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/23tara.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003070913/http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/23tara.htm|archive-date=3 October 2012|access-date=19 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 March 2012|title=Red Fort terrorist attacks|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2012/03/31/red-fort-attack-court-discharges-alleged-let-terrorist.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513075302/http://news.oneindia.in/2012/03/31/red-fort-attack-court-discharges-alleged-let-terrorist.html|archive-date=13 May 2013|access-date=4 August 2012}}</ref>
The Red Fort was the site of a [[2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort|terrorist attack on 22&nbsp;December 2000]], carried out by six [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] members. Two soldiers and a civilian were killed in what the news media described as an attempt to derail India-Pakistan peace talks.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 August 2012|title=Red Fort attack will not affect peace moves|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/23tara.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003070913/http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/23tara.htm|archive-date=3 October 2012|access-date=19 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 March 2012|title=Red Fort terrorist attacks|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2012/03/31/red-fort-attack-court-discharges-alleged-let-terrorist.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513075302/http://news.oneindia.in/2012/03/31/red-fort-attack-court-discharges-alleged-let-terrorist.html|archive-date=13 May 2013|access-date=4 August 2012}}</ref>


==== Security ====
To prevent terrorist attacks, security is especially strict around the Red Fort on the eve of Indian Independence Day. [[Delhi Police]] and paramilitary personnel keep a watch on neighbourhoods around the fort, and [[National Security Guard]] sharpshooters are deployed on high-rises near the fort.<ref name="DNA1">{{cite news |date=14 August 2012 |title=Security tightened across Delhi on I-Day eve |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_security-tightened-across-delhi-on-i-day-eve_1727877 |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818022210/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_security-tightened-across-delhi-on-i-day-eve_1727877 |archive-date=18 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 August 2012 |title=Tight security ensures safe I-Day celebration |newspaper=[[The Asian Age]] |url=http://www.asianage.com/delhi/tight-security-ensures-safe-i-day-celebration-119 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117002607/http://www.asianage.com/delhi/tight-security-ensures-safe-i-day-celebration-119 |archive-date=17 November 2017}}</ref> The airspace around the fort is a designated [[no-fly zone]] during the celebration to prevent air attacks,<ref>{{cite news |date=16 August 2011 |title=Rain Brings Children Cheer, Gives Securitymen a Tough Time |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2359798.ece?textsize=small&test=2 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234043/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2359798.ece?textsize=small&test=2 |archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> and [[safe house]]s exist in nearby areas to which the prime minister and other Indian leaders may retreat in the event of an attack.<ref name="DNA1" />
=== Adoption controversy ===
In April 2018, [[Dalmia Group#Dalmia Bharat Group|Dalmia Bharat Group]] adopted the Red Fort for maintenance, development, and operations, per a contract worth {{INR}}25 crores for a period of five years, under the government's "Adopt A Heritage" scheme.<ref name="business">{{Cite news|last=Manish|first=Sai|date=29 April 2018|title=Dalmia Bharat group to adopt Delhi's iconic Red Fort for five years|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shah-jahan-s-iconic-red-fort-in-delhi-is-now-dalmia-group-s-red-fort-118042700414_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513020218/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shah-jahan-s-iconic-red-fort-in-delhi-is-now-dalmia-group-s-red-fort-118042700414_1.html|archive-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> The memorandum of understanding was signed with the ministries of [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]] and [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]], and the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (A.S.I.).<ref name="adoption1">{{Cite news|last=Krishna|first=Navmi|date=30 April 2018|title=Red Fort adoption row: The long list of Monument Mitras|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/red-fort-adoption-row-the-long-list-of-monument-mitras/article23729853.ece|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> The adoption of the fort by a private group left people divided and drew criticism from the public, opposition political parties, and historians. It also led to the #IndiaOnSale hashtag on Twitter.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43949370 |title=Indians upset over Red Fort monument 'adoption' |last=Nettikkara |first=Samiha |date=30 April 2018 |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=7 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709150855/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43949370 |archive-date=9 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2018, the Indian History Congress called for the deal to be suspended until there is an "impartial review" of the deal "by the Central Advisory Board of Archaeology or any other recognised body of experts".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/historians-seek-review-of-red-fort-contract/article23752738.ece |title=Historians seek review of Red Fort contract  |last=Pathak |first=Vikas |date=2 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref>
In April 2018, [[Dalmia Group#Dalmia Bharat Group|Dalmia Bharat Group]] adopted the Red Fort for maintenance, development, and operations, per a contract worth {{INR}}25 crores for a period of five years, under the government's "Adopt A Heritage" scheme.<ref name="business">{{Cite news|last=Manish|first=Sai|date=29 April 2018|title=Dalmia Bharat group to adopt Delhi's iconic Red Fort for five years|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shah-jahan-s-iconic-red-fort-in-delhi-is-now-dalmia-group-s-red-fort-118042700414_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513020218/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shah-jahan-s-iconic-red-fort-in-delhi-is-now-dalmia-group-s-red-fort-118042700414_1.html|archive-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> The memorandum of understanding was signed with the ministries of [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]] and [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]], and the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (A.S.I.).<ref name="adoption1">{{Cite news|last=Krishna|first=Navmi|date=30 April 2018|title=Red Fort adoption row: The long list of Monument Mitras|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/red-fort-adoption-row-the-long-list-of-monument-mitras/article23729853.ece|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> The adoption of the fort by a private group left people divided and drew criticism from the public, opposition political parties, and historians. It also led to the #IndiaOnSale hashtag on Twitter.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43949370 |title=Indians upset over Red Fort monument 'adoption' |last=Nettikkara |first=Samiha |date=30 April 2018 |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=7 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709150855/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43949370 |archive-date=9 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2018, the Indian History Congress called for the deal to be suspended until there is an "impartial review" of the deal "by the Central Advisory Board of Archaeology or any other recognised body of experts".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/historians-seek-review-of-red-fort-contract/article23752738.ece |title=Historians seek review of Red Fort contract  |last=Pathak |first=Vikas |date=2 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref>


== {{anchor|Security threats}}Security ==
=== 2021 Indian farmers' Republic Day protest ===
To prevent terrorist attacks, security is especially strict around the Red Fort on the eve of Indian Independence Day. [[Delhi Police]] and paramilitary personnel keep a watch on neighbourhoods around the fort, and [[National Security Guard]] sharpshooters are deployed on high-rises near the fort.<ref name="DNA1">{{cite news |title=Security tightened across Delhi on I-Day eve |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_security-tightened-across-delhi-on-i-day-eve_1727877 |date=14 August 2012 |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818022210/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_security-tightened-across-delhi-on-i-day-eve_1727877 |archive-date=18 August 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tight security ensures safe I-Day celebration |newspaper=[[The Asian Age]] |url=http://www.asianage.com/delhi/tight-security-ensures-safe-i-day-celebration-119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117002607/http://www.asianage.com/delhi/tight-security-ensures-safe-i-day-celebration-119 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 November 2017 |date=16 August 2012 |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> The airspace around the fort is a designated [[no-fly zone]] during the celebration to prevent air attacks,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2359798.ece?textsize=small&test=2|title=Rain Brings Children Cheer, Gives Securitymen a Tough Time|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2011|access-date=27 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234043/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2359798.ece?textsize=small&test=2|archive-date=30 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[safe house]]s exist in nearby areas to which the prime minister and other Indian leaders may retreat in the event of an attack.<ref name="DNA1" />
On 26 January 2021, during the [[2021 Indian farmers' Republic Day protest]], a section of the farmers reached and entered the fort and hoisted religious flags from the ramparts and climbed up the domes of the fort.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2021 |title=India protest: Farmers breach Delhi's Red Fort in huge tractor rally |newspaper=BBC News |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55793731 |access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref> One of the farmers was seen climbing a flagpole in front of the fort and hoisting the religious flag [[Nishan Sahib]] on the flagpole.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dawn.com |date=26 January 2021 |title=In pictures: Indian farmers enter Delhi's Red Fort as protests break out across the country |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1603750 |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=Dawn |location=Pakistan}}</ref> The clash between police and farmers also caused damage to facilities inside the fort.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 January 2021 |title=ASI shuts Red Fort till January 31 for visitors after vandalism by tractor rally protesters |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/red-fort-news-asi-shuts-iconic-monument-till-january-31-for-visitors-after-vandalism-flag-hoisting-by-tractor-rally-protesters/2180319/ |access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref> The  fort was vacated following police  announcements.


== Architecture ==
== Architecture ==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101121144755/http://delhitourism.nic.in/delhitourism/tourist_place/red_fort.jsp Delhi Tourism | Red Fort]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101121144755/http://delhitourism.nic.in/delhitourism/tourist_place/red_fort.jsp Delhi Tourism | Red Fort]
*Dil Udaan | [https://diludaan.blogspot.com/2023/06/blog-post.html Red Fort Blog]
*{{Osmway|264863907}}
*{{Osmway|264863907}}


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