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{{Use Indian English}} | {{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}} | ||
{{short description|Overview of the prevalence of literacy in India}} | {{short description|Overview of the prevalence of literacy in India}} | ||
[[File:2011 Census India literacy distribution map by states and union territories.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Literacy rate map of India, 2011<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011] Census of India Report (2013)</ref>]] | [[File:2011 Census India literacy distribution map by states and union territories.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Literacy rate map of India, 2011<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011] Census of India Report (2013)</ref>]] | ||
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| [[Sri Lanka]] | | [[Sri Lanka]] | ||
| 92.6%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/|title=The World Factbook: Sri Lanka}}</ref> | | 92.6%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/|title=The World Factbook: Sri Lanka|date=14 November 2022 }}</ref> | ||
| 98.8%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uis.unesco.org/DataCentre/Pages/country-profile.aspx?code=LKA®ioncode=40535 |title=UNESCO Institute for Statistics |publisher=Stats.uis.unesco.org |access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> | | 98.8%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uis.unesco.org/DataCentre/Pages/country-profile.aspx?code=LKA®ioncode=40535 |title=UNESCO Institute for Statistics |publisher=Stats.uis.unesco.org |access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> | ||
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One of the main factors contributing to this relatively low literacy rate is usefulness of education and availability of schools in vicinity in rural areas. There is a shortage of classrooms to accommodate all the students in 2006–2007.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/3484697/India-Education-Sector-Report | One of the main factors contributing to this relatively low literacy rate is usefulness of education and availability of schools in vicinity in rural areas. There is a shortage of classrooms to accommodate all the students in 2006–2007.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/3484697/India-Education-Sector-Report | ||
|title= Educating India|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: Scribd}}</ref> In addition, there is no proper sanitation in most schools. The study of 188 government-run primary schools in central and northern India revealed that 59% of the schools had no drinking water facility and 89% no toilets.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4051353.stm | |title= Educating India|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: Scribd}}</ref> In addition, there is no proper sanitation in most schools. The study of 188 government-run primary schools in central and northern India revealed that 59% of the schools had no drinking water facility and 89% no toilets.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4051353.stm | ||
|title=Educating India|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: Scribd|first=Kaushik|last=Basu}}</ref> In 600,000 villages and multiplying urban slum habitats, 'free and compulsory education' is the basic literacy instruction dispensed by barely qualified 'para teachers'.<ref name="chathamhouse.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Asia/bpindiaeducation.pdf | |title=Educating India|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: Scribd|first=Kaushik|last=Basu|date=29 November 2004}}</ref> In 600,000 villages and multiplying urban slum habitats, 'free and compulsory education' is the basic literacy instruction dispensed by barely qualified 'para teachers'.<ref name="chathamhouse.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Asia/bpindiaeducation.pdf | ||
|title=The Challenges for India's Education System|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: Chatham House}}</ref> The average pupil teacher ratio for all India is 42:1, implying a teacher shortage.<ref name="unicef.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.unicef.org/india/education_1551.htm | |title=The Challenges for India's Education System|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: Chatham House}}</ref> The average pupil teacher ratio for all India is 42:1, implying a teacher shortage.<ref name="unicef.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.unicef.org/india/education_1551.htm | ||
|title=Global campaign for education- more teachers needed|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: UNICEF India}}</ref> Such inadequacies resulted in a non-standardized school system where literacy rates may differ.<ref name="chathamhouse.org"/> Furthermore, the expenditure allocated to education was never above 4.3% of the GDP from 1951 to 2002 despite the target of 6% by the Kothari Commission.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dise.in/Downloads/Use%20of%20Dise%20Data/Ajay%20Deshpande,Sayan%20Mitra.pdf | |title=Global campaign for education- more teachers needed|access-date=15 September 2011|work=Source: UNICEF India}}</ref> Such inadequacies resulted in a non-standardized school system where literacy rates may differ.<ref name="chathamhouse.org"/> Furthermore, the expenditure allocated to education was never above 4.3% of the GDP from 1951 to 2002 despite the target of 6% by the Kothari Commission.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dise.in/Downloads/Use%20of%20Dise%20Data/Ajay%20Deshpande,Sayan%20Mitra.pdf | ||
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==Growth of literacy== | ==Growth of literacy== | ||
===Pre-colonial period=== | ===Pre-colonial period=== | ||
Prior to the [[Colonial India|colonial era]], education in India typically occurred under the supervision of a guru in [[History of education in the Indian subcontinent#Traditional schools|traditional schools]] called [[gurukula]]s. The gurukulas were supported by public donations and were one of the earliest forms of public school offices.{{fact}} | Prior to the [[Colonial India|colonial era]], education in India typically occurred under the supervision of a guru in [[History of education in the Indian subcontinent#Traditional schools|traditional schools]] called [[gurukula]]s. The gurukulas were supported by public donations and were one of the earliest forms of public school offices.{{fact|date=January 2022}} | ||
According to the work of historian [[Dharampal]],<ref>{{Citation | url=https://indictales.com/2017/09/18/in-pre-british-india-temples-were-premier-educational-institutes|title=xyz}}</ref> based on British documents from the early 1800s, pre-colonial education in India was fairly universal. Dharampal noted that the Hindu temple and/or mosque of each village had a school attached to it and the children of all communities attended these schools.{{fact}} | According to the work of historian [[Dharampal]],<ref>{{Citation | url=https://indictales.com/2017/09/18/in-pre-british-india-temples-were-premier-educational-institutes|title=xyz}}</ref> based on British documents from the early 1800s, pre-colonial education in India was fairly universal. Dharampal noted that the Hindu temple and/or mosque of each village had a school attached to it and the children of all communities attended these schools.{{fact|date=January 2022}} | ||
===British period=== | ===British period=== | ||
In the colonial era, the community-funded gurukul system and temple-based charity education, began to decline as the centrally funded institutions promoted by the British colonial administration began to gradually take over.{{citation needed}} | In the colonial era, the community-funded gurukul system and temple-based charity education, began to decline as the centrally funded institutions promoted by the British colonial administration began to gradually take over.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} | ||
From 1881 and 1947, the number of English-language primary schools grew from 82,916 to 134,866 and the number of students attending those institutions grew from 2,061,541 to 10,525,943. Literacy rates among the Indian public, as recorded rose from an estimated 3.2 per cent in 1872, to 16.1 per cent in 1941.<ref name="nayaka1974"/><ref name=coil /><ref name="c1901-2011" /> | From 1881 and 1947, the number of English-language primary schools grew from 82,916 to 134,866 and the number of students attending those institutions grew from 2,061,541 to 10,525,943. Literacy rates among the Indian public, as recorded rose from an estimated 3.2 per cent in 1872, to 16.1 per cent in 1941.<ref name="nayaka1974"/><ref name=coil /><ref name="c1901-2011" /> | ||
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The literacy rate grew from 18.33 percent in 1951, to 74.04 percent in 2011.<ref name=coil>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2001-02/chapt2002/chap106.pdf|chapter=Literacy as seen in the 2001 census|title=''Union Budget''}}</ref> During the same period, the population grew from 361 million to 1,210 million. | The literacy rate grew from 18.33 percent in 1951, to 74.04 percent in 2011.<ref name=coil>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2001-02/chapt2002/chap106.pdf|chapter=Literacy as seen in the 2001 census|title=''Union Budget''}}</ref> During the same period, the population grew from 361 million to 1,210 million. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ [[Census of India]] - literacy rates (age 7+)<ref name=coil /><ref name="c1901-2011">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/census-2011-literacy-rate-and-sex-ratio-in-india-since-1901-to-2011-1476359944-1|title=Census 2011: Literacy rate and sex ratio in India since 1901 to 2011|work=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref> | |+ [[Census of India]] - literacy rates (age 7+)<ref name=coil /><ref name="c1901-2011">{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/census-2011-literacy-rate-and-sex-ratio-in-india-since-1901-to-2011-1476359944-1|title=Census 2011: Literacy rate and sex ratio in India since 1901 to 2011|date=13 October 2016|work=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=27 July 2018}}</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Year | ! Year | ||
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==Literacy rate variations between states== | ==Literacy rate variations between states== | ||
India's literacy rate is at 75%. [[Kerala]] has achieved a literacy rate of 93%.<ref name="times tk">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Tripura-beats-Kerala-in-literacy/articleshow/22416019.cms|title=Tripura beats Kerala in literacy|work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Bihar]] is the least literate state in India, with a literacy of 61.8%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf|title=State of Literacy}}</ref> Several other social indicators of the two states are correlated with these rates, such as life expectancy at birth (71.61 for males and 75 for females in Kerala, 65.66 for males and 64.79 for females in Bihar), infant mortality per 1,000 live births (10 in Kerala, 61 in Bihar), birth rate per 1,000 people (16.9 in Kerala, 30.9 in Bihar) and death rate per 1,000 people (6.4 in Kerala, 7.9 in Bihar).<ref name="nayar2005">{{Citation | title=Health Analysis – Kerala and Bihar: A Comparison |author1=K.R. Nayar |author2=Anant Kumar | date=July 2005 | journal= Yojana |volume=49 | ssrn=1354541 | quote=''... The inter-sectoral action needs to be recognized for achieving any health improvement in Bihar.}}</ref> | India's literacy rate is at 75%. [[Kerala]] has achieved a literacy rate of 93%.<ref name="times tk">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Tripura-beats-Kerala-in-literacy/articleshow/22416019.cms|title=Tripura beats Kerala in literacy|date=8 September 2013|work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Bihar]] is the least literate state in India, with a literacy of 61.8%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf|title=State of Literacy}}</ref> Several other social indicators of the two states are correlated with these rates, such as life expectancy at birth (71.61 for males and 75 for females in Kerala, 65.66 for males and 64.79 for females in Bihar), infant mortality per 1,000 live births (10 in Kerala, 61 in Bihar), birth rate per 1,000 people (16.9 in Kerala, 30.9 in Bihar) and death rate per 1,000 people (6.4 in Kerala, 7.9 in Bihar).<ref name="nayar2005">{{Citation | title=Health Analysis – Kerala and Bihar: A Comparison |author1=K.R. Nayar |author2=Anant Kumar | date=July 2005 | journal= Yojana |volume=49 | ssrn=1354541 | quote=''... The inter-sectoral action needs to be recognized for achieving any health improvement in Bihar.}}</ref> | ||
Every census since 1881 had indicated rising literacy in the country, but the population growth rate had been high enough that the absolute number of illiterate people rose with every decade. The 2001–2011 decade is the second census period (after the 1991–2001 census period) when the absolute number of Indian illiterate population declined (by 31,196,847 people), indicating that the literacy growth rate is now outstripping the population growth rate.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00517/India_Census_2011___517160a.pdf |title=Census 2011: Provisional Population Tools | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu}}</ref> | Every census since 1881 had indicated rising literacy in the country, but the population growth rate had been high enough that the absolute number of illiterate people rose with every decade. The 2001–2011 decade is the second census period (after the 1991–2001 census period) when the absolute number of Indian illiterate population declined (by 31,196,847 people), indicating that the literacy growth rate is now outstripping the population growth rate.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00517/India_Census_2011___517160a.pdf |title=Census 2011: Provisional Population Tools | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu}}</ref> | ||
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===Bihar=== | ===Bihar=== | ||
Bihar has significantly raised the literacy rate as per the 2011 census. Literacy rate in year 1951 was only 13.49%, 21.95% in year 1961, 23.17% in year 1971 and 32.32% in year 1981.<ref name="censuslist">{{Cite report|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/6TABLE4134B659E3B243EE9CB292D36ABC281B.PDF|title=TABLE 6: STATE-WISE LITERACY RATES|publisher=Office of Registrar General India|year=2011}}</ref> The literacy rate has risen from 39% in 1991 to 47% in 2001 to 63.8% in 2011.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> The Government of Bihar has launched several programs to boost literacy, and its Department of Adult Education won a UNESCO award in 1981.<ref name="sticht2004h">{{Citation |title= Paradigms of Learning: The Total Literacy Campaign in India |author= Tom Sticht |access-date= 30 November 2009 |url= http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/sticht/july04/july7-04.htm |quote= ''... I served as a member of UNESCO's International Jury for Literacy Prizes ... in 1981 when the jury awarded a prize to the Department of Adult Education of the state of Bihar for its massive state-wide literacy campaign ...'' |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051227055447/http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/sticht/july04/july7-04.htm |archive-date= 27 December 2005 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | Bihar has significantly raised the literacy rate as per the 2011 census. Literacy rate in year 1951 was only 13.49%, 21.95% in year 1961, 23.17% in year 1971 and 32.32% in year 1981.<ref name="censuslist">{{Cite report|url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/6TABLE4134B659E3B243EE9CB292D36ABC281B.PDF|title=TABLE 6: STATE-WISE LITERACY RATES|publisher=Office of Registrar General India|year=2011}}</ref> The literacy rate has risen from 39% in 1991 to 47% in 2001 to 63.8% in 2011.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> The Government of Bihar has launched several programs to boost literacy, and its Department of Adult Education won a UNESCO award in 1981.<ref name="sticht2004h">{{Citation |title= Paradigms of Learning: The Total Literacy Campaign in India |author= Tom Sticht |date= 7 July 2004 |access-date= 30 November 2009 |url= http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/sticht/july04/july7-04.htm |quote= ''... I served as a member of UNESCO's International Jury for Literacy Prizes ... in 1981 when the jury awarded a prize to the Department of Adult Education of the state of Bihar for its massive state-wide literacy campaign ...'' |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051227055447/http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/sticht/july04/july7-04.htm |archive-date= 27 December 2005 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | ||
Extensive impoverishment, entrenched hierarchical social divisions and the lack of correlation between educational attainment and job opportunities are often cited in studies of the hurdles literacy programs face in Bihar. Children from "lower castes" are frequently denied school attendance and harassed when they do attend.<ref name="mohanty2004">{{Citation | title=Class, caste and gender: Volume 5 of Readings in Indian government and politics | author=Manoranjan Mohanty | year=2004 | isbn=0-7619-9643-5 | publisher=SAGE | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1j6iu8E3vQC | quote=... Dalits did not send their children to the regular school because they were humiliated ... Even when there is no overt social discrimination ... cannot afford books and stationery ... cannot afford the bribes, without which it is impossible to be offered a job ...}}</ref> In areas where there is discrimination, poor funding and impoverished families means that children often cannot afford textbooks and stationery.<ref name="mohanty2004"/> | Extensive impoverishment, entrenched hierarchical social divisions and the lack of correlation between educational attainment and job opportunities are often cited in studies of the hurdles literacy programs face in Bihar. Children from "lower castes" are frequently denied school attendance and harassed when they do attend.<ref name="mohanty2004">{{Citation | title=Class, caste and gender: Volume 5 of Readings in Indian government and politics | author=Manoranjan Mohanty | year=2004 | isbn=0-7619-9643-5 | publisher=SAGE | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1j6iu8E3vQC | quote=... Dalits did not send their children to the regular school because they were humiliated ... Even when there is no overt social discrimination ... cannot afford books and stationery ... cannot afford the bribes, without which it is impossible to be offered a job ...}}</ref> In areas where there is discrimination, poor funding and impoverished families means that children often cannot afford textbooks and stationery.<ref name="mohanty2004"/> | ||
When children do get educated, general lack of economic progress in the state means that government jobs are the only alternative to farming labor, yet these jobs, in practice, require bribes to secure – which poorer families cannot afford.<ref name="mohanty2004"/> This leads to educated youths working on the farms, much as uneducated ones do, and leads parents to question the investment of sending children to school in the first place.<ref name="mohanty2004"/> Bihar's government schools have also faced teacher absenteeism, leading the state government to threaten to withhold of salaries of teachers who failed to conduct classes on a regular basis.<ref name="bt2009gwv">{{Citation|title=Bihar teachers under attendance watch |newspaper=Bihar Times |access-date=30 November 2009 |url=http://www.bihartimes.com/Newsbihar/2009/Sep/Newsbihar10Sep4.html |quote=... the government last month warned that salaries of teachers in government schools would not be paid if they failed to ensure at least 75 percent attendance ... |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103110419/http://bihartimes.com/Newsbihar/2009/Sep/Newsbihar10Sep4.html |archive-date=3 January 2010 }}</ref> To incentivize students to attend, the government announced a Rupee 1 per school-day grant to poor children who show up at school.<ref name="bt2009gwv"/> | When children do get educated, general lack of economic progress in the state means that government jobs are the only alternative to farming labor, yet these jobs, in practice, require bribes to secure – which poorer families cannot afford.<ref name="mohanty2004"/> This leads to educated youths working on the farms, much as uneducated ones do, and leads parents to question the investment of sending children to school in the first place.<ref name="mohanty2004"/> Bihar's government schools have also faced teacher absenteeism, leading the state government to threaten to withhold of salaries of teachers who failed to conduct classes on a regular basis.<ref name="bt2009gwv">{{Citation|title=Bihar teachers under attendance watch |newspaper=Bihar Times |date=10 September 2009 |access-date=30 November 2009 |url=http://www.bihartimes.com/Newsbihar/2009/Sep/Newsbihar10Sep4.html |quote=... the government last month warned that salaries of teachers in government schools would not be paid if they failed to ensure at least 75 percent attendance ... |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103110419/http://bihartimes.com/Newsbihar/2009/Sep/Newsbihar10Sep4.html |archive-date=3 January 2010 }}</ref> To incentivize students to attend, the government announced a Rupee 1 per school-day grant to poor children who show up at school.<ref name="bt2009gwv"/> | ||
===Tripura=== | ===Tripura=== | ||
Presently [[Tripura]] has the third highest literacy rate in India.<ref name="censusmp">{{cite web|url=http://censusmp.nic.in/censusmp/All-PDF/6Literacy21.12.pdf|title=STATUS OF LITERACY |access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, literacy level was 93.91 percent in Kerala and 91.58 percent in Mizoram, among the most literate states in the country. The national literacy rate, according to the 2011 census, was 74.04 percent. | Presently [[Tripura]] has the third highest literacy rate in India.<ref name="censusmp">{{cite web|url=http://censusmp.nic.in/censusmp/All-PDF/6Literacy21.12.pdf|date=19 January 2012|title=STATUS OF LITERACY |access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, literacy level was 93.91 percent in Kerala and 91.58 percent in Mizoram, among the most literate states in the country. The national literacy rate, according to the 2011 census, was 74.04 percent. | ||
The Tripura success story is attributed to the involvement of local government bodies, including gram panchayats, NGOs and local clubs under the close supervision of the State Literacy Mission Authority (SLMA) headed by the chief minister. Tripura attained 87.75 percent literacy in the 2011 census, from the 12th position in the 2001 census to the 4th position in the 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tripura-tops-literacy-rate-with-with-9465-per-cent-leaves-behind-kerala/420560-3-224.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913005546/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tripura-tops-literacy-rate-with-with-9465-per-cent-leaves-behind-kerala/420560-3-224.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2013|title=Tripura tops literacy rate with 94.65 percent, leaves behind Kerala|publisher=News18}}</ref> The Tripura Chief Minister said that efforts were underway to literate leftover 5.35 percent people and achieve complete success in a state of about 3.8 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-beats-kerala-in-literacy-chart/article5107261.ece|title=Tripura beats Kerala in literacy chart|via=The Hindu}}</ref> The programs were not just implemented to make the state literate but as long-term education programs to ensure all citizens have a certain basic minimum level of education. Tripura has 45 blocks and 23 subdivisions that are served by 68 government-run schools and 30-40 private schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.governancenow.com/news/blogs/how-tripura-became-indias-top-literate-state|title=How Tripura became India's top literate state|work=Governance Now}}</ref> | The Tripura success story is attributed to the involvement of local government bodies, including gram panchayats, NGOs and local clubs under the close supervision of the State Literacy Mission Authority (SLMA) headed by the chief minister. Tripura attained 87.75 percent literacy in the 2011 census, from the 12th position in the 2001 census to the 4th position in the 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tripura-tops-literacy-rate-with-with-9465-per-cent-leaves-behind-kerala/420560-3-224.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913005546/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/tripura-tops-literacy-rate-with-with-9465-per-cent-leaves-behind-kerala/420560-3-224.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2013|title=Tripura tops literacy rate with 94.65 percent, leaves behind Kerala|date=9 September 2013|publisher=News18}}</ref> The Tripura Chief Minister said that efforts were underway to literate leftover 5.35 percent people and achieve complete success in a state of about 3.8 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tripura-beats-kerala-in-literacy-chart/article5107261.ece|title=Tripura beats Kerala in literacy chart|date=8 September 2013|via=The Hindu}}</ref> The programs were not just implemented to make the state literate but as long-term education programs to ensure all citizens have a certain basic minimum level of education. Tripura has 45 blocks and 23 subdivisions that are served by 68 government-run schools and 30-40 private schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.governancenow.com/news/blogs/how-tripura-became-indias-top-literate-state|title=How Tripura became India's top literate state|date=9 September 2013|work=Governance Now}}</ref> | ||
Among projects implemented by the state government to increase literacy in the state are: | Among projects implemented by the state government to increase literacy in the state are: | ||
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* No tuition fee in government colleges. | * No tuition fee in government colleges. | ||
The holistic education system, implemented with equal interest in [[Agartala]], remote areas and the tribal autonomic areas makes sure that people in Tripura do not just become literate but educated, officials emphasized. One pointer to the government's interest in education is the near-total absence of child labor in Tripura. {{citation needed}} | The holistic education system, implemented with equal interest in [[Agartala]], remote areas and the tribal autonomic areas makes sure that people in Tripura do not just become literate but educated, officials emphasized. One pointer to the government's interest in education is the near-total absence of child labor in Tripura. {{citation needed|date=February 2015}} | ||
===Kerala=== | ===Kerala=== | ||
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===Tamil Nadu=== | ===Tamil Nadu=== | ||
One of the pioneers of the scheme that started providing cooked meals to children in corporation schools in the Madras city in 1923. The program was introduced on a large scale in the 1960s under the chief ministership of K. Kamaraj. The first major thrust came in 1982 when Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. M. G. Ramachandran, decided to universalize the scheme for all children up to class 10. Tamil Nadu's midday meal program is among the best-known in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Tamil-Nadu-Indias-most-literate-state-HRD-ministry/articleshow/46390844.cms |title=Tamil Nadu India's most literate state: HRD ministry – City – The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref> Starting in 1982, Tamil Nadu took an approach to promote literacy based on free lunches for schoolchildren, "ignoring cynics who said it was an electoral gimmick and economists who said it made little fiscal sense."<ref name="asiatimes2008gsj">{{Citation | title=India fights illiteracy with lunch | newspaper=Asia Times | date=20 May 2008 | access-date=28 November 2009 | url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JE20Df02.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119122145/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JE20Df02.html | url-status=unfit | archive-date=19 November 2008 | quote=''... noon-meal scheme for children was first pioneered in 1982 by iconic movie star and Tamil Nadu chief minister M G Ramachandran (1917–1987), the world's first film hero to head a government. MGR, as he was called, started the free lunch for school children scheme, ignoring cynics who said it was an electoral gimmick and economists who said it made little fiscal sense ...''}}</ref> The then chief minister of Tamil Nadu, [[MGR]] launched the program, which resembled a similar initiative in 19th century Japan, because "he had experienced as a child what it was like to go hungry to school with the family having no money to buy food".<ref name="asiatimes2008gsj"/> | One of the pioneers of the scheme that started providing cooked meals to children in corporation schools in the Madras city in 1923. The program was introduced on a large scale in the 1960s under the chief ministership of K. Kamaraj. The first major thrust came in 1982 when Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. M. G. Ramachandran, decided to universalize the scheme for all children up to class 10. Tamil Nadu's midday meal program is among the best-known in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Tamil-Nadu-Indias-most-literate-state-HRD-ministry/articleshow/46390844.cms |title=Tamil Nadu India's most literate state: HRD ministry – City – The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=14 May 2003 |access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref> Starting in 1982, Tamil Nadu took an approach to promote literacy based on free lunches for schoolchildren, "ignoring cynics who said it was an electoral gimmick and economists who said it made little fiscal sense."<ref name="asiatimes2008gsj">{{Citation | title=India fights illiteracy with lunch | newspaper=Asia Times | date=20 May 2008 | access-date=28 November 2009 | url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JE20Df02.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119122145/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/JE20Df02.html | url-status=unfit | archive-date=19 November 2008 | quote=''... noon-meal scheme for children was first pioneered in 1982 by iconic movie star and Tamil Nadu chief minister M G Ramachandran (1917–1987), the world's first film hero to head a government. MGR, as he was called, started the free lunch for school children scheme, ignoring cynics who said it was an electoral gimmick and economists who said it made little fiscal sense ...''}}</ref> The then chief minister of Tamil Nadu, [[MGR]] launched the program, which resembled a similar initiative in 19th century Japan, because "he had experienced as a child what it was like to go hungry to school with the family having no money to buy food".<ref name="asiatimes2008gsj"/> | ||
Eventually, the program covered all children under the age of 15, as well as pregnant women for the first four months of their pregnancy. Tamil Nadu's literacy rate rose from 54.4% in 1981 to 80.3% in 2011.<ref name="asiatimes2008gsj"/> In 2001, the [[Supreme Court of India]] instructed all state governments to implement free school lunches in all government-funded schools, but implementation has been patchy due to corruption and social issues.<ref name="asiatimes2008gsj"/> Despite these hurdles, 120 million receive free lunches in Indian schools every day, making it the largest school meal program in the world.<ref name="kingdon2007">{{Citation | title=The progress of school education in India | author=Geeta Gandhi Kingdon | date=March 2007 | access-date = 28 November 2009 | publisher=Global Poverty Research Group, Economic and Social Research Council | url=http://www.gprg.org/pubs/workingpapers/pdfs/gprg-wps-071.pdf | quote=''... In late 2001, the Indian Supreme Court directed all states "to implement the Mid-Day Meal Scheme by providing every child in every government and government-assisted primary school with a prepared midday meal with a minimum content of 300 calories and 8- 12 grams of protein each day of school for a minimum of 200 days." By 2006, the MDM scheme was near-universal in all states ... the central government provides grains, funds transportation and also pays food preparation costs, though the state government is responsible for providing the physical infrastructure for cooking the meals ... The scheme provides lunch to about 120 million children every school day and, as such, is the largest school meal scheme in the world ...''}}</ref> | Eventually, the program covered all children under the age of 15, as well as pregnant women for the first four months of their pregnancy. Tamil Nadu's literacy rate rose from 54.4% in 1981 to 80.3% in 2011.<ref name="asiatimes2008gsj"/> In 2001, the [[Supreme Court of India]] instructed all state governments to implement free school lunches in all government-funded schools, but implementation has been patchy due to corruption and social issues.<ref name="asiatimes2008gsj"/> Despite these hurdles, 120 million receive free lunches in Indian schools every day, making it the largest school meal program in the world.<ref name="kingdon2007">{{Citation | title=The progress of school education in India | author=Geeta Gandhi Kingdon | date=March 2007 | access-date = 28 November 2009 | publisher=Global Poverty Research Group, Economic and Social Research Council | url=http://www.gprg.org/pubs/workingpapers/pdfs/gprg-wps-071.pdf | quote=''... In late 2001, the Indian Supreme Court directed all states "to implement the Mid-Day Meal Scheme by providing every child in every government and government-assisted primary school with a prepared midday meal with a minimum content of 300 calories and 8- 12 grams of protein each day of school for a minimum of 200 days." By 2006, the MDM scheme was near-universal in all states ... the central government provides grains, funds transportation and also pays food preparation costs, though the state government is responsible for providing the physical infrastructure for cooking the meals ... The scheme provides lunch to about 120 million children every school day and, as such, is the largest school meal scheme in the world ...''}}</ref> | ||
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====National Literacy Mission==== | ====National Literacy Mission==== | ||
The ''National Literacy Mission'', launched in 1988, aimed at attaining a literacy rate of 75 percent by 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/2-decades-on-literacy-mission-still-short-of-target_441024.html|title=2 decades on, literacy mission still short of target|work=Zee News|access-date=5 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> Its charter is to impart functional literacy to non-literates in the age group of 35–75 years. The ''Total Literacy Campaign'' is their principal strategy for the eradication of illiteracy. The ''Continuing Education Scheme'' provides a learning continuum to the efforts of the Total Literacy and [[Post literacy|Post Literacy]] programs.<ref name="India 2005"/> | The ''National Literacy Mission'', launched in 1988, aimed at attaining a literacy rate of 75 percent by 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/2-decades-on-literacy-mission-still-short-of-target_441024.html|title=2 decades on, literacy mission still short of target|date=5 May 2008|work=Zee News|access-date=5 January 2018|language=en}}</ref> Its charter is to impart functional literacy to non-literates in the age group of 35–75 years. The ''Total Literacy Campaign'' is their principal strategy for the eradication of illiteracy. The ''Continuing Education Scheme'' provides a learning continuum to the efforts of the Total Literacy and [[Post literacy|Post Literacy]] programs.<ref name="India 2005"/> | ||
====Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan==== | ====Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan==== | ||
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===Non-governmental efforts=== | ===Non-governmental efforts=== | ||
The bulk of Indian illiterates live in the country's rural areas, where social and economic barriers play an important role in keeping the lowest strata of society illiterate. Government programs alone, however well-intentioned, may not be able to dismantle barriers built over centuries. Major social reformation efforts are sometimes required to bring about a change in the rural scenario. Specific mention is to be made regarding the role of the People's Science Movements (PSMs) and Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti (BGVS) in the Literacy Mission in India during the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0vXFQQejV8C|title=Primary Education And Adult Literacy|first=D. N.|last=Thakur|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|via=Google Books|isbn=9788176294904|edition=2Nd}}</ref> Several non-governmental organisations such as [[Pratham]], ITC, [[Rotary Club]], [[Lions Club]] have worked to improve the literacy rate in India. | The bulk of Indian illiterates live in the country's rural areas, where social and economic barriers play an important role in keeping the lowest strata of society illiterate. Government programs alone, however well-intentioned, may not be able to dismantle barriers built over centuries. Major social reformation efforts are sometimes required to bring about a change in the rural scenario. Specific mention is to be made regarding the role of the People's Science Movements (PSMs) and Bharat Gyan Vigyan Samiti (BGVS) in the Literacy Mission in India during the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0vXFQQejV8C|title=Primary Education And Adult Literacy|first=D. N.|last=Thakur|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|via=Google Books|isbn=9788176294904|edition=2Nd}}</ref> Several non-governmental organisations such as [[Pratham]], ITC, [[Rotary Club]], [[Lions Club]] have worked to improve the literacy rate in India. | ||
'''Manthan Sampoorna Vikas Kendra''' | '''Manthan Sampoorna Vikas Kendra''' | ||
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====Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation==== | ====Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation==== | ||
Shantha Sinha won a Magsaysay Award in 2003 in recognition of "Her guiding the people of Andhra Pradesh to end the scourge of child labor and send all of their children to school." As head of an extension program at the [[University of Hyderabad]] in 1987, she organized a three-month-long camp to prepare children rescued from [[bonded labor]] to attend school. Later, in 1991, she guided her family's ''[[Mamidipudi Venkatarangayya|Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation]]'' to take up this idea as part of its overriding mission in Andhra Pradesh. Her original transition camps grew into full-fledged residential "bridge schools." The foundation's aim is to create a social climate hostile to child labor, [[child marriage]] and other practices that deny children the right to a normal childhood. Today the MV Foundation's bridge schools and programs extend to 4,300 villages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationSinhaSha.htm |title=Shantha Sinha's Magsaysay Award Citation |publisher=Rmaf.org.ph |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426164750/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationSinhaSha.htm |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Shantha Sinha won a Magsaysay Award in 2003 in recognition of "Her guiding the people of Andhra Pradesh to end the scourge of child labor and send all of their children to school." As head of an extension program at the [[University of Hyderabad]] in 1987, she organized a three-month-long camp to prepare children rescued from [[bonded labor]] to attend school. Later, in 1991, she guided her family's ''[[Mamidipudi Venkatarangayya|Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation]]'' to take up this idea as part of its overriding mission in Andhra Pradesh. Her original transition camps grew into full-fledged residential "bridge schools." The foundation's aim is to create a social climate hostile to child labor, [[child marriage]] and other practices that deny children the right to a normal childhood. Today the MV Foundation's bridge schools and programs extend to 4,300 villages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationSinhaSha.htm |title=Shantha Sinha's Magsaysay Award Citation |publisher=Rmaf.org.ph |date=31 August 2003 |access-date=1 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426164750/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationSinhaSha.htm |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120504230932/http://www.nlm.nic.in/ National Literacy Mission] | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120504230932/http://www.nlm.nic.in/ National Literacy Mission] | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census] | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census] | ||