C. V. Raman: Difference between revisions

{{Indian name|Raman|Chandrasekhara}}

| honorific_prefix  = Sir

| birth_place      = [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], British India

| spouse            = {{marriage|Lokasundari Ammal|1908}}

{{Cite journal|last1=Bhagavantam|first1=Suri|year=1971|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, 1888-1970|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=17|pages=564–592|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1971.0022|doi-access=free}}</ref> Using a [[spectrograph]] that he developed, he and his student [[K. S. Krishnan]] discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, the deflected light changes its [[wavelength]] and [[frequency]]. This phenomenon, a hitherto unknown type of scattering of light, which they called "modified scattering" was subsequently termed the Raman effect or [[Raman scattering]]. Raman received the 1930 [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] for the discovery and was the first Asian to receive a Nobel Prize in any branch of science.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Rajinder|last2=Riess|first2=Falk|date=1998|title=Sir C. V. Raman and the story of the Nobel prize|journal=Current Science|volume=75|issue=9|pages=965–971|jstor=24101681}}</ref>

C. V. Raman was born in [[Tiruchirapalli]] in the [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirapalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India) to [[Tamil Brahmin]] parents,<ref>{{Cite web|title=CV Raman Birth Anniversary 2020: Interesting Facts About The Nobel Laureate|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/cv-raman-birth-anniversary-2020-interesting-facts-about-nobel-laureate|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204614/https://www.ndtv.com/education/cv-raman-birth-anniversary-2020-interesting-facts-about-nobel-laureate|archive-date=24 June 2021|access-date=23 June 2021|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref> Chandrasekhara Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/cvraman/raman1.htm|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman A Legend of Modern Indian Science|last=Prasar|first=Vigyan|publisher=Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110223127/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/cvraman/raman1.htm|archive-date=10 November 2013|access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref> He was the second of eight siblings.<ref name="Hindustan Times-2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html|title=CV RAMAN: A Creative Mind Par Excellence|date=8 July 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303132636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His father was a teacher at a local high school, and earned a modest income. He recalled: "I was born with a copper spoon in my mouth. At my birth my father was earning the magnificent salary of ten rupees per month!"<ref name="Jayaraman-1989a">{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman: A Memoir|date=1989|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|isbn=978-81-85336-24-4|location=Bengaluru|pages=4|oclc=21675106}}</ref> In 1892, his family moved to [[Visakhapatnam]] (then Vishakapatnam, Vizagapatam or Vizag) in [[Andhra Pradesh]] as his father was appointed to the faculty of physics at [[Mrs. A. V. N. College|Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College]].<ref name="Clark-2013">{{Cite journal|last=Clark|first=Robin J. H.|date=2013|title=Rayleigh, Ramsay, Rutherford and Raman – their connections with, and contributions to, the discovery of the Raman effect|journal=The Analyst|language=en|volume=138|issue=3|pages=729–734|doi=10.1039/C2AN90124B|pmid=23236600|bibcode=2013Ana...138..729C}}</ref>  

Raman was educated at the [[St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School]], [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=CV RAMAN: A Creative Mind Par Excellence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 July 2019 |language=en |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303132636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He passed matriculation at age 11 and the [[Intermediate of Arts|First Examination in Arts]] examination (equivalent to today's intermediate examination, [[pre-university course]]) with a scholarship at age 13,<ref name="Hindustan Times-2019" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/remembering-cv-raman-on-his-death-anniversary|title=Remembering CV Raman on his death anniversary|website=Udayavani - ಉದಯವಾಣಿ|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101616/https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/remembering-cv-raman-on-his-death-anniversary|url-status=live}}</ref> securing first position in both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now [[Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education]]) examination.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />

Aware of Raman's capacity, his physics teacher [[Rhishard Llewellyn Jones]] insisted he continue research in England. Jones arranged for Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Rajinder|last2=Riess|first2=Falk|date=2004|title=The Nobel Laureate Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman FRS and His Contacts with the British Scientific Community in a Social and Political Context|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume=58|issue=1|pages=47–64|jstor=4142032|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2003.0224|s2cid=144713213}}</ref> Raman often had poor health and was considered as a "weakling."<ref name="Jayaraman-1989e">{{Cite book |last=Jayaraman |first=Aiyasami |title=Op cit. |date=1989 |pages=5 |oclc=21675106}}</ref> The inspection revealed that he would not withstand the harsh weathers of England,<ref name="Clark-2013" /> the incident of which he later recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that I was going to die of [[tuberculosis]]… if I were to go to England."<ref name="SinghR-2002">{{cite journal|author=Singh Rajinder|year=2002|title=C.V. Raman and the Discovery of the Raman Effect|journal=Physics in Perspective|volume=4|issue=4|pages=399–420|bibcode=2002PhP.....4..399S|doi=10.1007/s000160200002|s2cid=121785335}}</ref>

Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the Indian Finance Service (now [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service]]),<ref name="Jayaraman-1989c">{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Op. cit.|date=1989|pages=8|oclc=21675106}}</ref> the most prestigious government service in India. In no condition to study abroad, Raman followed suit and qualified for the Indian Finance Service achieving first position in the entrance examination in February 1907.<ref name="Banerjee-2014">{{Cite journal|last=Banerjee|first=Somaditya|date=2014|title=C. V. Raman and Colonial Physics: Acoustics and the Quantum|journal=Physics in Perspective|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=146–178|doi=10.1007/s00016-014-0134-8|bibcode=2014PhP....16..146B|s2cid=121952683}}</ref> He was posted in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]) as Assistant Accountant General in June 1907.<ref name="Clark-2013" /> It was there that he became highly impressed with the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS), the first research institute founded in India in 1876.<ref name="SinghR-2002" /> He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey, who would eventually become his lifelong collaborator, Amrita Lal Sircar, founder and secretary of IACS, and [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]], executive member of the institute and Vice-Chancellor of the [[University of Calcutta]]. With their support, he obtained permission to conduct research at IACS in his own time even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> Up to that time the institute had not yet recruited regular researchers,<ref name="Biwas-2010">{{Cite book|last=Biwas|first=Arun Kumar|title=Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, c. 1784-1947|date=2010|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-93-325-0294-9|editor-last=Dasgupta|editor-first=Uma|location=Delhi|pages=69–116|chapter=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: A Nation's Dream, 1969-1947|oclc=895913622}}</ref> or produced any research paper.<ref name="Clark-2013" /> Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in 1907 became the first from the institute.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1907|title=Newton's rings in polarised light|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=76|issue=1982|pages=637|doi=10.1038/076637b0|bibcode=1907Natur..76..637R|s2cid=4035854|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1950400|doi-access=free|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031073832/https://zenodo.org/record/1950400|url-status=live}}</ref> The work inspired IACS to publish a journal, ''Bulletin of Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science,'' in 1909 in which Raman was the major contributor.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />

The following appointments to the Palit Professorships were made at the meeting of the Senate on 30 January 1914: Dr P C Ray and Mr C.V. Raman, MA... The appointment of each Professor shall be permanent. A Professor shall vacate his office upon completion of sixtieth year of his age.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />}}Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]] to take up the position, but Bose declined.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blanpied|first=William A.|date=1986|title=Pioneer Scientists in Pre‐Independence India|journal=Physics Today|language=en|volume=39|issue=5|pages=36–44|doi=10.1063/1.881025|bibcode=1986PhT....39e..36B}}</ref> As a second choice, Raman became the first Palit Professor of Physics but was delayed for taking up the position as [[World War I]] broke out. It was only in 1917 when he joined [[Rajabazar Science College]], a campus created by the University of Calcutta in 1914, that he became a full-fledged professor.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> He reluctantly resigned as a civil servant after a decade of service, which was described as "supreme sacrifice"<ref name="Biwas-2010" /> since his salary as a professor would be roughly half of his salary at the time. But to his advantage, the terms and conditions as a professor were explicitly indicated in the report of his joining the university, which stated:{{blockquote|Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir T N Palit Professorship on condition that he will not be required to go out of India... Reported that Mr C. V. Raman joined his appointment as Palit Professor of Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman informed that he will not be required to take any teaching work in MA and MSc classes, to the detriment of his own research or assisting advanced students in their researches.<ref name="Mukherji-2018a" />}}Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected to by some members of the Senate of the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as he had no [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] and had never studied abroad. As a kind of rebuttal, Mukherjee arranged for an honorary [[DSc]] which the University of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. The same year he visited Oxford to deliver a lecture at the Congress of Universities of the British Empire.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jayaraman|first1=Aiyasami|last2=Ramdas|first2=Anant Krishna|date=1988|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman|journal=Physics Today|language=en|volume=41|issue=8|pages=56–64|doi=10.1063/1.881128|bibcode=1988PhT....41h..56J}}</ref> He had earned quite a reputation by then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates [[J. J. Thomson]] and [[Lord Rutherford]].<ref name="ACS-2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html|title=C.V. Raman The Raman Effect - Landmark|website=American Chemical Society|language=en|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304020054/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon his election as [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of his future plans, which he replied, saying, "The Nobel Prize of course."<ref name="Biwas-2010" /> In 1926, he established the ''[[Indian Journal of Physics]]'' and acted as the first editor.<ref>{{cite web| title=Indian Journal of Physics| url=http://iacs.res.in/indian-journal-physics.html| year=1926| access-date=12 March 2018| archive-date=8 March 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308134223/http://iacs.res.in/indian-journal-physics.html| url-status=live}}</ref> The second volume of the journal published his famous article "A new radiation", reporting the discovery of the [[Raman Effect|Raman effect]].<ref name="Raman-1928">{{cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|year=1928|title=A new radiation|url=http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/10821/377|journal=Indian Journal of Physics|volume=2|pages=387–398|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520224631/http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/10821/377|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Jayaraman-1989d">{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Op. cit.|date=1989|pages=30|oclc=21675106}}</ref>

With his former student [[Panchapakesa Krishnamurti]], Raman started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943.<ref name="Parameswaran-2011">{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/C_V_Raman/RbgXRdnHkiAC?hl |title=C.V. Raman: A Biography |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-14-306689-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=190 |oclc=772714846 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727101916/https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC&newbks=0&hl |archive-date=27 July 2021}}</ref> The company, renamed as TCM Limited in 1996, was one of the first organic and inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tcmlimited.in/tcmlimited/generalinfo/Contact.asp|title=About us|publisher=TCM Limited – Official website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301155908/http://tcmlimited.in/tcmlimited/generalinfo/Contact.asp|archive-date=1 March 2014|access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 1947, Raman was appointed the first National Professor by the new government of independent India.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a">{{Cite journal|last=Mascarenhas|first=K. Smiles|date=2013|title=Sir C.V. Raman – Icon of Indian Science|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946|journal=Science Reporter|language=en-US|volume=50|issue=11|pages=21–25|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029174441/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946|url-status=live}}</ref>

Raman, in his broadening venture on optics, started to investigate scattering of light starting in 1919.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1919|title=LVI. The scattering of light in the refractive media of the eye|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=38|issue=227|pages=568–572|doi=10.1080/14786441108635985|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1554442|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031081718/https://zenodo.org/record/1554442|url-status=live}}</ref> His first phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the [[Color of water|blue colour of seawater]]. During a voyage home from England on board the ''S.S. Narkunda'' in September 1921, he contemplated the blue colour of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Using simple optical equipment, a pocket-sized [[spectroscope]] and a [[Nicol prism]] in hand, he studied the seawater.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anon.|date=2009|title=This Month in Physics History: February 1928: Raman scattering discovered|url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200902/physicshistory.cfm|journal=APS News|volume=12|issue=2|pages=online|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=6 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306100800/https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200902/physicshistory.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> Of several hypotheses on the colour of the sea propounded at the time,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Buchanan|first=J. Y.|date=1910|title=Colour of the Sea|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=84|issue=2125|pages=87–89|doi=10.1038/084087a0|bibcode=1910Natur..84...87B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barnes|first=H. T.|date=1910|title=Colour of Water and Ice|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=83|issue=2111|pages=188|doi=10.1038/083188a0|bibcode=1910Natur..83..188B|s2cid=3943242|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1567754|doi-access=free|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031080914/https://zenodo.org/record/1567754|url-status=live}}</ref> the best explanation had been that of [[Lord Rayleigh]]'s in 1910, according to which, "The much admired dark blue of the deep sea has nothing to do with the colour of water, but is simply the blue of the sky seen by reflection".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rayleigh|first=J.W.S.|date=1910|title=Colours of Sea and Sky|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=83|issue=2106|pages=48–50|doi=10.1038/083048a0|bibcode=1910Natur..83...48.|doi-access=free}}</ref> Rayleigh had correctly described the nature of the blue sky by a phenomenon now known as [[Rayleigh scattering]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rayleigh|first=Lord|date=1899|title=XXXIV. On the transmission of light through an atmosphere containing small particles in suspension, and on the origin of the blue of the sky|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431249|url-status=live|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=47|issue=287|pages=375–384|doi=10.1080/14786449908621276|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031200404/https://zenodo.org/record/1431249|archive-date=31 October 2020|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> the scattering of light and refraction by particles in the atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stetefeld|first1=Jörg|last2=McKenna|first2=Sean A.|last3=Patel|first3=Trushar R.|date=2016|title=Dynamic light scattering: a practical guide and applications in biomedical sciences|journal=Biophysical Reviews|language=en|volume=8|issue=4|pages=409–427|doi=10.1007/s12551-016-0218-6|pmc=5425802|pmid=28510011}}</ref> His explanation of the blue colour of water was instinctively accepted as correct. Raman could view the water using Nicol prism to avoid the influence of sunlight reflected by the surface. He described how the sea appears even more blue than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.<ref name="Nature1921">{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1921|title=The Colour of the Sea|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=108|issue=2716|pages=367|doi=10.1038/108367a0|bibcode=1921Natur.108..367R|s2cid=4064467}}</ref>

 

When he reached Calcutta, he asked his student K. R. Ramanathan, who was from the University of Rangoon, to conduct further research at IACS.<ref name="Mallik-2000">{{Cite journal|last=Mallik|first=D. C. V.|date=2000|title=The Raman Effect and Krishnan's Diary|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume=54|issue=1|pages=67–83|jstor=532059|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2000.0097|s2cid=143485844}}</ref> By early 1922, Raman came to a conclusion, as he reported in the ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of London]]'':{{blockquote|It is proposed in this paper to urge an entirely different view, that in this phenomenon, as in the parallel case of the colour of the sky, ''molecular diffraction'' determines the observed luminosity and in great measure also its colour. As a necessary preliminary to the discussion, a theoretical calculation and experimental observations of the intensity of molecular scattering in water will be presented.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1922|title=On the molecular scattering of light in water and the colour of the sea|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character|language=en|volume=101|issue=708|pages=64–80|doi=10.1098/rspa.1922.0025|bibcode=1922RSPSA.101...64R|doi-access=free}}</ref>}}True to his words, Ramanathan published an elaborate experimental finding in 1923.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramanathan|first=K.R.|date=1923|title=LVIII. On the colour of the sea|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=46|issue=273|pages=543–553|doi=10.1080/14786442308634277}}</ref> His subsequent study of the [[Bay of Bengal]] in 1924 provided the full evidence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramanathan|first=K. R.|date=1 March 1925|title=The Transparency and Color of the Sea|journal=Physical Review|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=386–390|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.25.386|bibcode=1925PhRv...25..386R}}</ref> It is now known that the intrinsic colour of water is mainly attributed to the selective absorption of longer wavelengths of light in the red and orange regions of the [[spectrum]], owing to overtones of the [[infrared]] absorbing O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) stretching modes of water molecules.<ref name="Braun">{{Citation|last1=Braun|first1=Charles L.|title=Why is water blue?|url=http://inside.mines.edu/fs_home/dwu/classes/CH353/study/Why%20is%20Water%20Blue.pdf|journal=[[Journal of Chemical Education]]|volume=70|issue=8|pages=612–614|year=1993|bibcode=1993JChEd..70..612B|doi=10.1021/ed070p612|last2=Smirnov|first2=Sergei N.|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=1 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201000418/http://inside.mines.edu/fs_home/dwu/classes/CH353/study/Why%20is%20Water%20Blue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The major impetus was the discovery of [[Compton scattering|Compton effect]]. [[Arthur Compton]] at [[Washington University in St. Louis]] had found evidence in 1923 that [[electromagnetic waves]] can also be described as particles.<ref name="Compton effect">{{cite journal|author=Compton, Arthur H.|date=May 1923|title=A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-Rays by Light Elements|journal=[[Physical Review]]|volume=21|issue=5|pages=483–502|bibcode=1923PhRv...21..483C|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.21.483|doi-access=free}}</ref> By 1927, the phenomenon was widely accepted by scientists, including Raman.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1927|title=Thermodynamics, Wave-theory, and the Compton Effect|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=120|issue=3035|pages=950–951|doi=10.1038/120950a0|bibcode=1927Natur.120..950R|s2cid=29489622}}</ref> As the news of Compton's [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] was announced in December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:{{blockquote|"Excellent news... very nice indeed. But look here Krishnan. If this is true of X-Rays, it must be true of Light too. I have always thought so. There must be an Optical analogue to Compton Effect. We must pursue it and we are on the right lines. It must and shall be found. The Nobel Prize must be won."<ref name="Ramdas-1973">{{Cite journal|last=Ramdas|first=L. A.|date=1973|title=Dr. C. V. Raman (1888-1970), Part II|url=http://dspace.rri.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/2289/6371|journal=Journal of Physics Education|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=2–18|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031071756/http://dspace.rri.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/2289/6371|url-status=live}}</ref> }}But the origin of the inspiration went further. As Compton later recollected "that it was probably the Toronto debate that led him to discover the Raman effect two years later."<ref name="Banerjee-2014" /> The Toronto debate was about the discussion on the existence of light quantum at the [[British Science Association|British Association for the Advancement of Science]] meeting held at Toronto in 1924. There Compton presented his experimental findings, which [[William Duane (physicist)|William Duane]] of [[Harvard University]] argued with his own with evidence that light was a wave.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2002|title=C. V. Raman and the Discovery of the Raman Effect|journal=Physics in Perspective |volume=4|issue=4|pages=399–420|doi=10.1007/s000160200002|bibcode=2002PhP.....4..399S|s2cid=121785335}}</ref> Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good debater, but the truth isn't in you."<ref name="Banerjee-2014" />

Some physicists, particularly French and German physicists were initially sceptical of the authenticity of the discovery. [[Georg Joos]] at the [[Friedrich Schiller University of Jena]] asked [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] at the [[University of Munich]], "Do you think that Raman's work on the optical Compton effect in liquids is reliable?... The sharpness of the scattered lines in liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to reproduce the experiment, but failed.<ref name="Singh-2008">{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2008|title=80 Years Ago - the Discovery of the Raman Effect at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India|url=http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/8110/1/80%20years%20ago%20-%20the%20Discovery%20of%20the%20Raman_By%20Rajinder%20Singh.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Indian Journal of Physics|volume=82|pages=987–1001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606142247/http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/8110/1/80%20years%20ago%20-%20the%20Discovery%20of%20the%20Raman_By%20Rajinder%20Singh.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2020|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> On 20 June 1928, Peter Pringsheim at the [[University of Berlin]] was able to reproduce Raman's results successfully. He was the first to coin the terms ''Ramaneffekt'' and ''Linien des Ramaneffekts'' in his articles published the following months.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pringsheim|first=Peter|date=1928|title=Der Ramaneffekt, ein neuer von C. V. Raman entdeckter Strahlungseffekt|journal=Die Naturwissenschaften|language=de|volume=16|issue=31|pages=597–606|doi=10.1007/BF01494083|bibcode=1928NW.....16..597P|s2cid=30433182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carrelli|first1=A.|last2=Pringsheim|first2=Peter|last3=Rosen|first3=B.|date=1928|title=Über den Ramaneffekt an wässerigen Lösungen und über den Polarisationszustand der Linien des Ramaneffekts|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik|language=de|volume=51|issue=7–8|pages=511–519|doi=10.1007/BF01327842|bibcode=1928ZPhy...51..511C|s2cid=119516536}}</ref> Use of the English versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramdas|first=L. A.|date=1928|title=The Raman Effect and the Spectrum of the Zodiacal Light|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=122|issue=3063|pages=57|doi=10.1038/122057a0|s2cid=4092715}}</ref><ref name="SinghR-2002" /><ref name="Brand-1989">{{Cite journal|last=Brand|first=J. C. D.|date=31 January 1989|title=The discovery of the Raman effect|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|language=en|volume=43|issue=1|pages=1–23|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1989.0001|s2cid=120964978}}</ref>

Raman married Lokasundari Ammal (1892–1980) on 6 May 1907.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=35659|title=Raman, Sir (Chandrashekhara) Venkata|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|access-date=6 October 2013|archive-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308062316/http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=35659|url-status=live}}</ref> It was a self-arranged marriage and his wife was 13 years old. His wife later jokingly recounted that their marriage was not so much about her musical prowess (she was playing ''[[veena]]'' when they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Finance Department gave to its married officers."<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" /> The extra allowance refers to an additional INR 150 for married officers at the time.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989c" /> Soon after they moved to Calcutta in 1907, the couple were accused of converting to Christianity. It was because they frequently visited [[St. John's Church, Kolkata]] as Lokasundari was fascinated with the church music and Raman with the acoustics.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" />

Raman had a sense of obsession with the Nobel Prize. In a speech at the University of Calcutta, he said, "I'm not flattered by the honour [Fellowship to the Royal Society in 1924] done to me. This is a small achievement. If there is anything that I aspire for, it is the Nobel Prize. You will find that I get that in five years."<ref name="Satyan-2003">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-raman-effect/220624|title=The Raman Effect|last=Satyan|first=T.S.|date=5 July 2003|website=Outlook India|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025214926/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-raman-effect/220624|url-status=live}}</ref> He knew that if he were to receive the Nobel Prize, he could not wait for the announcement of the Nobel Committee normally made towards the end of the year considering the time required to reach Sweden by sea route.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=Matthew P. A.|last2=Clark|first2=Robin J. H.|date=2011|title=Rutherford and Raman - Nobel laureates who had difficult early journeys to success: Nobel laureates who had difficult early journeys to success|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jrs.3061|journal=Journal of Raman Spectroscopy|language=en|volume=42|issue=12|pages=2173–2178|doi=10.1002/jrs.3061|access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101629/https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jrs.3061|url-status=live}}</ref> With confidence, he booked two tickets, one for his wife, for a steamship to Stockholm in July 1930.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Pînzaru|first1=Simona Cintă|title=Raman's Discovery in Historical Context|date=2018|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-75380-5_1|work=Confocal Raman Microscopy|volume=66|pages=3–21|editor-last=Toporski|editor-first=Jan|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75380-5_1|isbn=978-3-319-75378-2|access-date=13 December 2020|last2=Kiefer|first2=Wolfgang|editor2-last=Dieing|editor2-first=Thomas|editor3-last=Hollricher|editor3-first=Olaf}}</ref> Soon after he received the Nobel Prize, he was asked in an interview the possible consequences if he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have shared the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not have liked that; I would rather receive the whole of it."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Op cit|date=1989|pages=31|oclc=21675106}}</ref>

Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was openly an [[agnostic]],<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013b">{{Cite journal |last=Mascarenhas |first=K. Smiles |date=2013 |title=Sir C.V. Raman – Icon of Indian Science |url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946 |url-status=live |journal=Science Reporter |language=en-US |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=21–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029174441/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> but objected to being labelled atheist.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989e"/> His agnosticism was largely influenced by that of his father who adhered to the philosophies of [[Herbert Spencer]], [[Charles Bradlaugh]], and [[Robert G. Ingersoll]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=Op cit. |date=2011 |publisher= |pages=5, 8 |isbn=9780143066897 |language=en}}</ref> He resented [[Sanskara (rite of passage)|Hindu traditional rituals]]<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988" /> but did not give them up in family circles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/nobel-laureate-cv-raman-scientific-research-nobel-prize-raman-effect/story/1/20470.html|title=Why it's important to keep the memories of CV Raman alive|last=Mukharji|first=Shantanu|date=8 November 2017|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101627/https://www.dailyo.in/variety/nobel-laureate-cv-raman-scientific-research-nobel-prize-raman-effect/story/1/20470.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=Op cit. |date=2011 |pages=8 |isbn=9780143066897 |language=en}}</ref> He was also influenced by the philosophy of ''[[Advaita Vedanta]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parameswaran|first=Uma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC|title=Op cit.|date=2011|publisher=|isbn=978-0-14-306689-7|pages=162|language=en|oclc=772714846|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727101916/https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC&newbks=0&hl|url-status=live}}</ref> Traditional ''[[Pagri (turban)|pagri]]'' (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath and a ''[[upanayana]]'' (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire. Though it was not customary to wear turbans in South Indian culture, he explained his habit as, "Oh, if I did not wear one, my head will swell. You all praise me so much and I need a turban to contain my ego."<ref name="Banerjee-2014" /> He even attributed his turban for the recognition he received on his first visit to England, particular from J. J. Thomson and Lord Rutherford.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" /> In a public speech, he once said,{{blockquote|There is no Heaven, no [[Svarga|Swarga]], no Hell, no rebirth, no [[reincarnation]] and no immortality. The only thing that is true is that a man is born, he lives and he dies. Therefore, he should live his life properly.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2010|title=Letters to the Editor: Indian scientists vs. science and religion|url=http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/july-aug10/Letter%20to%20editors.pdf|journal=Science and Culture|volume=76|issue=7–8|pages=206|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712042500/http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/july-aug10/Letter%20to%20editors.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}In a friendly meeting with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the conversation turned to religion. Raman spoke,{{blockquote|I shall answer your [Rahm's] question. If there is a God we must look for him in the Universe. If he is not there, he is not worth looking for... The growing discoveries in the science of astronomy and physics seem to be further and further revelations of God.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989e"/>}}On his deathbed, he said to his wife, "I believe only in the Spirit of Man," and asked for his funeral, "Just a clean and simple cremation for me, no mumbo-jumbo please."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988" />

At the end of October 1970, Raman had a [[cardiac arrest]] and collapsed in his laboratory. He was moved to the hospital where doctors diagnosed his condition and declared that he would not survive another four hours.<ref name="Kulkarni-2015">{{Cite web|url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/the-last-years-raman-s-meeting-with-nehru-and-more-7877|title=The last years: Raman's meeting with Nehru and more|last=Kulkarni|first=Pavan|date=20 November 2015|website=Citizen Matters|language=en-GB|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219211923/http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/the-last-years-raman-s-meeting-with-nehru-and-more-7877|url-status=live}}</ref> He however survived a few days and requested to stay in the gardens of his institute surrounded by his followers.<ref name="IndianAcadSci-1988">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cvramanpictorial00bang|title=C.V. Raman: A Pictorial Biography. Op. cit.|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|year=1988|pages=177|isbn=978-81-85324-07-4}}</ref>

On the news of Raman's death, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] publicly announced, saying,{{blockquote|The country, the House [of Parliament], and everyone of us will mourn the death of Dr. C. V. Raman. He was the greatest scientist of modern India and one of the greatest intellects our country has produced in its long history. His mind was like the diamond, which he studied and explained. His life's work consisted in throwing light upon the nature of lights, and the world honoured him in many ways for the new knowledge which he won for science.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Indira|title=Selected Speeches of Indira Gandhi: The years of endeavour, August 1969-August 1972|date=1975|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|isbn=978-0-940500-97-6|location=New Delhi|pages=804|oclc=2119197}}</ref>}}

The Indian Academy of Sciences was born out of conflicts during the procedures of proposal for a national scientific organisation in line with the Royal Society.<ref name="Balaram-2009">{{Cite journal|last=Balaram|first=P.|date=2009|title=Anniversaries at the Academies|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/show_article.php?volume=096&issue=01&titleid=id_096_01_0005_0006_0&page=0005|journal=Current Science|volume=96|issue=1|pages=5–6}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1933, the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), at the time the largest scientific organisation, planned to establish a national science body, which would be authorised to advise the government on scientific matters.<ref name="Parameswaran-1999">{{Cite book|last=Parameswaran|first=Uma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC|title=Op. cit.|year=1999|isbn=978-81-317-2818-5|pages=145–147}}</ref> [[Sir Richard Gregory, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Gregory]], then editor of ''Nature,'' on his visit to India had suggested Raman, as editor of ''Current Science'', to establish an Indian Academy of Sciences. Raman was of the opinion that it should be an exclusively Indian membership as opposed to the general consensus that British members should be included. He resolved that "How can India Science prosper under the tutelage of an academy which has its own council of 30, 15 of who are Britishers of whom only two or three are fit enough to be its Fellows." On 1 April 1933, he convened a separate meeting of the south Indian scientists. He and Subba Rao officially resigned from ISCA.<ref name="Govil-2010">{{Cite book|last=Govil|first=Girjesh|title=Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, c. 1784-1947|date=2010|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-93-325-0294-9|editor-last=Dasgupta|editor-first=Uma|location=Delhi|pages=143–156|oclc=895913622}}</ref>

Raman had a great fallout with the authorities at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc). He was accused of biased development in physics, while ignoring other fields.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> He lacked diplomatic personality on other colleagues, which [[S. Ramaseshan]], his nephew and later Director of IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like a bull in a china shop."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988">{{Cite journal|last=Ramaseshan|first=S.|date=1988|title=The portrais of a scientist – C. V. Raman|journal=Current Science|volume=57|issue=22|pages=1207–1220|jstor=24091067}}</ref> He wanted research in physics at the level of those of western institutes, but at the expense of other fields of science.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> [[Max Born]] observed, "Raman found a sleepy place where very little work was being done by a number of extremely well paid people."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988" /> At the Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor in the Electrical Technology Department, harshly criticised Raman and Raman's recruitment of Born. Raman had every intention of giving full position of professor to Born.<ref name="Banerjee-2014"/> Aston even made personal attack on Born by referring to him as someone "who was rejected by his own country, a renegade and therefore a second-rate scientist unfit to be part of the faculty, much less to be the head of the department of physics."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jayaraman|first=K. S.|date=1998|title=Insult thwarted 1934 bid to raise profile of Indian science|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=392|issue=6672|pages=112|doi=10.1038/32231|bibcode=1998Natur.392..112J|doi-access=free}}</ref>

*''Beyond Rainbows: The Quest & Achievement of Dr. C.V. Raman'', a documentary film on the physicist directed by Ananya Banerjee aired on [[Doordarshan]], the Indian national public broadcaster, in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond Rainbows: The Quest & Achievements of Dr. C.V. Raman - Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRpLSdofkko  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/PRpLSdofkko| archive-date=12 December 2021 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=7 November 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>