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| {{short description|Metropolis in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Prayagraj]] |
| {{About|the Indian city|other uses|Allahabad (disambiguation)}}
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| {{good article}}
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| {{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
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| {{Infobox settlement
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| | name = Allahabad
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| | other_name = Prayagraj
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| | native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT. -->
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| | native_name_lang =
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| | settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
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| | image_skyline = Allahabad Montage II Dec 2014.jpg
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| | imagesize = 295px
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| | image_caption = Clockwise from top left: [[All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad|All Saints Cathedral]], [[Khusro Bagh]], the [[Allahabad High Court]], the [[New Yamuna Bridge, Allahabad|New Yamuna Bridge]] near [[Triveni Sangam#Triveni Sangam in Allahabad|Sangam]], the skyline of [[Civil Lines, Allahabad|Civil Lines]], the [[University of Allahabad]], [[Thornhill Mayne Memorial]] at [[Alfred Park]] and [[Anand Bhavan]]
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| | nicknames = The Sangam City,<ref name=sangam>{{cite news |last1=Mani |first1=Rajiv |title=Sangam city, Allahabad |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Girl-from-Sangam-city-grabs-headlines-in-US/articleshow/35421311.cms |access-date=16 August 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 May 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525090000/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Girl-from-Sangam-city-grabs-headlines-in-US/articleshow/35421311.cms |archive-date=25 May 2014 }}</ref> City of Prime Ministers<ref name="prime">{{cite web |title=City of Prime Ministers |url=http://allahabad.nic.in/history.htm |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=16 August 2014 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813071307/http://allahabad.nic.in/history.htm |archive-date=13 August 2014 }}</ref>
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| | image_map =
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| | map_alt =
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| | map_caption = Location of Allahabad in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
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| | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
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| | pushpin_relief =
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| | pushpin_label_position = right
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| | pushpin_map_alt =
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| | pushpin_map_caption =
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| | coordinates = {{coord|25|27|N|81|51|E|display=inline,title}}
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| | subdivision_type = Country
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| | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
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| | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
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| | subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Divisions|Division]]
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| | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
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| | subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
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| | subdivision_name2 = [[Allahabad division|Allahabad]]
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| | subdivision_name3 = [[Allahabad district|Allahabad]]
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| | government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
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| | governing_body = [[Allahabad Municipal Corporation]]
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| | leader_party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]
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| | leader_title = Mayor
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| | leader_name = [[Abhilasha Gupta]]
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| | leader_title1 =
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| | leader_name1 =
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| | unit_pref = Metric
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| | area_footnotes = <ref name='Prayagraj City'>{{cite web|title=Prayagraj City|url=http://allahabadmc.gov.in/about_ann.html|website=allahabadmc.gov.in|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802161000/http://allahabadmc.gov.in/about_ann.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| | area_total_km2 = 365
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| | area_rank =
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| | elevation_footnotes =
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| | elevation_m = 98
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| | population_total = 1,536,218
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| | population_as_of = 2020-2011 hybrid
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| | population_footnotes = <ref name='Prayagraj City'/>
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| | population_density_km2 = auto
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| | population_metro =
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| | population_metro_footnotes =
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| | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|36th]]
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| | population_blank1_title = Metro rank
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| | population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|40th]]
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| | population_demonyms = Prayagraji
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| | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
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| | utc_offset1 = +5:30
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| | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
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| | postal_code = 211001–211018
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| | area_code = +91-532
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| | area_code_type = Telephone code
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| | registration_plate = UP-70
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| | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
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| | blank1_info_sec1 = 852 [[Female|♀]]/1000[[Male|♂]]
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| | website = {{URL|1=https://prayagraj.nic.in/|2=Official district website}}
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| | footnotes = {{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}
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| | leader_name2 =
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| | leader_title2 =
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| | leader_name3 =
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| | leader_title3 =
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| | leader_name4 =
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| | leader_title4 =
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| | demographics_type1 = Language
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| | demographics1_title1 = Official
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| | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=20 December 2018|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
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| | demographics1_title2 = Additional official
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| | demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff" />
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| | demographics1_title3 = Regional
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| | demographics1_info3 = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/awa |title=Awadhi |website=[[Ethnologue]] |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=6 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606184310/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/awa |url-status=live }}</ref>
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| '''Allahabad''' ({{audio|Allahabad.ogg|pronunciation}}),<!-- Allahabad is the COMMONNAME, as per the article title, do no change the common name to official name Prayagraj. See the discussion on the talk page. --> (officially '''Prayagraj'''), is a [[metropolis]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Metropolitan Cities of India |url=http://www.cpcb.nic.in/EnvironmetalPlanning/ground/Chapter3.pdf |website=cpcb.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210838/http://www.cpcb.nic.in/EnvironmetalPlanning/ground/Chapter3.pdf |access-date=22 December 2020|archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name= IdentifyingCensusCentres>{{cite report |url=https://m.rbi.org.in//scripts/bs_viewcontent.aspx?Id=2035 |title=Guidelines for Identifying Census Centres by Reserve Bank of India |work=Reserve Bank of India |publisher=RBI Central Board, Government of India |access-date=21 March 2018 |date= |archive-date=30 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830230130/https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/bs_viewcontent.aspx?Id=2035 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Six cities to get metropolitan stat">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Six-cities-to-get-metropolitan-status/articleshow/2210886.cms?from=mdr |title=Six cities to get metropolitan status |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 October 2006 |access-date=8 August 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413034053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Six-cities-to-get-metropolitan-status/articleshow/2210886.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}<br />The other five cities were: [[Agra]], [[Kanpur|Kanpur (Cawnpore)]], [[Lucknow]], [[Meerut]], and [[Varanasi|Varanasi (Benares)]].</ref><ref name= UrbanScenario>{{cite report |url=https://mohua.gov.in/cms/number-of-cities--towns-by-city-size-class.php |title=Urban Scenario by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |work=MoHUA Government of India |publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India |access-date=21 March 2018 |date= |archive-date=14 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214110450/http://www.mohua.gov.in/cms/number-of-cities--towns-by-city-size-class.php |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the administrative headquarters of the [[Allahabad district]]—the most populous district in the state and 13th most populous district in India—and the [[Allahabad division]]. The city is the judicial capital of [[Uttar Pradesh]] with the [[Allahabad High Court]] being the highest judicial body in the state. As of 2011, Allahabad is the [[List of cities in Uttar Pradesh by population|seventh most populous city]] in the state, [[list of North Indian cities by population|thirteenth]] in [[Northern India]] and [[List of most populous cities in India|thirty-sixth]] in India, with an estimated population of 1.53 million in the city.<ref name='Prayagraj City'/><ref name=SlumFreeCityPlan>{{cite report |url=http://www.mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/19UP_Allahabad_sfcp-min.pdf |title=Slum Free City Plan of Action - Allahabad |work=Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies |publisher=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India |access-date=14 June 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108132547/http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/19UP_Allahabad_sfcp-min.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2021 |page=14 |date= }}</ref><ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/138-allahabad.html |title=Allahabad City Population Census 2011 | Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Census2011.co.in |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517183230/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/138-allahabad.html |archive-date=17 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/87-allahabad.html |title=Allahabad Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011 Census |publisher=Census2011.co.in |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518234508/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/87-allahabad.html |archive-date=18 May 2014 }}</ref> In 2011 it was ranked the world's 40th fastest-growing city.<ref name="fastest growing">{{cite web|title=The world's fastest growing cities and urban areas from 2006 to 2020|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth2.html|work=City Mayors Statistics|access-date=11 February 2014|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014181201/http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth2.html|archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-twin-towns-and-sister-cities-of-indian-states/|title= 10 Twin Towns and Sister Cities of Indian States|author= <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|website= walkthroughindia.com|access-date= 9 January 2014|url-status = live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140109083014/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/10-twin-towns-and-sister-cities-of-indian-states/|archive-date= 9 January 2014}}</ref> Allahabad, in 2016, was also ranked the third most liveable [[urban agglomeration]] in the state (after [[Noida]] and [[Lucknow]]) and sixteenth in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://competitiveness.in/publications/reports/liveability-index/ |title=Liveability Index |access-date=1 August 2015 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912165115/http://competitiveness.in/publications/reports/liveability-index/ |archive-date=12 September 2015 |publisher=Institute for Competitiveness, India}}</ref> [[Hindi]] is the most widely spoken language in the city.
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| Allahabad lies close to [[Triveni Sangam]], the "three-river confluence" of the [[Ganges]], [[Yamuna]] and [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]] rivers.<ref name=sangam /> It plays a central role in [[Hindu scriptures]]. The city finds its earliest reference as one of the world's oldest known cities in Hindu mythological texts and has been venerated as the holy city of Prayaga in the ancient [[Vedas]]. Allahabad was also known as [[Kosambi]] in the late [[Vedic period]], named by the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] rulers of [[Hastinapur]], who developed it as their capital. Kosambi was one of the greatest cities in India from the late Vedic period until the end of the [[Maurya Empire]], with occupation continuing until the [[Gupta Empire]]. Since then, the city has been a political, cultural and administrative centre of the [[Doab]] region. In the early 17th century, Allahabad was a provincial capital in the [[Mughal Empire]] under the reign of [[Jahangir]].<ref name="Pletcher 2010 128">{{cite book |last=Pletcher |first=Kenneth |date=15 August 2010 |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC&pg=PA128 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |page=128 |isbn= 978-1-61530-142-3|access-date=21 March 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115154619/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC&pg=PA128&dq=Allahabad+massacre#v=onepage&q=Allahabad|archive-date=15 November 2018 }}</ref>
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| ''[[Akbarnama]]'' mentions that the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]] founded a great city in Allahabad. [['Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]] and [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] mention that Akbar laid the foundations of an imperial city there which was called ''Ilahabas'' or ''Ilahabad''.<ref name=Ujagir /><ref name=Kumbh67 /> He was said to be impressed by its strategic location and built a fort there, later renaming it ''Ilahabas'' by 1584, which was changed to Allahabad by [[Shah Jahan]].{{Vague|date=November 2018}}<!-- Should this be "which was changed in 1584"? --><ref name=Univ /> In 1580, Akbar created the "[[Subah]] of Ilahabas" with Allahabad as its capital.<ref name=Surendra /> In mid-1600, [[Jahangir]] made an abortive attempt to seize [[Agra]]'s treasury and came to Allahabad, seizing its treasury and setting himself up as a virtually independent ruler.<ref name=Eraly /> He was, however, reconciled with Akbar and returned to Allahabad where he stayed before returning to the royal court in 1604.<ref name=Richards />
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| In 1833 it became the seat of the [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]] region before its capital was moved to [[Agra]] in 1835.<ref name="MHBI">{{cite book|author=H.S. Bhatia|title=Military History of British India: 1607–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lrjr7P2HMfkC&pg=PA96|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications'|isbn=978-81-8450-079-0|page=97|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115154711/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lrjr7P2HMfkC&pg=PA96&dq=history+of+allahabad#v=onepage&q=history|archive-date=15 November 2018|year=2008}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2018}} Allahabad became the capital of the [[North-Western Provinces]] in 1858 and was the [[List of capitals of India|capital of India]] for a day.<ref name="Ashutosh Joshi 1 January 2008 237">{{cite book|title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|author=Ashutosh Joshi|publisher=New India Publishing|date=1 January 2008|isbn=978-81-89422-82-0|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115154758/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151&dq=Naini#v=onepage&q=Allahabad|archive-date=15 November 2018}}</ref> The city was the capital of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] from 1902<ref name="Ashutosh Joshi 1 January 2008 237" /> to 1920<ref name="Ward2008">{{cite book|author=Kerry Ward|title=Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNBmIu5m6hAC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88586-7|page=340|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523054906/http://books.google.com/books?id=YNBmIu5m6hAC|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2009}}</ref> and remained at the forefront of national importance during the [[Indian independence movement|struggle for Indian independence]].<ref name="Desai1986" />
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| Located in southern Uttar Pradesh, the city covers {{Convert|365|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name='Prayagraj City'/> Although the city and its surrounding area are governed by several municipalities, a large portion of Allahabad district is governed by the Allahabad City Council. The city is home to colleges, research institutions and many [[Central government|central]] and [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|state government]] offices. Allahabad has hosted cultural and sporting events, including the [[Prayag Kumbh Mela]] and the [[Indira Marathon]]. Although the city's economy was built on tourism, most of its income now derives from real estate and financial services.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/City-generates-534760-kg-domestic-waste-daily/articleshow/7463898.cms |title=City generates 5,34,760 kg domestic waste daily |date=10 February 2011 |last1=Mani |first1=Rajiv | access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218090413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/City-generates-534760-kg-domestic-waste-daily/articleshow/7463898.cms |archive-date=18 December 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
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| == Etymology ==
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| The location at the confluence of Ganges and Yamuna rivers has been known in ancient times as Prayāga, which means "place of a sacrifice" in Sanskrit (''pra-,'' "fore-" + ''yāj-'', "to sacrifice").<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=687|title=A Sanskrit–English Dictionary|last=Monier-Williams|first=Monier|website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125313/https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=687|url-status=live}}</ref> It was believed that god [[Brahma]] performed the very first sacrifice (''yāga, [[yajna]]'') in this place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yogi-adityanath-takes-allahabad-to-prayagraj-after-443-years-a-recap-of-history-1368216-2018-10-15|title=Yogi Adityanath takes Allahabad to Prayagraj after 443 years: A recap of History|website=[[India Today]]|author=India Today Web Desk|date=15 October 2018|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213011029/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/yogi-adityanath-takes-allahabad-to-prayagraj-after-443-years-a-recap-of-history-1368216-2018-10-15|archive-date=13 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.timesnownews.com/spiritual/article/what-is-the-meaning-of-prayagraj-new-name-of-allahabad-city-how-is-brahma-connected/300287|title=क्या है प्रयागराज का मतलब? सृष्टि की रचना के बाद जहां ब्रह्मा ने सबसे पहले संपन्न किया था यज्ञ|website=[[Times Now]]|author=टाइम्स नाउ डिजिटल|date=16 October 2018|language=hi|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005748/https://hindi.timesnownews.com/spiritual/article/what-is-the-meaning-of-prayagraj-new-name-of-allahabad-city-how-is-brahma-connected/300287|archive-date=13 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref>
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| The word ''prayāga'' has been traditionally used to mean "a confluence of rivers". For Allahabad, it denoted the physical meeting point of the rivers [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]] in the city. An ancient tradition has it that a third river, invisible [[Sarasvati river|Sarasvati]], also meets there with the two. Today, [[Triveni Sangam]] (or simply Sangam) is a more frequently used name for the confluence.
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| Prayagraj (Sanskrit: ''Prayāgarāja''), meaning "the king among the five ''prayāgas''", is used as a term of respect to indicate that this confluence is the most splendid one of the [[Panch Prayag|five sacred confluencies]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/news/india/what-does-prayagraj-actually-mean-times-now-exclusive/12779|title=What does 'Prayagraj' actually mean?|website=[[Times Now]]|author=Akrita Reyar|date=17 October 2018|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005706/https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/news/india/what-does-prayagraj-actually-mean-times-now-exclusive/12779|archive-date=13 February 2019|url-status = live}}</ref>
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| It is said that the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] visited the region in 1575 and was so impressed by the strategic location of the site that he ordered a fort be constructed. The fort was constructed by 1584 and called ''Ilahabas'' or "Abode of God", later changed to ''Allahabad'' under [[Shah Jahan]]. Speculations regarding its name however, exist. Because of the surrounding people calling it ''Alhabas'', has led to some people{{Who|date=April 2020}} holding the view that it was named after [[Alha]] from [[Alha-Khand|Alha's story]].<ref name="Univ">{{cite book|title=University of Allahabad Studies|publisher=[[University of Allahabad]]|year=1962|page=8}}</ref> [[James Forbes (artist)|James Forbes]]' account of the early 1800s claims that it was renamed Allahabad or "Abode of God" by [[Jahangir]] after he failed to destroy the [[Akshayavat]] tree. The name, however, predates him, with ''Ilahabas'' and ''Ilahabad'' mentioned on coins minted in the city since Akbar's rule, the latter name became predominant after the emperor's death. It has also been thought to not have been named after [[Allah]] but ''ilaha'' (the gods). Shaligram Shrivastav claimed in ''Prayag Pradip'' that the name was deliberately given by Akbar to be construed as both Hindu ("ilaha") and Muslim ("Allah").<ref name="Kumbh67">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA67|title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954|page=67|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Kama Maclean|year=2008|isbn=9780195338942|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125311/https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| Over the years, a number of attempts were made by the [[BJP]]-led governments of Uttar Pradesh to rename Allahabad to Prayagraj. In 1992, the planned rename was shelved when the chief minister, [[Kalyan Singh]], was forced to resign following the [[Babri Masjid demolition]]. 2001 saw another attempt led by the government of [[Rajnath Singh]] which remained unfulfilled.<ref name="Kumbh672">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA67|title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954|author=Kama Maclean|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|page=67|isbn=9780195338942|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125311/https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref> The rename finally succeeded in October 2018 when the [[Yogi Adityanath]]-led government officially changed the name of the city to Prayagraj.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/allahabad-renamed-prayagraj-1368913-2018-10-16|title=Allahabad to Prayagraj: UP cabinet okays name change|work=India Today|language=en|access-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016165043/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/allahabad-renamed-prayagraj-1368913-2018-10-16|archive-date=16 October 2018|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/allahabad-news/up-government-issues-notification-renaming-allahabad-to-prayagraj-1935038|title=UP Government Issues Notification Renaming Allahabad To Prayagraj|work=NDTV.com|access-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021151149/https://www.ndtv.com/allahabad-news/up-government-issues-notification-renaming-allahabad-to-prayagraj-1935038|archive-date=21 October 2018|url-status = live}}</ref>
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| == History ==
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| {{Main|History of Allahabad}}
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| {{See also|Timeline of Allahabad history}}
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| === Antiquity ===
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| The earliest mention of Prayāga and the associated pilgrimage is found in ''[[Rigveda]] Pariśiṣṭa'' (supplement to the ''Rigveda'', c. 1200–1000 BCE).{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=698–699, 702–703}} It is also mentioned in the [[Pali]] canons of [[Buddhism]], such as in section 1.7 of ''[[Majjhima Nikaya]]'' (c. 500 BCE), wherein the Buddha states that bathing in ''Payaga'' (Skt: Prayaga) cannot wash away cruel and evil deeds, rather the virtuous one should be pure in heart and fair in action.<ref>{{cite book|title= Teachings of The Buddha: Majjhima Nikaya |author1 = Bhikkhu Nanamoli (Tr)|author2 = Bhikkhu Bodhi(Tr)|year = 1995|isbn = 978-0861710720| url = https://archive.org/details/MajjhimaNikaya| page=[https://archive.org/details/MajjhimaNikaya/page/n483 121]}}</ref> The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (c. 400 BCE–300 CE) mentions a bathing pilgrimage at Prayag as a means of ''prāyaścitta'' (atonement, penance) for past mistakes and guilt.{{Sfn|Kane|1953|pp=55–56}} In ''Tirthayatra Parva'', before the great war, the epic states "the one who observes firm [ethical] vows, having bathed at Prayaga during Magha, O best of the Bharatas, becomes spotless and reaches heaven."<ref>{{cite book|author=Diana L. Eck|title=India: A Sacred Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC|year=2013|publisher=Three Rivers Press|isbn=978-0-385-53192-4|page=153|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804083919/https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''Anushasana parva'', after the war, the epic elaborates this bathing pilgrimage as "geographical tirtha" that must be combined with ''manasa-tirtha'' (tirtha of the heart) whereby one lives by values such as truth, charity, self-control, patience and others.<ref>Diane Eck (1981), India's "Tīrthas: "Crossings" in Sacred Geography, ''History of Religions'', Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 340–341 with footnote</ref>
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| Prayāga is mentioned in the ''[[Agni Purana]]'' and other [[Puranas]] with various legends, including being one of the places where [[Brahma]] attended a [[yajna]] (homa), and the confluence of river Ganges, Yamuna and mythical Saraswati site as the king of pilgrimage sites (''Tirtha Raj'').<ref name="Dubey2001">{{cite book|author=Shiva Kumar Dubey|title=Kumbh city Prayag|url=https://archive.org/details/kumbhcityprayag00unse|access-date=3 August 2012|publisher=Centre for Cultural Resources and Training|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kumbhcityprayag00unse/page/31 31]–41, 82|year=2001}}</ref> Other early accounts of the significance of Prayag to Hinduism is found in the various versions of the ''Prayaga Mahatmya'', dated to the late 1st-millennium CE. These Purana-genre Sanskrit texts describe Prayag as a place "bustling with pilgrims, priests, vendors, beggars, guides" and local citizens busy along the confluence of the rivers (''sangam'').<ref name="Glucklich2008p146">{{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA146|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-971825-2|pages=146–147|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804110843/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA146|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ludo Rocher|title=The Purāṇas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC&pg=PA71|year=1986|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-02522-5|pages=71–72|quote=with footnotes|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804071021/https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC&pg=PA71|url-status=live}}</ref> Prayaga is also mentioned in the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', a place with the legendary ''Ashram'' of sage [[Bharadwaj]].<ref name="Krishnamoorthy1991">{{cite book|author=K. Krishnamoorthy|title=A Critical Inventory of Rāmāyaṇa Studies in the World: Indian languages and English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOtreyGBGHQC&pg=PA28|publisher=Sahitya Academy|isbn=978-81-7201-100-0|pages=28–51|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523070430/http://books.google.com/books?id=iOtreyGBGHQC&pg=PA28|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1991}}</ref>
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| ====Archaeology and inscriptions====
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| [[File:Ashoka pillar, Allahabad, c.1900.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Allahabad pillar|Ashoka pillar at Allahabad]] (photo c. 1900) contains many inscriptions since the 3rd-century BCE. Sometime about 1575 CE, [[Birbal]] of Akbar's era added an inscription that mentions the "Magh mela at Prayag Tirth Raj".{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=698–699, 702–703}}<ref>{{cite book|title= Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum| volume= 1| year=1877| author= Alexander Cunningham|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62072|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62072/page/n55 37]–39}}</ref>]]
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| Inscription evidence from the famed Ashoka edicts containing [[Allahabad pillar]] – also referred to as the Prayaga Bull pillar – adds to the confusion about the antiquity of this city.<ref name=irwin1/><ref name=irwin2/> Excavations have revealed [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] dating to 600–700 BCE.<ref name="Dubey2001" /> According to [[Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti]], there is nothing to suggest that "modern Prayag (modern Allahabad) was an ancient city", but it is also inconceivable that there was no city at the holiest pilgrimage site in Hinduism. Chakrabarti suggests that the city of [[Jhusi]], opposite the confluence, must have been the "ancient settlement of Prayag".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZe-wAIiKIC&pg=PA263|title=Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga|author=Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|year=2001|page=263|isbn=9788178240169|author-link=Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125329/https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZe-wAIiKIC&pg=PA263|url-status=live}}</ref> Archaeological surveys since the 1950s has revealed the presence of human settlements near the ''sangam'' since about 800 BCE.<ref name=irwin1/><ref name=irwin2/>
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| Along with Ashoka's Brahmi script inscription from 3rd-century BCE, the pillar has a Samudragupta inscription, as well as a Magha Mela inscription of [[Birbal]] of Akbar's era. It states,
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| {{quote|In the Samvat year 1632, Saka 1493, in Magha, the 5th of the waning moon, on Monday, Gangadas's son Maharaja [[Birbal]] made the auspicious pilgrimage to Tirth Raj Prayag. Saphal scripsit.<br />– Translated by Alexander Cunningham (1879){{sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=39}}
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| These dates correspond to about 1575 CE, and confirm the importance and the name Prayag.{{sfn|Cunningham|1879|p=39}}{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=698–699}} According to Cunningham, this pillar was brought to Allahabad from Kaushambi by a Muslim Sultan, and that in some later century before Akbar, the old city of Prayag had been deserted.<ref>{{cite book|title=Allahabad: a study in urban geography|author=Ujagir Singh|publisher=[[Banaras Hindu University]]|year=1958|page=32}}</ref> Other scholars, such as Krishnaswamy and Ghosh disagree.{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=698–699}} In a paper published in 1935, they state that the pillar was always at its current location based on the inscription dates on the pillar, lack of textual evidence for the move in records left by Muslim historians and the difficulty in moving the massive pillar.{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=698–703}} Further, like Cunningham, they noted that many smaller inscriptions were added on the pillar over time. Quite many of these inscriptions include a date between 1319 CE and 1575 CE, and most of these refer to the month Magha. According to Krishnaswamy and Ghosh, these dates are likely related to the [[Kumbh Mela|Magh Mela]] pilgrimage at Prayag, as recommended in the ancient Hindu texts.{{sfn|Krishnaswamy|Ghosh|1935|pp=702–703}}
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| In papers published about 1979, John Irwin – a scholar of Indian Art History and Archaeology, concurred with Krishnaswamy and Ghosh that the Allahabad pillar was never moved and was always at the confluence of the rivers Ganges and Yamuna.<ref name=irwin1/><ref name=irwin2/> According to Irwin, an analysis of the minor inscriptions and ancient scribblings on the pillar first observed by Cunningham, also noted by Krishnaswamy and Ghosh, reveals that these included years and months, and the latter "always turns out to be Magha, which also gives it name to the [[Magh Mela]]", the Prayaga bathing pilgrimage festival of the Hindus.<ref name=irwin2/> He further stated that the pillar origins were undoubtedly pre-Ashokan based on the new evidence from the archaeological and geological surveys of the triveni site (Prayaga), the major and minor inscriptions as well as textual evidence, taken together.<ref name=irwin1>{{cite book|author=John Irwin| editor=Herbert Hartel|title= South Asian Archaeology |year=1979|oclc= 8500702|isbn= 978-3-49600-1584|publisher = D. Reimer Verlag (Berlin)|pages=313–340}}</ref><ref name=irwin2>{{cite journal|author=John Irwin| title= The ancient pillar-cult at Prayāga (Allahabad): its pre-Aśokan origins| journal= The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland| issue= 2| year=1983|jstor= 25211537|publisher = Cambridge University Press|pages=253–280}}</ref> Archaeological and geological surveys done since the 1950s, states Irwin, have revealed that the rivers – particularly Ganges – had a different course in distant past than now. The original path of river Ganges at the Prayaga confluence had settlements dating from 8th-century BCE onwards.<ref name=irwin2/> According to [[Karel Werner]] – an Indologist known for his studies on religion particularly Buddhism, the Irwin papers "showed conclusively that the pillar did not originate at Kaushambi", but had been at Prayaga from pre-Buddhist times.<ref>{{cite book|author=Karel Werner|title=Symbols in Art and Religion: The Indian and the Comparative Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSGzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95|year=1990|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7007-0215-6|pages=95–96|access-date=6 October 2019|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125313/https://books.google.com/books?id=aSGzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT95|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| === Early medieval period ===
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| The 7th-century Buddhist Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] (Hiuen Tsang) in Fascicle V of ''Dà Táng Xīyù Jì'' (''[[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]'') explicitly mentions Prayaga as both a country and a "great city" where the Yamuna river meets Ganges river. He states that the great city has hundreds of "[[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]] temples" and to the south of the city are two Buddhist institutions (a stupa built by Ashoka and a monastery). His 644 CE memoir also mentions the Hindu bathing rituals at the junction of the rivers, where people fast near it and then bathe believing that this washes away their sins. Wealthy people and kings come to this "great city" to give away alms at the Grand Place of Almsgiving. According to Xuanzang's travelogue, the confluence is to the east of this "great city" and the site where alms are distributed every day.<ref name=rongxi>Li Rongxi (1996), ''The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions'', Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, {{ISBN|978-1-886439-02-3}}, pp. 136-138</ref><ref name="Glucklich2008p145">{{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA146|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-971825-2|pages=145–146|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804110843/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA146|url-status=live}}</ref> Kama MacLean – an Indologist who has published articles on the Kumbh Mela predominantly based on the colonial archives and English-language media,<ref>{{cite journal| author= Christian Lee Novetzke| url= https://muse.jhu.edu/article/381707| title= Review of Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954| journal= Journal of Interdisciplinary History| volume= 41| number= 1| year= 2010| pages= 174–175| access-date= 5 October 2019| archive-date= 2 October 2019| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191002235604/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/381707| url-status= live}}</ref> states based on emails from other scholars and a more recent interpretation of the 7th-century Xuanzang memoir, that Prayag was also an important site in 7th-century India of a Buddhist festival. She states that Xuanzang festivities at Prayag featured a Buddha statue and involved alms giving, consistent with Buddhist practices.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad| author=Kama MacLean| journal=The Journal of Asian Studies| year=2003| volume=62| number=3| page=877| doi=10.2307/3591863| jstor=3591863| s2cid=162404242}}</ref> According to Li Rongxi – a scholar credited with a recent and complete translation of a critical version of the ''Dà Táng Xīyù Jì'', Xuanzang mentions that the site of the alms-giving is a ''deva'' temple, and the alms-giving practice is recommended by the "records at this temple". Rongxi adds that the population of Prayaga was predominantly heretics (non-Buddhists, Hindus), and affirms that Prayaga attracted festivities of ''deva''-worshipping heretics and also the orthodox Buddhists.<ref name=rongxi/>
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| Xuanzang also describes a ritual-suicide practice at Prayaga, then concludes it is absurd. He mentions a tree with "evil spirits" that stands before another ''deva'' temple. People commit suicide by jumping from it in the belief that they will go to heaven.<ref name=rongxi/> According to Ariel Glucklich – a scholar of Hinduism and Anthropology of Religion, the Xuanzang memoir mentions both the superstitious devotional suicide and narrates a story of how a Brahmin of a more ancient era tried to put an end to this practice.<ref name="Glucklich2008p145"/> [[Alexander Cunningham]] believed the tree described by Xuanzang was the [[Akshayavat]] tree. It still existed at the time of [[Al-Biruni]] who calls it as "Prayaga", located at the confluence of Ganga and Yamuna.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India, Volume 4, Part 2|editor=K. A. Nilakanta Shastri|publisher=Orient Longmans|year=1978|page=307}}</ref>
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| The historic literature of Hinduism and Buddhism before the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] use the term Prayag, and never use the term Allahabad or its variants. Its history before the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] is unclear.<ref>{{cite book|title=Allahabad: a study in urban geography|author=Ujagir Singh|publisher=[[Banaras Hindu University]]|year=1958|pages=29–30}}</ref> In contrast to the account of Xuanzang, the Muslim historians place the tree at the confluence of the rivers. The historian Dr. D. B. Dubey states that it appears that between this period, the sandy plain was washed away by the Ganges, to an extent that the temple and tree seen by the Chinese traveller too was washed away, with the river later changing its course to the east and the confluence shifting to the place where Akbar laid the foundations of his fort.<ref>{{cite book|title=Prayāga, the Site of Kumbha Melā: In Temporal and Traditional Space|author=D. B. Dubey|publisher=Aryan Books International|year=2001|page=57}}</ref>
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| [[Henry Miers Elliot]] believed that a town existed before Allahabad was founded. He adds that after [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] captured Asní near [[Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh|Fatehpur]], he couldn't have crossed into [[Bundelkhand]] without visiting Allahabad had there been a city worth plundering. He further adds that its capture should have been heard when [[Muhammad of Ghor]] captured Benares. however, Ghori's historians never noticed it. ''[[Akbarnama]]'' mentions that the [[Mughal emperor]] Akbar founded a great city in Allahabad. [['Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]] and [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] mention that Akbar laid the foundations of an Imperial City there which he called ''Ilahabas''.<ref name=Ujagir>{{cite book|title=Allahabad: a study in urban geography|author=Ujagir Singh|publisher=[[Banaras Hindu University]]|year=1958|pages=31–32}}</ref>
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| === Mughal rule ===
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| [[File:Akbar Fort Allahabad.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Allahabad Fort]], built by Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] in 1575 on the banks of the [[Yamuna River]].]]
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| [[Abul Fazal]] in his ''Ain-i-Akbari'' states, "For a long time his (Akbar's) desire was to found a great city in the town of Piyag (Allahabad) where the rivers Ganges and Jamuna join... On 13th November 1583 (1st [[Azar]] 991 H.) he (Akbar) reached the wished spot and laid the foundations of the city and planned four forts." Abul Fazal adds, "Ilahabad anciently called Prayag was distinguished by His Imperial Majesty [Akbar] by the former name".<ref name=burnmint>{{cite journal|author=R Burn|title=The Mints of the Mughal Emperors|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal|journal=Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Asiatic Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyIYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA78|year=1907|pages=78–79|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125314/https://books.google.com/books?id=jyIYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA78|url-status=live}}</ref> The role of Akbar in founding the Ilahabad – later called Allahabad – fort and city is mentioned by [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]] as well.<ref name=snsinha/>
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| [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] gives two different dates for Allahabad's foundation, in different sections of ''Tabaqat-i-Akbari''. He states that Akbar laid the foundation of the city at a place of the confluence of Ganges and Jumna which was a very sacred site of Hindus, then gives 1574 and 1584 as the year of its founding, and that it was named Ilahabas.<ref name=snsinha>{{cite book|title=Subah of Allahabad under the great Mughals, 1580–1707 |publisher=[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]|author=Surendra Nath Sinha|year=1974|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118676|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118676/page/n97 85]–86 |quote=with footnotes}}</ref>
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| [[File:Tomb of Nisar Begum at Khusro Bagh Allahabad.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Nithar Begum (daughter of Mughal Emperor [[Jahangir]]) at [[Khusro Bagh]].]]
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| Akbar was impressed by its strategic location for a fort.<ref name="Univ"/> According to William Pinch, Akbar's motive may have been twofold. One, the armed fort secured the control of fertile Doab region. Second, it greatly increased his visibility and power to the non-Muslims who gathered here for pilgrimage from distant places and who constituted the majority of his subjects.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kama Maclean|title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533894-2|pages=68–69|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114085824/https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, he declared Ilahabas as a capital of one of the twelve divisions (''subahs'').<ref name=Surendra>{{cite book|title=Subah of Allahabad under the great Mughals, 1580–1707|pages=25, 83–84|publisher=[[Jamia Millia Islamia]]|author=Surendra Nath Sinha|year=1974}}</ref> According to Richard Burn, the suffix "–bas" was deemed to "savouring too much of Hinduism" and therefore the name was changed to ''Ilahabad'' by [[Shah Jahan]].<ref name=burnmint/> This evolved into the two variant colonial-era spellings of Ilahabad (Hindi: इलाहाबाद) and Allahabad.<ref name=burnmint/><ref name="Maclean2008p67">{{cite book|author=Kama Maclean|title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533894-2|page=67|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114085824/https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Maclean, these variant spellings have a political basis, as "Ilaha–" means "the gods" for Hindus, while Allah is the term for God to Muslims.<ref name="Maclean2008p67"/>
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| After [[Jahangir|Prince Salim]]'s coup against Akbar and a failed attempt to seize Agra's treasury, he came to Allahabad and seized its treasury while setting himself up as a virtually independent ruler.<ref name=Eraly>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA223|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals|page=223|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] India|author=Abraham Eraly|year=2000|isbn=978-0-14-100143-2|author-link=Abraham Eraly|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202180838/https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA223|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 1602, he had his name read in [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayers]] and his name minted on coins in Allahabad. After reconciliation with Akbar, Salim returned to Allahabad, where he stayed before returning in 1604.<ref name=Richards>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA55|title=The Mughal Empire, Part 1, Volume 5|page=55|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|author=John F. Richards|year=1995|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128164007/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA55|archive-date=28 November 2015|url-status = live|author-link=John F. Richards}}</ref> After capturing Jaunpur in 1624, [[Shah Jahan]] ordered the siege of Allahabad. The siege was however, lifted after [[Parviz Mirza|Parviz]] and [[Mahabat Khan]] came to assist the garrison.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D|author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|page=587|year=1964|author-link=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava}}</ref> During the Mughal war of succession, the commandant of the fort who had joined [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] made an agreement with [[Aurangzeb]]'s officers and surrendered it to Khan Dauran on 12 January 1659.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Bengal: The Reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib|page=305|publisher=[[Institute of Bangladesh Studies]], [[University of Rajshahi]]|author=Abdul Karim|year=1995|author-link=Abdul Karim (historian)}}</ref>
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| === Nawabs of Awadh ===
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| The fort was coveted by the [[East India Company]] for the same reasons Akbar built it. British troops were first stationed at Allahabad fort in 1765 as part of the [[Treaty of Allahabad]] signed by Lord [[Robert Clive]], Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]], and [[Nawab of Awadh|Awadh's Nawab]] [[Shuja-ud-Daula]].<ref name=Kumbh62>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA62|title=Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954|page=62|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Kama Maclean|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-533894-2|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125330/https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA62|url-status=live}}</ref> The combined forces of Bengal's Nawab [[Mir Qasim]], Shuja and Shah Alam were defeated by the English at [[Battle of Buxar|Buxar in October 1764]] and at [[Kora Jahanabad|Kora]] in May 1765. Alam, who was abandoned by Shuja after the defeats, surrendered to the English and was lodged at the fort, as they captured Allahabad, [[Benares]] and [[Chunar]] in his name. The territories of Allahabad and Kora were given to the emperor after the treaty was signed in 1765.
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| Shah Alam spent six years in the Allahabad fort and after the takeover of [[Delhi]] by the Marathas, left for his capital
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| in 1771 under their protection.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Comprehensive History of India: Volume Nine (1712–1772)|editor=A. C. Banerjee |editor2=D. K. Ghose|publisher=[[Indian History Congress]], [[Orient Longman]]|year=1978|pages=60–61}}</ref> He was escorted by [[Mahadaji Shinde]] and left Allahabad in May 1771 and in January 1772 reached Delhi. Upon realising the Maratha intent of territorial encroachment, however, Shah Alam ordered his general [[Mirza Najaf Khan|Najaf Khan]] to drive them out. [[Tukoji Rao Holkar]] and [[Visaji Krushna Biniwale]] in return attacked Delhi and defeated his forces in 1772. The Marathas were granted an imperial ''[[deed|sanad]]'' for Kora and Allahabad. They turned their attention to Oudh to gain these two territories. Shuja was however, unwilling to give them up and made appeals to the English and the Marathas did not fare well at the Battle of Ramghat.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PA7|title=Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings 1772–1785, Volume 1|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|year=1998|pages=7–8|isbn=9788171545780|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125316/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4hHNz7T-AEC&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref> In August and September 1773, [[Warren Hastings]] met Shuja and concluded a treaty, under which Kora and Allahabad were ceded to the Nawab for a payment of 50 lakh rupees.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA27|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]|year=2010|page=27|isbn=978-0-230-32885-3|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125316/https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=PA27|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| [[Saadat Ali Khan II]], after being made the Nawab by [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|John Shore]], entered into a treaty with the company and gave the fort to the British in 1798.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA67|title=The Indian Princes and their States|author=Barbara N. Ramusack|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2004|page=67|isbn=978-1-139-44908-3|author-link=Barbara Ramusack|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125331/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA67|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesley]] after threatening to annexe the entire Awadh, concluded a treaty with Saadat on abolishing the independent Awadhi army, imposing a larger subsidiary force and annexing [[Rohilkhand]], [[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]] and the Doab in 1801.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA68|title=The Indian Princes and their States|author=Barbara N. Ramusack|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2004|page=68|isbn=978-1-139-44908-3|author-link=Barbara Ramusack|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125337/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| === British rule ===
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| [[File:Gandhi Patel 1940.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] at a January 1940 [[Congress Working Committee]] meeting with [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] and [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]] at Anand Bhavan in Allahabad]]
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| Acquired in 1801, Allahabad, aside from its importance as a pilgrimage centre, was a stepping stone to the agrarian track upcountry and the [[Grand Trunk Road]]. It also potentially offered sizeable revenues to the company. Initial [[Permanent Settlement|revenue settlements]] began in 1803.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hayden J. Bellenoit|title=The Formation of the Colonial State in India: Scribes, Paper and Taxes, 1760–1860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TElDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-49429-3|page=115|date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405090302/https://books.google.com/books?id=9TElDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|archive-date=5 April 2018|url-status = live}}</ref> Allahabad was a participant in the 1857 [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]],<ref name="Menon2003">{{cite book|author=Visalakshi Menon|title=From Movement To Government: The Congress in the United Provinces, 1937–42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UO-OxAoL4YIC&pg=PA286|year=2003|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-9620-0|page=286|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523052155/http://books.google.com/books?id=UO-OxAoL4YIC&pg=PA286|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> when [[Maulvi Liaquat Ali]] unfurled the banner of revolt.<ref name="Bose2003">{{cite book|author=Sugata Bose|title=Modern South Asia: History, Culture and Political Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC&pg=PA74|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-30787-1|pages=74–77|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523075252/http://books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC&pg=PA74|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2004}}</ref> During the rebellion, Allahabad, with a number of European troops,<ref name="ThompsonGarratt1962">{{cite book|author1=Edward John Thompson|author2=Geoffrey Theodore Garratt|title=Rise and Fulfilment of British rule in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6v4gAAAAMAAJ&q=%22European+troops%22|access-date=16 August 2014|publisher=Central Book Depot|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001092313/https://books.google.com/books?id=6v4gAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22European+troops%22|archive-date=1 October 2017|year=1962}}</ref> was the scene of a massacre.<ref name="Pletcher 2010 128" />
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| [[File:Au science faculty.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Allahabad University]], established in 1887, is one of the oldest modern universities in the [[Indian subcontinent]].]]
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| After the mutiny, the British established a high court, a police headquarters and a public-service commission in Allahabad,<ref name="SinghSingh1995">{{cite book|author1=Bhai Nahar Singh|author2=Bhai Kirpal Singh|title=Rebels Against the British Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2lu7HatPQCoC&pg=PA290|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-164-3|page=290|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523073151/http://books.google.com/books?id=2lu7HatPQCoC&pg=PA290|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1995}}</ref> making the city an administrative centre.<ref name=administrative>{{cite web|title=Civil Disobedience|url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/civil_dis/dandi_march.htm|publisher=Gandhi Research Foundation|access-date=25 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710130536/http://www.mkgandhi.org/civil_dis/dandi_march.htm|archive-date=10 July 2012}}</ref> They truncated the Delhi region of the state, merging it with [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and moving the capital of the [[North-Western Provinces]] to Allahabad (where it remained for 20 years).<ref name="Ward2008" /> In January 1858, [[Earl Canning]] departed [[Calcutta]] for Allahabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/KayeMalleson4/bk12ch01.html|title=Progress of events in Eastern Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Oudh, Rohilkhand and Rajputana|access-date=21 March 2014|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627043412/http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/KayeMalleson4/bk12ch01.html|archive-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> That year he read [[Queen Victoria#Empress|Queen Victoria's proclamation]], transferring control of India from the [[East India Company]] to the [[British Crown]] (beginning the [[British Raj]]), in [[Minto Park, Allahabad|Minto Park]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCG5hGZ-hJsC&pg=PA453 |title=Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: In 36 Volumes. Uttar ... – Google Books |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115155003/https://books.google.com/books?id=FCG5hGZ-hJsC&pg=PA453&dq=minto+park+allahabad#v=onepage&q=minto|archive-date=15 November 2018 |isbn=9788178353845 |last1=Bhatt |first1=Shankarlal C |year=2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharatonline.com/uttar-pradesh/travel/allahabad/minto-park.html |title=Minto Park – Minto Park Allahabad – Allahabad Minto Park – Madan Mohan Malaviya Park Allahabad India |publisher=Bharatonline.com |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108123625/http://www.bharatonline.com/uttar-pradesh/travel/allahabad/minto-park.html |archive-date=8 January 2014 }}</ref> In 1877 the provinces of Agra and Awadh were merged to form the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]],<ref name="Basham2008a">{{cite book|author=A. L. Basham|title=The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before the Coming of the Muslims|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OF-PwAACAAJ|year=2008|publisher=ACLS History E-Book Project|isbn=978-1-59740-599-7|page=696|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523061030/http://books.google.com/books?id=6OF-PwAACAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> with Allahabad its capital until 1920.<ref name="Ward2008" />
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| The 1888 session of the [[Indian National Congress]] was held in the city,<ref name="BhanaPandiri2007">{{cite book|author1=Surendra Bhana|author2=Ananda M. Pandiri|author3=E. S. (FRW) Reddy|author4=Uma Dhupelia-Mesthrie|title=A Comprehensive, Annotated Bibliography on Mahatma Gandhi: Books And Pamphlets About Mahatma Gandhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_935ZKVzjW0C&pg=PA12|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30217-6|pages=12–18|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523061521/http://books.google.com/books?id=_935ZKVzjW0C&pg=PA12|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1995}}</ref> and by the turn of the 20th century, Allahabad was a revolutionary centre.<ref name="Committee1947">{{cite book|author=All India Congress Committee|title=The Allahabad conference of the presidents and secretaries of provincial Congress committees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEU5AQAAIAAJ|publisher=Provincial Congress Committee Allahabad|page=57|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523075902/http://books.google.com/books?id=TEU5AQAAIAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1947}}</ref> Nityanand Chatterji became a household name when he hurled a bomb at a European club.<ref name=Independence>{{cite web|title=Besides, locals still pride|url=http://zeenews.india.com/61Independenceday/story.aspx?aid=462215|work=[[Zee News]]|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523230338/http://zeenews.india.com/61Independenceday/story.aspx?aid=462215|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> In [[Alfred Park]] in 1931, [[Chandrashekhar Azad]] died when surrounded by British police.<ref name="BhawanRana2005">{{cite book | author=Bhawan Singh Rana | title=Chandra Shekhar Azad (An Immortal Revolutionary of India) | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sudu7qABntcC&pg=PA10|year=2005| publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. | isbn=978-81-288-0816-6 | page=10 |url-status = live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523064439/http://books.google.com/books?id=sudu7qABntcC&pg=PA10 | archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> The [[Nehru–Gandhi family|Nehru family]] homes, [[Anand Bhavan]] and [[Swaraj Bhavan]], were centres of Indian National Congress activity.<ref name=activities>{{cite web|title=The hub for freedom struggle|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1196506911.html|work=High Beam Research|access-date=28 September 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502190736/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1196506911.html|archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> During the years before independence, Allahabad was home to thousands of [[Satyagraha|satyagrahis]] led by [[Purushottam Das Tandon]], [[Bishambhar Nath Pande]], [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]] and others.<ref name="Desai1986">{{cite book|author=Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai|title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9i5sNMNh_uIC&pg=PA269|year=1986|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-86132-130-8|page=269|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523052427/http://books.google.com/books?id=9i5sNMNh_uIC&pg=PA269|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> The first seeds of the [[Pakistan]]i nation were sown in Allahabad:<ref name="Zakaria2004">{{cite book|author=Rafiq Zakaria|title=The Man Who Divided India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RdITXUpyVgC&pg=PA152|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-145-7|pages=152–158|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523062504/http://books.google.com/books?id=2RdITXUpyVgC&pg=PA152|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2004}}</ref> on 29 December 1930, [[Allama Muhammad Iqbal]]'s presidential address to the [[All-India Muslim League]] proposed a separate [[Muslim]] state for the Muslim-majority regions of India.<ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA4|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|pages=4–6|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523043139/http://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA4|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2008}}</ref>
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| === Post-independence ===
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| Allahabad is known as the '''City of Prime Ministers''' because seven out of 15 prime ministers of India since independence have connections to Allahabad ([[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]], [[Gulzarilal Nanda]], [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]] and [[Chandra Shekhar]]). All seven leaders were either born in Allahabad, were alumni of [[Allahabad University]] or were elected from an Allahabad constituency.<ref name="prime" />
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| == Geography ==
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| === Cityscape ===
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| Allahabad's elevation is over 90 m (295 ft) above sea level. The old part of the city, at the south of Allahabad Junction Railway Station, consists of neighbourhoods like Chowk, [[Johnstongunj]], [[Dariyabad, Allahabad|Dariyabad]], [[Khuldabad, Allahabad|Khuldabad]] and many more.<ref>{{cite news |title=Uneasy calm prevails in old Allahabad areas |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/allahabad/33272775_1_flag-march-office-bearers-city-areas |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 August 2012 |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301154738/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Uneasy-calm-prevails-in-old-Allahabad-areas/articleshow/15551299.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=1 March 2015 }}</ref> In the north of the Railway Station, the new city consists of neighbourhoods like [[Lukergunj]], [[Civil Lines, Allahabad|Civil Lines]], [[Georgetown, Allahabad|Georgetown]], [[Tagoretown]], [[Allahpur]], [[Ashok Nagar, Allahabad|Ashok Nagar]], [[Mumfordgunj]], [[Bharadwaj Puram]] and others which are relatively new and were built during the [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref name="TGEIAAp57">{{cite book |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 3 |author1=Jonathan M. Bloom |author2=Sheila Blai |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-8125013839 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA57 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115155217/https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA57&dq=holy+trinity+church+allahabad#v=onepage&q=holy |archive-date=15 November 2018 }}</ref> [[Civil Lines, Allahabad|Civil Lines]] is the [[central business district]] of the city and is famous for its urban setting, [[gridiron plan]] roads<ref name="AHVLp14">{{cite book|title=A Hand-book for Visitors to Lucknow: With Preliminary Notes on Allahabad and Cawnpore|author=Henry George Keene|publisher=J. Jetley|year=1875|isbn=978-8120615274|pages=14–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfGFMpm8UbAC&pg=PA15|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145457/https://books.google.com/books?id=EfGFMpm8UbAC&pg=PA15|archive-date=3 March 2018|author-link=Henry George Keene (1826–1915)}}</ref> and high rise buildings. Built in 1857, it was the largest town-planning project carried out in India before the establishment of [[New Delhi]].<ref name="TGEIAAp57" /><ref name="AHVLp14" /> Allahabad has many buildings featuring [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] and [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]]. Although several buildings from the colonial period have been declared "heritage structures", others are deteriorating.<ref name="Heritage">{{cite web|title=Colonial period buildings in city |url=http://www.airallahabad.gov.in/inner.php?conf=1133 |work=All India Radio, Allahabad |access-date=24 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615011052/http://www.airallahabad.gov.in/inner.php?conf=1133 |archive-date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> Famous landmarks of the city are [[Allahabad Museum]], [[New Yamuna Bridge, Allahabad|New Yamuna Bridge]], [[Allahabad University]], [[Triveni Sangam]], [[All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad|All Saints Cathedral]], [[Anand Bhavan]], [[Alfred Park]] etc.<ref>{{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZ-Qa_jRVMYC&pg=PA140| title=Middle Land, Middle Way: A Pilgrim's Guide to the Buddha's India| isbn=9789552401978| last1=Dhammika| first1=Shravasti| date=1 December 2008| access-date=22 July 2020| archive-date=19 August 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819125318/https://books.google.com/books?id=oZ-Qa_jRVMYC&pg=PA140| url-status=live}}</ref> The city experiences one of the highest levels of [[air pollution]] worldwide, with the 2016 update of the [[World Health Organization]]'s ''Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database'' finding Allahabad to have the third highest mean concentration of "PM2.5" (<2.5 μm diameter) [[particulates|particulate matter]] in the ambient air among all the 2972 cities tested (after [[Zabol]] and [[Gwalior]]).<ref>''[https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (update 2016)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301221905/http://who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/ |date=1 March 2017 }}'', World Health Organization. See the spreadsheet "Ambient (outdoor) air pollution database, by country and city" to which this page links. Retrieved 11 July 2018.</ref>
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| === Triveni Sangam and Ghats===
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| [[File:Triveni Sangam.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Pilgrims at the [[Triveni Sangam]], the confluence of the [[Ganges]] and the [[Yamuna]] rivers in Allahabad.]]
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| The Allahabad [[Triveni Sangam]] (place where three rivers meet) is the meeting place of [[Ganges]], the [[Yamuna]] and invisible [[Sarasvati River|Saraswati River]], which according to Hindu legends, wells up from underground.<ref name="At the Three Rivers">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,798222,00.html At the Three Rivers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823175049/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,798222,00.html |date=23 August 2013 }} ''[[TIME]]'', 23 February 1948.</ref><ref name="Triveni Sangam">{{cite web | url=http://www.prayagdarshan.com/triveni-sangam.html | title=Triveni Sangam | access-date=3 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208100930/http://www.prayagdarshan.com/triveni-sangam.html | archive-date=8 December 2015 | url-status=dead}}</ref> A place of religious importance and the site for historic [[Prayag Kumbh Mela]] held every 12 years, over the years it has also been the site of immersion of ashes of several national leaders, including [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1948.<ref name="At the Three Rivers" />
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| The main [[ghat]] in Allahabad is [[Saraswati Ghat]], on the banks of Yamuna. Stairs from three sides descend to the green water of the Yamuna. Above it is a park which is always covered with green grass. There are also facilities for boating here. There are also routes to reach Triveni Sangam by boat from here.<ref>{{cite web |author={{{names}}} |url=http://uttarpradesh.gov.in/en/details/sangam-and-the-ghats/39003900 |title=Sangam and the Ghats | Allahabad | UP Tourism |publisher=Uttarpradesh.gov.in |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225929/http://uttarpradesh.gov.in/en/details/sangam-and-the-ghats/39003900 |archive-date=2 April 2018 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/work-for-renovating-ghats-of-allahabad-commemces/articleshow/56337486.cms |title=Work for renovating ghats of Allahabad commemces[sic] |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 January 2017 |first1=Rajiv |last1=Mani |access-date=7 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613210721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/work-for-renovating-ghats-of-allahabad-commemces/articleshow/56337486.cms |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status = live}}</ref> Apart from this, there are more than 100 raw ghats in Allahabad.
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| === Topography ===
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| [[File:Yamuna river, Allahabad.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Large waterway, with small boats in the foreground and a long bridge in the background|The [[Yamuna]] in Allahabad during the rainy season]]
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| Allahabad is in the southern part of Uttar Pradesh, at the confluence of the [[Ganges]] and Yamuna.<ref name=location>{{cite web|title=Location of city|url=http://geography.howstuffworks.com/asia/geography-of-allahabad.htm|website=[[HowStuffWorks]]|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729030748/http://geography.howstuffworks.com/asia/geography-of-allahabad.htm|archive-date=29 July 2012|date=16 June 2008}}</ref><ref name=location001>{{cite web|title=Allahabad Location Guide|url=http://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Allahabad|website=Weather-forecast|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709010608/http://www.weather-forecast.com/locations/Allahabad|archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> The region was known in antiquity first as the Kuru, then as the Vats country.<ref name="Pletcher2010">{{cite book|author=Kenneth Pletcher|title=The History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&pg=PA63|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-122-5|page=63|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620201000/http://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&pg=PA63|archive-date=20 June 2013}}</ref> To the southwest is [[Bundelkhand]], to the east and southeast is [[Baghelkhand]], to the north and northeast is [[Awadh]] and to the west is the lower [[doab]] (of which Allahabad is part).<ref name=location /> The city is divided by a railway line running east–west.<ref name=junction>{{cite web|title=City or Locality infirmation|url=http://geography.howstuffworks.com/asia/geography-of-allahabad.htm|website=HowStuffWorks|access-date=29 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729030748/http://geography.howstuffworks.com/asia/geography-of-allahabad.htm|archive-date=29 July 2012|date=16 June 2008}}</ref> South of the railway is the Old Chowk area, and the British-built [[Civil Lines, Allahabad|Civil Lines]] is north of it. Allahabad is well placed geographically and culturally.<ref name="Ganga-Yamuna Doab">{{cite web|author=Deo Prakash Sharma|title=Archaeology of Lower Ganga-Yamuna Doab|url=http://www.vedicbooks.net/archaeology-lower-gangayamuna-doab-vols-p-997.html|work=Vedic Books|access-date=24 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623050141/http://www.vedicbooks.net/archaeology-lower-gangayamuna-doab-vols-p-997.html|archive-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> Geographically part of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab (at the mouth of the Yamuna), culturally it is the terminus of the Indian west.<ref name="Sharma2006">{{cite book|author=Deo Prakash Sharma|title=Archaeology of lower Ganga-Yamuna Doab (circa 1200 B.C. to 1200 A.D.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjtuAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8090-033-4|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523051350/http://books.google.com/books?id=EjtuAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref>
| |
| The [[Indian Standard Time]] longitude (25.15°N 82.58°E) is near the city. According to a [[United Nations Development Programme]] report, Allahabad is in a "low damage risk" wind and cyclone zone.<ref name=hazardprofile>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|title=Hazard profiles of Indian districts|access-date=23 August 2006|website=National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management |publisher=[[UNDP]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2006}}</ref> In common with the rest of the [[doab]], its soil and water are primarily [[Alluvium|alluvial]].<ref name=Agricultural>{{cite web|title=Agricultural Productivity and Productivity Regions in Ganga-Yamuna Doab|url=http://www.connectjournals.com/file_full_text/314401H_02-10-21.pdf|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|access-date=24 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502190727/http://www.connectjournals.com/file_full_text/314401H_02-10-21.pdf|archive-date=2 May 2013|url-status = live}}</ref> [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]] is north of the city, [[Bhadohi]] is east, [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] is south, [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]] (earlier Banda) is west, and [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]], which was till recently a part of Allahabad, is North-West.
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| | |
| === Climate ===
| |
| <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Allahabad Climate Graph.gif|left|thumb|alt=Climate timeline| Allahabad climate graph]] -->
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| Allahabad has a [[humid subtropical climate]] common to cities in the plains of North India, designated ''Cwa'' in the [[Köppen climate classification]].<ref name="Köppen">{{cite web|title=Tropical Moist Climates|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Tropical_Moist_Climates_-_A_Climate_Type|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|access-date=29 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730025254/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Tropical_Moist_Climates_-_A_Climate_Type|archive-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> The annual mean temperature is {{Convert|26.1|C|F|abbr=on|1}}; monthly mean temperatures are {{Convert|18|-|29|C|F|abbr=on|0}}.<ref name=weatherbase>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=57424&refer=&cityname=Allahabad-Uttar%20Pradesh-India|title=Weatherbase entry for Allahabad|publisher=Canty and Associates LLC|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618023020/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=57424&refer=&cityname=Allahabad-Uttar%20Pradesh-India|archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref> Allahabad has three seasons: a hot, dry summer, a cool, dry winter and a hot, humid monsoon. Summer lasts from March to September with daily highs reaching up to 48 °C in the dry summer (from March to May) and up to 40 °C in the hot and extremely humid monsoon season (from June to September).<ref name=weatherbase /> The [[monsoon]] begins in June, and lasts till August; high humidity levels prevail well into September. Winter runs from December to February,<ref name=Season /> with temperatures rarely dropping to the freezing point. The daily average maximum temperature is about {{convert|22|C|abbr=on}} and the minimum about {{convert|9|C|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Forecast>{{cite web|title=Weather Report & Forecast |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/allahabad2.htm |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=24 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031015105/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/allahabad2.htm |archive-date=31 October 2012 }}</ref> Allahabad never receives snow,<ref name="rainfall & snow" /> but, experiences dense winter fog due to numerous wood fires, coal fires, and open burning of rubbish—resulting in substantial traffic and travel delays.<ref name=Season>{{cite web|title=Allahabad Weather|url=http://www.mustseeindia.com/Allahabad-weather|publisher=India Weather|access-date=25 September 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511155522/http://www.mustseeindia.com/Allahabad-weather|archive-date=11 May 2009}}</ref> Its highest recorded temperature is {{Convert|48|C|F|abbr=on|1}}, and its lowest is {{Convert|-2|C|F|abbr=on|0}}.<ref name=weatherbase /><ref name=climate>{{cite web|title=Allahabad climate|url=http://www.allahabad.climatemps.com/|publisher=Climate Maps India|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712025748/http://www.allahabad.climatemps.com/|archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>
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| Rain from the Bay of Bengal or the Arabian Sea branches of the [[southwest monsoon]]<ref name=monsoontribune>{{cite news|last1=Khichar|first1=M. L.|last2=Niwas|first2=R.|title=Know your monsoon |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |date=14 July 2003 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030714/agro.htm#2 |access-date=9 June 2007 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618121810/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030714/agro.htm#2|archive-date=18 June 2007}}</ref> falls on Allahabad from June to September, supplying the city with most of its annual rainfall of {{Convert|1027|mm|in|abbr=on|0}}.<ref name="rainfall & snow">{{cite web|title=Average monthly precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow)|url=http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-precipitation-Rainfall,Allahabad,India|website=World Weather & Climate Information|access-date=29 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512042542/http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-precipitation-Rainfall,Allahabad,India|archive-date=12 May 2013}}</ref> The highest monthly rainfall total, {{convert|333|mm|in|abbr=on|0}}, occurs in August.<ref name=Tropical>{{cite web|title=Local weather report|url=http://www.tropmet.res.in/~lip/Publication/RR-pdf/RR-119.pdf|publisher=Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology|access-date=24 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028220223/http://www.tropmet.res.in/~lip/Publication/RR-pdf/RR-119.pdf|archive-date=28 October 2012}}</ref> The city receives 2,961 hours of sunshine per year, with maximum [[Insolation|sunlight]] in May.<ref name=climate />
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| | |
| {{Weather box
| |
| | location = Allahabad ([[Allahabad Airport]]) 1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012
| |
| | metric first = yes
| |
| | single line = yes
| |
| | Jan record high C = 32.8
| |
| | Feb record high C = 36.3
| |
| | Mar record high C = 42.5
| |
| | Apr record high C = 45.8
| |
| | May record high C = 48.4
| |
| | Jun record high C = 48.8
| |
| | Jul record high C = 45.6
| |
| | Aug record high C = 42.7
| |
| | Sep record high C = 39.6
| |
| | Oct record high C = 40.6
| |
| | Nov record high C = 36.0
| |
| | Dec record high C = 31.9
| |
| |year record high C = 48.8
| |
| | Jan high C = 22.8
| |
| | Feb high C = 27.1
| |
| | Mar high C = 33.7
| |
| | Apr high C = 39.5
| |
| | May high C = 41.2
| |
| | Jun high C = 39.2
| |
| | Jul high C = 34.3
| |
| | Aug high C = 33.2
| |
| | Sep high C = 33.1
| |
| | Oct high C = 33.0
| |
| | Nov high C = 29.7
| |
| | Dec high C = 25.0
| |
| |year high C = 32.6
| |
| | Jan low C = 9.2
| |
| | Feb low C = 12.3
| |
| | Mar low C = 17.1
| |
| | Apr low C = 22.6
| |
| | May low C = 26.5
| |
| | Jun low C = 27.9
| |
| | Jul low C = 26.7
| |
| | Aug low C = 26.3
| |
| | Sep low C = 25.2
| |
| | Oct low C = 20.9
| |
| | Nov low C = 14.8
| |
| | Dec low C = 10.5
| |
| |year low C = 20.0
| |
| | Jan record low C = 1.1
| |
| | Feb record low C = 1.1
| |
| | Mar record low C = 7.2
| |
| | Apr record low C = 12.7
| |
| | May record low C = 17.2
| |
| | Jun record low C = 18.7
| |
| | Jul record low C = 18.8
| |
| | Aug record low C = 21.1
| |
| | Sep record low C = 18.3
| |
| | Oct record low C = 11.7
| |
| | Nov record low C = 5.6
| |
| | Dec record low C = -0.7
| |
| |year record low C = -0.7
| |
| | rain colour = green
| |
| | Jan rain mm = 14.4
| |
| | Feb rain mm = 11.4
| |
| | Mar rain mm = 5.1
| |
| | Apr rain mm = 4.4
| |
| | May rain mm = 13.4
| |
| | Jun rain mm = 83.4
| |
| | Jul rain mm = 210.1
| |
| | Aug rain mm = 210.4
| |
| | Sep rain mm = 157.9
| |
| | Oct rain mm = 25.9
| |
| | Nov rain mm = 3.0
| |
| | Dec rain mm = 4.6
| |
| |year rain mm = 744.1
| |
| | Jan rain days = 1.4
| |
| | Feb rain days = 1.1
| |
| | Mar rain days = 0.5
| |
| | Apr rain days = 0.5
| |
| | May rain days = 1.1
| |
| | Jun rain days = 4.4
| |
| | Jul rain days = 11.3
| |
| | Aug rain days = 10.0
| |
| | Sep rain days = 7.9
| |
| | Oct rain days = 1.5
| |
| | Nov rain days = 0.3
| |
| | Dec rain days = 0.4
| |
| |year rain days = 40.4
| |
| |time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| |
| | Jan humidity = 62
| |
| | Feb humidity = 49
| |
| | Mar humidity = 32
| |
| | Apr humidity = 22
| |
| | May humidity = 28
| |
| | Jun humidity = 46
| |
| | Jul humidity = 71
| |
| | Aug humidity = 75
| |
| | Sep humidity = 74
| |
| | Oct humidity = 62
| |
| | Nov humidity = 58
| |
| | Dec humidity = 63
| |
| |year humidity = 53
| |
| | Jan sun = 224.9
| |
| | Feb sun = 244.2
| |
| | Mar sun = 263.2
| |
| | Apr sun = 274.1
| |
| | May sun = 292.3
| |
| | Jun sun = 206.4
| |
| | Jul sun = 143.3
| |
| | Aug sun = 180.6
| |
| | Sep sun = 184.3
| |
| | Oct sun = 259.7
| |
| | Nov sun = 256.7
| |
| | Dec sun = 244.0
| |
| |year sun = 2773.7
| |
| |source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
| |
| {{cite web
| |
| | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| |
| | archive-date = 5 February 2020
| |
| | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| |
| | title = Station: Allahabad Climatological Table 1981–2010
| |
| | work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| |
| | publisher = India Meteorological Department
| |
| | date = January 2015
| |
| | pages = 31–32
| |
| | access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
| |
| {{cite web
| |
| | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| |
| | archive-date = 5 February 2020
| |
| | url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| |
| | title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| |
| | publisher = India Meteorological Department
| |
| | date = December 2016
| |
| | page = M211
| |
| | access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref>
| |
| |source 2 = [[NOAA]] (sun 1971–1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| |
| | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/IN/42475.TXT
| |
| | title = Allahabad Climate Normals 1971–1990
| |
| | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| |
| | access-date = 15 April 2015}}</ref>
| |
| |date= May 2012
| |
| }}
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| | |
| === Biodiversity ===
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| [[File:Pfau imponierend.jpg|thumb|alt=Peacock displaying its tail feathers| A typical [[Indian peafowl|Indian peacock]], found in Allahabad on a large scale]]
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| The Ganga-Jamuna Doab, of which Allahabad is a part, is on the western [[Indus-Gangetic Plain]] region. The doab (including the [[Terai]]) is responsible for the city's unique flora and fauna.<ref name="KalaMuseum2000">{{cite book|author1=Satish Chandra Kala|author2=Allahabad Municipal Museum|title=Flora and fauna in art: particularly in terracottas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lP3VAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Allahabad Museum|page=86|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523073216/http://books.google.com/books?id=lP3VAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2000}}</ref><ref name="MisraVerma1992">{{cite book|author1=Bal Krishna Misra|author2=Birendra Kumar Verma|title=Flora of Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBq1AAAAIAAJ|publisher=Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh Publishing House|isbn=978-81-211-0077-9|page=530|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523062959/http://books.google.com/books?id=tBq1AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1992}}</ref> Since the arrival of humans, nearly half of the city's [[vertebrate]]s have become extinct. Others are [[endangered]] or have had their range severely reduced. Associated changes in habitat and the introduction of [[reptiles]], [[snakes]] and other [[mammals]] led to the extinction of bird species, including large birds such as [[eagle]]s.<ref name="KalaMuseum2000a">{{cite book|author1=Satish Chandra Kala|author2=Allahabad Municipal Museum|title=Flora and fauna in art: particularly in terracottas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lP3VAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Allahabad Museum|pages=22–38|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523073216/http://books.google.com/books?id=lP3VAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2000}}</ref> The [[Allahabad Museum]], one of four national museums in India, is documenting the flora and fauna of the Ganges and the Yamuna.<ref name="river belt">{{cite news|title=Allahabad museum to document flora, fauna of Ganga-Yamuna belt|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/allahabad-museum-to-document-flora-fauna-of-gangayamuna-belt/854561/|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
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| To protect the rich aquatic biodiversity of river Ganges from escalating anthropogenic pressures, development of a [[Turtle]] sanctuary in Allahabad along with a River Biodiversity Park at [[Triveni Sangam|Sangam]] have been approved under Namami Gange programme.
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| | |
| The most common birds found in the city are [[Columbidae|doves]], [[Peafowl|peacocks]], [[junglefowl]], [[black partridge]], [[house sparrow]]s, [[songbirds]], [[blue jay]]s, [[parakeet]]s, [[quail]]s, [[bulbul]]s, and [[Knob-billed duck|comb ducks]].<ref name="S.k.agarwal">{{cite book|author=S.K.Agarwal|title=Environment Biotechnology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UeDTX6HEK8C&pg=PA61|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0294-1|page=61|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523073400/http://books.google.com/books?id=0UeDTX6HEK8C&pg=PA61|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1998}}</ref> Large numbers of Deer are found in the Trans Yamuna area of Allahabad. India's first conservation reserve for [[blackbuck]] is being created in Allahabad's [[Meja]] Forest Division. Other animals in the state include reptiles such as [[lizard]]s, [[cobra]]s, [[Bungarus|kraits]], and [[gharial]]s.<ref name="KalaMuseum2000" /> During winter, large numbers of [[Siberia]]n birds are reported in the [[Triveni sangam|sangam]] and nearby wetlands.<ref name="Siberian birds">{{cite news|last=Aarti|first=Aggarwal|title=Siberian birds flock Sangam, other wetlands |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-02/allahabad/28062841_1_migratory-birds-pond-heron-cattle-egret |date=2 November 2009 |access-date=4 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224054524/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-02/allahabad/28062841_1_migratory-birds-pond-heron-cattle-egret |archive-date=24 February 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
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| | |
| == Demographics ==
| |
| {{India census population
| |
| |state=
| |
| |title= Population growth of Allahabad Municipal Corporation
| |
| | 1820= 20000
| |
| | 1865= 105900
| |
| | 1871= 143700
| |
| | 1881= 148500
| |
| | 1891= 175200
| |
| | 1901= 172032
| |
| | 1911= 171697
| |
| | 1921= 157220
| |
| | 1931= 173895
| |
| | 1941= 246226
| |
| | 1951= 312259
| |
| | 1961= 411955
| |
| | 1971= 490622
| |
| | 1981= 616051
| |
| | 1991= 792858
| |
| | 2001= 975393
| |
| | 2011= 1112544
| |
| | 2020= 1536218
| |
| |align-fn=center
| |
| |footnote= Sources: <ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=India, historical demographical data of the urban centers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|archive-date=17 February 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=3 October 2014 |work=www.populstat.info}}</ref><ref name=AllahabadUA2011/><ref name='Prayagraj City'/>
| |
| }}
| |
| {{bar box
| |
| |title=Religion in Allahabad<ref name="censusdata2011">{{cite web
| |
| |title = Population by Religious Community
| |
| |publisher = Census of India
| |
| |url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/138-allahabad.html
| |
| |access-date = 27 April 2017
| |
| |url-status = live
| |
| |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170505012949/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/138-allahabad.html
| |
| |archive-date = 5 May 2017}}</ref>
| |
| |titlebar=#Fcd116
| |
| |left1=Religion
| |
| |right1=Percent
| |
| |float=right
| |
| |bars=
| |
| {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|76.03}}
| |
| {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|21.94}}
| |
| {{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|#5218FA|0.68}}
| |
| {{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|#FFFF00|0.28}}
| |
| {{bar percent|Others|#FF007F|1.07}}
| |
| |caption=<small>Others include [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], other religions and no particular religion (0.63%)</small>
| |
| }}
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| | |
| The [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] reported a population of 1,112,544 in the {{convert|82|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} area governed by Allahabad Municipal Corporation, corresponding to a density of {{convert|{{#expr:1112544/82 round -2}}|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=AllahabadUA2011/><ref>{{cite web|title=Allahabad|url=http://allahabadmc.gov.in/city_profile.html|website=allahabadmc.gov.in|publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh|language=en|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404174232/http://www.allahabadmc.gov.in/city_profile.html|archive-date=4 April 2018|url-status = dead<!-- Present content is different -->}}</ref> In January 2020, the boundaries of Allahabad Municipal Corporation were expanded to {{convert|365|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}; according to the 2011 census, 1,536,218 people lived within those boundaries; this corresponds to a population density of {{convert|{{#expr:1536218/365 round -2}}|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name='Prayagraj City'/>
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| Natives of Uttar Pradesh form the majority of Allahabad's population. With regards to Houseless Census in Allahabad, total 5,672 families live on footpaths or without any roof cover, this is approximately 0.38% of the total population of Allahabad district. The sex ratio of Allahabad is 901 females per 1000 males and child sex ratio of is 893 girls per 1000 boys, lower than the national average.<ref name=census2011.co.in>{{cite web|title=Allahabad : Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/138-allahabad.html|work=[[2011 census of India]]|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702044839/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/138-allahabad.html|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref>
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| Hindi, the official state language, is the dominant language in Allahabad. Urdu and other languages are spoken by a sizeable minority. Hindus form the majority of Allahabad's population; Muslims compose a large minority. According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, [[Hinduism]] is majority religion in Allahabad city with 76.03% followers. [[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]] is the second most practised religion in the city with approximately 21.94% following it. [[Christianity in Uttar Pradesh|Christianity]] is followed by 0.68%, [[Jainism in Uttar Pradesh|Jainism]] by 0.10%, [[Sikhism in India|Sikhism]] by 0.28% and [[Buddhism in India|Buddhism]] by 0.28%. Around 0.02% stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.90% stated 'No Particular Religion'.
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| Allahabad's [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] at 86.50% is the highest in the region.<ref name="literacy rate">{{cite news |title=Allahabad has highest literacy rate in region |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-15/allahabad/29421107_1_literacy-rate-female-population-males |access-date=3 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 April 2011 |first1=Kapil |last1=Dixit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506182108/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-15/allahabad/29421107_1_literacy-rate-female-population-males |archive-date=6 May 2013 |url-status = dead}}</ref> Male literacy is 90.21% and female literacy 82.17%.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web|title=Average literacy rate of Allahabad|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/questions/546/district-literacy/literacy-rate-of-allahabad-district-2011.html|work=[[Census of India]]|access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902045133/http://www.census2011.co.in/questions/546/district-literacy/literacy-rate-of-allahabad-district-2011.html|archive-date=2 September 2012}}</ref> For 2001 census same figure stood at 75.81 and 46.38. As per census 2011, total 1,080,808 people are literate in Allahabad of which males and females are 612,257 and 468,551 respectively. Among [[Crime in India|35 major Indian cities]], Allahabad reported the highest rate of violations of special and local laws to the [[NCRB|National Crime Records Bureau]].<ref name=NCRB>{{cite web|url=http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2008/cii-2008/Snapshots.pdf |title=Snaphhots – 2008 |publisher=[[National Crime Records Bureau]] |access-date=5 May 2017 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622023825/http://ncrb.nic.in/CII2008/cii-2008/Snapshots.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2011 }}</ref>
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| == Administration and politics ==
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| === General administration ===
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| [[Allahabad division]], comprising four districts, is headed by the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] of Allahabad, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer of high seniority, the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|commissioner]] is the head of local government institutions (including [[Municipal corporations in India|municipal corporations]]) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division.<ref name=":22">{{cite web|url=http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|title=CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP|website=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831000649/http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|archive-date=31 August 2017|url-status = live|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=563–572|edition=6th}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=26–129}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=5.1–5.2|edition=2nd}}</ref> The [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] of Allahabad reports to the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]]. The current commissioner is Ashish Kumar Goel.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|title=Contact Details of Commissioners and District Magistrates of U.P|website=[[Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Home and Confidential]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816061300/http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status = live|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/DMCFileCurrent.aspx|title=जिलाधिकारी/मंडलायुक्त की सूची|website=Department of Appointments and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|language=hi|trans-title=List of District Magistrates and Divisional Commissioners|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210045547/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/DOCUMENTS/DMCFileCurrent.aspx|archive-date=10 February 2011|url-status = dead|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://allahabad.nic.in/content/cug.pdf|title=C.U.G. Mobile No. of Allahabad Administration|website=Allahabad District website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905060025/http://allahabad.nic.in/content/cug.pdf|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status = dead|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://allahabad.nic.in/admin.html|title=DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION|website=Allahabad District Website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905053739/http://allahabad.nic.in/admin.html|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status = dead|access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref>
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| [[File:Allahabad high court.jpg|alt=Large building behind landscaped grounds|thumb|The [[Allahabad High Court]] is India's fourth-oldest high court]]
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| [[Allahabad district]] administration is headed by the [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]] (DM) of Allahabad, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]. The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the [[Elections in India|elections]] held in the district. The DM is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the district.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":43">{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=573–597|edition=6th}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=6.1–6.6|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=50–124}}</ref> The DM is assisted by a chief development officer; five additional district magistrates for finance/revenue, city, rural administration, land acquisition and civil supply; one chief revenue officer; one city magistrate; and three additional city magistrates.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> The district has eight [[Tehsil|tehsils]] viz. Sadar, Soraon, Phulpur, Handia, Karchhana, Bara, Meja and Kuraon, each headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate (India)|sub-divisional magistrate]].<ref name=":0" />
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| === Police administration ===
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| City comes under the Allahabad Police Zone and Allahabad Police Range, Allahabad Zone is headed by an [[Additional director general of police|additional director general]]-rank [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer, and the Allahabad Range is headed [[Inspector-general of police#India|inspector general]]-rank IPS officer. The district police is headed by a [[Superintendent of police (India)|senior superintendent of police]] (SSP), who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer, and is assisted by eight [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendents of police]] or [[Additional superintendent of police|additional superintendents of police]] for city, either from the IPS or the [[Provincial Police Service (Uttar Pradesh)|Provincial Police Service]].<ref name=":32">{{cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?allahabad|title=Officers posted at ALLAHABAD|website=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821180136/https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?allahabad|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status = live|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref> Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer (CO) in the rank of [[Deputy superintendent of police#India|deputy superintendent of police]].<ref name=":32" />
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| === Infrastructure and civic administration ===
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| The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by the Allahabad Development Authority (ADA), which comes under the [[Department of Housing and Urban Planning]] of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]]. The [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] of Allahabad acts as the ''[[ex-officio]]'' chairperson of ADA, whereas a vice chairperson, a government-appointed [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], looks after the daily matters of the authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adaallahabad.in/structure.php|title=Structure|website=Allahabad Development Authority|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915023108/http://adaallahabad.in/structure.php|archive-date=15 September 2017|url-status = live|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref> The current chairperson of ADA is Bhanu Chandra Goswami.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adaallahabad.in/inner.php?conf=contact|title=CONTACT INFORMATION|website=Allahabad Development Authority|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929133127/http://adaallahabad.in/inner.php?conf=contact|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status = live|access-date=14 September 2017}}</ref>
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| The Allahabad Nagar Nigam, also called [[Allahabad Municipal Corporation]], oversees the city's civic infrastructure. The corporation originated in 1864 as the Municipal Board of Allahabad, when the Lucknow Municipal Act was passed by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="nagar nigam2">{{cite web|url=http://allahabadnagarnigam.in/english/about_nagarnigam_allahabad.htm|title=Nagar Nigam – From the casement of history|publisher=Allahabad Nagar Nigam|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702114727/http://allahabadnagarnigam.in/english/about_nagarnigam_allahabad.htm|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=Joshi-122>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA122 |title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities |first1=Ashutosh |last1=Joshi |year=2008 |isbn=9788189422820 |page=122 |access-date=11 August 2020 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507101539/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA122 |url-status=live }}<br />This book says that the Municipal Board of Allahabad was founded in 1863.</ref> In 1867, the [[Civil Lines, Allahabad|Civil Lines]] and the city were amalgamated for municipal purposes.<ref name="nagar nigam2"/><ref name=Joshi-122/> The Cantonment was counted as part of the city in censuses until the [[1931 Census of India|1931 Indian census]], when it was started to be counted as a separate [[census town]]. The Municipal Board became [[Allahabad Municipal Corporation]] in 1959.<ref name=CRISIL-April2015>{{cite report |url=http://allahabadmc.gov.in/documentslist/City_Development_Plan_Allahabad-2041.pdf |page=132 |title=City Development Plan for Allahabad, 2041 (Final City Development Plan) |date=April 2015 |work=CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Limited |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413041215/http://allahabadmc.gov.in/documentslist/City_Development_Plan_Allahabad-2041.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Allahabad Cantonment has a cantonment board. The city of Allahabad is currently divided into 80 wards,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:RWS9Rxy9SAsJ:allahabadmc.gov.in/documentslist/Mohalla-ward-list.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in|title=Nagar Nigam Allahabad|website=webcache.googleusercontent.com|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423071652/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3ARWS9Rxy9SAsJ%3Aallahabadmc.gov.in%2Fdocumentslist%2FMohalla-ward-list.pdf+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in|url-status=live}}</ref> with one member (or corporator) elected from each ward to form the municipal committee. The head of the corporation is the mayor, but, the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is an [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]]-appointed [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh)|Provincial Civil Service]] officer of high seniority. The current mayor of Allahabad is [[Abhilasha Gupta]], whereas the current municipal commissioner is Avinash Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/pcs/pcs_hod.aspx|title=PCS OFFICERS (Posted as HOD)|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821130444/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/pcs/pcs_hod.aspx|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status = dead|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allahabadmc.gov.in/documentslist/cug.pdf|title=Allahabad Municipal Corporation —> Contact Details of CUG Mobile No.List|website=[[Allahabad Municipal Corporation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818063638/http://allahabadmc.gov.in/documentslist/cug.pdf|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status = live|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>
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| Allahabad was declared to have metropolitan status in October 2006.<ref name="Six cities to get metropolitan stat"/> The metropolitan area is referred to in the [[2011 Indian census]] and other official documents as Allahabad Urban Agglomeration. It consists of Allahabad Municipal Corporation, three census towns (the cantonment, Arail Uparhar, and Chak Babura Alimabad), and 17 Outer Growth (OG) areas listed in the table below.<ref name=AllahabadUA2011/>
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| {|class="wikitable mw-collapsible "
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| |- style="vertical-align:top;"
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| !colspan=15|Population of Allahabad Urban Agglomeration and its Parts According to Census Data for 1901–2011.<ref name=AllahabadUA2011>{{cite report |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A4.html |title=A-4 Towns And Urban Agglomerations Classified By Population Size Class In 2011 With Variation Since 1901 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=7 August 2020 |date= |archive-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428145514/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A4.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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| |- style="vertical-align:top;"
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| !colspan=3| Name
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| !| 1901
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| !| 1911
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| !| 1921
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| !| 1931
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| !| 1941
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| !| 1951
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| !| 1961
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| !| 1971
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| !| 1981
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| !| 1991
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| !| 2001
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| !| 2011
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" colspan=3| Allahabad Urban Agglomeration
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| || 172,032 || 171,697 || 157,220 || 183,914 || 260,630 || 332,295 || 430,730 || 513,036 || 650,070 || 844,546 || 1,042,229 || 1,212,395
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| |-
| |
| |colspan=15 style="background:#0000FF;"|
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#0000FF;"|
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| | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2| Allahabad Municipal Corporation
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| || 172,032 || 171,697 || 157,220 || 173,895 || 246,226 || 312,259 || 411,955 || 490,622 || 616,051 || 792,858 || 975,393 || 1,112,544
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| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#0000FF;"|
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| | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2| Allahabad Cantonment<br /><small>(included in Allahabad in the 1901–1921 figures)</small>
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| |style="background:#ffffcc;"| 12,487
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| |style="background:#ffffcc;"| 11,996
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| |style="background:#ffffcc;"| 11,615
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| || 10,019 || 14,404 || 20,036 || 17,529 || 20,591 || 30,442 || 38,060 || 24,137 || 26,944
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| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
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| |style="background:#0000FF;"|
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| | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2| Arail Uparhar
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| || || || || || || || || || || || || 12,190
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| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#0000FF;"|
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| | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2| Chak Babura Alimabad
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| || || || || || || || || || || || || 4,876
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
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| |style="background:#0000FF;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" colspan=2| Total of Allahabad Outer Growth (OG) areas listed below:
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| || || || || || || || 1,246 || 1,823 || 3,577 || 13,628 || 42,699 || 55,841
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| |-
| |
| | rowspan=18|
| |
| |colspan=14 style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Subedarganj Railway Colony (OG)
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| || || || || || || || 1,246 || 1,823 || 3,577 || 3,606 || 872 || 1,568
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Triveni Nagar (N.E.C.S.W.) (OG)
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| || || || || || || || || || || 4,125 || 1,732 || 3,515
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | T.S.L. Factory (OG)
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| || || || || || || || || || || 466 || 317 || 753
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Mukta Vihar (OG)
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| || || || || || || || || || || 461 || 509 || 534
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Bharat Pump and Compressor Factory (OG)
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| || || || || || || || || || || 631 || 628 || 648
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | A.D.A. Colony (OG)
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| || || || || || || || || || || 1,155 || 12,539 || 22,774
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Doorbani Nagar (OG)
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| || || || || || || || || || || 2,312 || 783 || 543
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | ITI Factory and Res. Colony (OG)
| |
| || || || || || || || || || || 872 || 3,764 || 221
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Shiv Nagar (OG)
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| || || || || || || || || || || || 990 || 1,449
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Gurunanak Nagar (OG)
| |
| || || || || || || || || || || || 867 || 947
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Gandhi Nagar, Manas Nagar, Industrial Labour Colony (OG)
| |
| || || || || || || || || || || || 5,319 || 6,313
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Gangotri Nagar (OG)
| |
| || || || || || || || || || || || 1,641 || 6,749
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Mahewa West (OG)
| |
| || || || || || || || || || || || 7,161 || 2,136
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Begum Bazar (OG)
| |
| || || || || || || || || || || || 514 || 841
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Bhagal Purwa (OG)
| |
| || || || || || || || || || || || 680 || 988
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | Kodra (OG)
| |
| || || || || || || || || || || || 690 || 587
| |
| |- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:right"
| |
| |style="background:#ED0E0E;"|
| |
| | style="text-align:left;" | IOC Colony, Deoghat, ADA Colony and Jhalwagaon (OG)
| |
| || || || || || || || || || || || 3,693 || 5,275
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
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| === Politics ===
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| Allahabad is the seat of [[Allahabad High Court]], the highest judicial body in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The city is known as the "Prime Minister Capital of India", since, seven of fifteen [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime ministers]] have been from the district.<ref name="prime" /> Allahabad is administered by several [[Government agency|government agencies]]. As the seat of the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], Allahabad is home to local governing agencies and the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] (housed in the [[Allahabad High Court]] building).<ref name="Checklist">{{cite web|url=http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Allahabad_MoA1.pdf|title='Urban Reforms Agenda' under JNNURM|work=[[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031123742/http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Allahabad_MoA1.pdf|archive-date=31 October 2012|url-status = dead|access-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> The Allahabad district has two parliamentary constituency, namely, [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad]] and [[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phul pur]] and elects 12 members of the legislative assembly ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLAs]]) to the state legislature.<ref name="Legislative">{{cite web|title=Bicameral legislature of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh |url=http://www.uplegassembly.nic.in/16th%20UP%20legislative%20Assembly-Notification.html |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=5 August 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102214703/http://www.uplegassembly.nic.in/16th%20UP%20legislative%20Assembly-Notification.html |archive-date=2 November 2012 }}</ref>
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| === Central government offices/organisations ===
| |
| Allahabad houses various central government offices and organisations, such as-
| |
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| '''[[Ministry of Home Affairs]]'''
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| * Headquarters of [[Central Zonal Council]]
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| * [[Rapid Action Force]] (101 Battalion).
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| * [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (Training Institute).
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| '''[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]'''
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| * Special officer for Linguistic Minorities (Regional Headquarters).
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| '''[[Ministry of Defence (India)]]'''
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| * Headquarters of [[Central Air Command]].
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| * [[Services Selection Board]] (East Centre).
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| '''[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)]]'''
| |
| * Civil Aviation Training College.
| |
| '''[[Ministry of Railways (India)]]'''
| |
| * Headquarters of [[North Central Railway Zone]].
| |
| * Headquarters of [[Central Organisation for Railway Electrification]].
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| * [[Railway Recruitment Control Board]] (Selection Centre).
| |
| '''[[Ministry of Finance (India)]]'''
| |
| * Headquarters of Accountants General, Uttar Pradesh.
| |
| '''[[Ministry of Human Resource Development]]'''
| |
| * [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (Regional office).
| |
| '''[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]'''
| |
| * [[Botanical Survey of India]] (Central Regional Centre, Allahabad).
| |
| * [[Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation]].
| |
| '''[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)]]'''
| |
| * [[Harish Chandra Research Institute]].
| |
| * [[Indian Institute of Geomagnetism]] (Regional Center).
| |
| * [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].
| |
| | |
| {{See also|Neighborhoods in Allahabad}}
| |
| | |
| == Economy ==
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Overall Allahabad has a stable and diverse economy comprising various sectors such as State and Central government offices, education and research institutions, real estate, retail, banking, tourism and hospitality, agriculture-based industries, railways, transport and logistics, miscellaneous service sectors, and manufacturing. [[Disposable household and per capita income|Average household income]] of the city is US$2,299.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mudraa.com/trading/52752/0/key-metros-with-high-per-capita-income.html |title=Key Metros with high per capita income |access-date=28 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305122308/http://www.mudraa.com/trading/52752/0/key-metros-with-high-per-capita-income.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The construction sector is a major part of Allahabad's economy.<ref name="Industrial units">{{cite web|title=Industrial units in allahabad|url=http://uppcb.com/inventory2010/7_allahabad.pdf|publisher=U.P Pollution Control Board|access-date=4 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128031316/http://uppcb.com/inventory2010/7_allahabad.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2012}}</ref> Secondary manufacturers and services may be registered or unregistered;<ref name=development>{{cite web|last=organizations|first=Significant industrial|title=Large scale industries|url=http://www.exploreallahabad.com/economy-of-allahabad|publisher=Explore Allahabad Press|access-date=12 January 2014|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112171203/http://www.exploreallahabad.com/economy-of-allahabad|archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref> according to the third All India Census for Small Scale Industries, there are more than 10,000 unregistered small-scale industries in the city.<ref name="Small scale Industries">{{cite web|title=Summary results of third census|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/ssiindia/census/sumryres.htm|work=All India Census of Small scale Industries|access-date=4 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505002618/http://dcmsme.gov.in/ssiindia/census/sumryres.htm|archive-date=5 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="Industries2004">{{cite book|author=Office of the Development Commissioner (Small Scale Industries)|title=Final results, third all India census of small scale industries, 2001–2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRHtAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Development Commissioner, Ministry of Small Scale Industries, Govt. of India|isbn=978-81-88905-17-1|pages=13–18|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523075248/http://books.google.com/books?id=LRHtAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2004}}</ref> An integrated industrial township has been proposed for {{convert|1200|acre|ha}} in Allahabad by the [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Eastern dedicated freight corridor to get rs 42,000 cr investments to UP |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-17/lucknow/45293731_1_eastern-dedicated-freight-corridor-edfc-amritsar-delhi-kolkata-industrial-corridor |first1=Swati |last1=Mathur |date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108140422/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-17/lucknow/45293731_1_eastern-dedicated-freight-corridor-edfc-amritsar-delhi-kolkata-industrial-corridor |archive-date=8 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status = dead }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| The city is also home to glass and [[wire]]-based industry.<ref name=industries>{{cite web|title=Minor industries|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-cities-that-will-shape-indias-future/20111012.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=25 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010050631/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-cities-that-will-shape-indias-future/20111012.htm|archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> The main industrial areas of Allahabad are [[Naini]] and [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]], where several [[Public sector|public]] and [[private sector]] companies have offices and factories.<ref name="Industries1993">{{cite book|author=Office of the Development Commissioner (Small Scale Industries)|title=Report on the second all-India census of small scale industrial units|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9yLtAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Development Commissioner, Small Scale Industries, Ministry of Industry, Govt. of India|page=72|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523061131/http://books.google.com/books?id=9yLtAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1993}}</ref> [[BPCL|Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited]], India's largest oil company (which is state-owned), is constructing a seven-million-tonnes-per-annum (MTPA) capacity refinery in Lohgara with an investment estimated at ₹62 billion.<ref name=GDP>{{cite news|title=GDP & per capita income of Allahabad|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-1/chap%201.pdf|access-date=4 August 2012|newspaper=Planning Commission of India|date=8 March 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904083127/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-1/chap%201.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> [[Allahabad Bank]], which began operations in 1865,<ref name="Small scale Industries" /> [[Bharat Pumps & Compressors]] and A. H. Wheeler and Company have their headquarters in the city. Major companies in the city are [[Reliance Industries]], [[ITI Limited]], [[BPCL]], Dey's Medical, [[Food Corporation of India]], Raymond Synthetics, Triveni Sheet Glass, Triveni Electroplast, EMC Power Ltd, [[Steel Authority of India]], [[HCL Technologies]], [[Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative]] (IFFCO), Vibgyor Laboratories, Geep Industries, Hindustan Cable, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Baidyanath Ayurved, Hindustan Laboratories.<ref name=Companies>{{cite web|last=of the city.|first=accelerating the development|title=significant industrial organizations|url=http://www.exploreallahabad.com/economy-of-allahabad|publisher=Explore Allahabad Press|access-date=12 January 2014|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112171203/http://www.exploreallahabad.com/economy-of-allahabad|archive-date=12 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Popular industries">{{cite web|title=List of Companies|url=http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/Section25_Companies_6nov2008.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Corporate Affairs|access-date=25 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916030108/http://www.mca.gov.in/Ministry/pdf/Section25_Companies_6nov2008.pdf|archive-date=16 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Industries that play a vital role in the economy of the district|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttarpradesh/districts/allahabad.htm|website=Maps of India|access-date=24 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909031533/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/uttarpradesh/districts/allahabad.htm|archive-date=9 September 2012}}</ref>
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| | |
| The primary economic sectors of the district are tourism, fishing and agriculture, and the city is a hub for India's agricultural industry.<ref name="Agricultural industries">{{cite web|title=Agricultural industries in Allahabad|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b1.pdf|publisher=Planning commission of India|access-date=26 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410203237/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/upsdr/vol-2/Chap_b1.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Main Industries">{{cite web|title=Key industries of Allahabad|url=http://www.districtsofindia.com/uttarpradesh/allahabad/industriesandmining/index.aspx|publisher=District Level Information of Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh)|access-date=26 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108134546/http://www.districtsofindia.com/uttarpradesh/allahabad/industriesandmining/index.aspx|archive-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> In the case of agriculture crops, Paddy has the largest share followed by Bajra, Arhar, Urd and Moong, in declining order during the Kharif season. In Rabi, Wheat is predominantally followed by pulses and oilseed. Among oilseed crops, Mustard has very less area under pure farming and is grown mainly as a mixed crop. Linseed dominates the oilseed scenario of the district and is mainly grown in Jamunapar area. in the case of pulses, gram has the largest area followed by pea and lentil (''masoor''). There is fairly good acreage under barley.<ref name=agriculture>{{cite web|title=Agricultureinallahabad |url=http://zpdk.org.in/sites/default/files/districtprofile(2-2-10).pdf |website=zpdk.org.in |access-date=5 November 2014 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226170806/http://zpdk.org.in/sites/default/files/districtprofile%282-2-10%29.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2015 }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Transportation and utilities ==
| |
| [[File:On the banks of New Yamuna bridge, Allahabad.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Long bridge, with its lights reflected in the water|[[New Yamuna Bridge, Allahabad|New Yamuna Bridge]] in Allahabad]]
| |
| | |
| === Air ===
| |
| The main international and domestic airport serving Allahabad is [[Allahabad Airport]] {{Airport codes|IXD|VEAB}}, which began operations in February 1966. The airport is {{convert|12|km}} from the city centre and lies in Bamrauli, Allahabad. As of now, Allahabad is connected to eleven cities by flight, where [[Air India]]'s regional arm [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] connects Allahabad to [[Delhi]] and [[Bilaspur Airport|Bilaspur]], while [[Indigo]] connects it to [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Raipur]], [[Bhopal]], [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Gorakhpur]].<ref name="Institute1937">{{cite book|author=Allahabad Agricultural Institute|title=The Allahabad aviation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4oAsAQAAIAAJ|volume=11|publisher=Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Uttar Pradesh|page=44|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523044352/http://books.google.com/books?id=4oAsAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1937}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Ashwini Phadnis |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/air-india-to-begin-new-services-from-sept-9/article5044189.ece |title=Air India to begin new services from Sept 9 | Business Line |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=21 August 2013 |access-date=26 May 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109185203/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/air-india-to-begin-new-services-from-sept-9/article5044189.ece |archive-date=9 January 2014 }}</ref> The nearest [[international airport]]s are in [[Varanasi]] and [[Lucknow]].<ref name=transport>{{cite web|title=Profile of UP State Unit|url=http://nicsu.up.nic.in/profile.htm|work=National Informatics Centre|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512131658/http://nicsu.up.nic.in/profile.htm|archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref>
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| | |
| The world's first [[airmail]] flight took place from Allahabad to [[Naini]] in February 1911, when 6,000 cards and letters where flown by French pilot [[Henri Pequet]].<ref name="Airmail">{{cite web |title=India and the World's First Official Air Mail by Airplane |url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/collections/object-spotlight/india-and-the-worlds-first-official-air-mail-by-airplane |publisher=National Postal Museum |access-date=21 June 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622145707/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/collections/object-spotlight/india-and-the-worlds-first-official-air-mail-by-airplane |url-status=live }}</ref>
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| | |
| === Railways ===
| |
| [[Allahabad Junction]] is one of the main railway junctions in northern India and headquarters of the [[North Central Railway Zone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=North Central Railways present network|url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261|work=[[North Central Railways]]|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707094035/http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261|archive-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| Allahabad has following nine railway stations in its city limits :<ref name="Railways (India)">{{cite book|title=Railways (India): return to an order from any correspondence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30|year=1853|pages=30–44|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523072631/http://books.google.com/books?id=yyVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref>
| |
| {| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! style="background:#ffd750;"| Station Name
| |
| ! style="background:#ffd750;"| Station Code
| |
| ! style="background:#ffd750;"| Railway Zone
| |
| ! style="background:#ffd750;"| Number of Platforms
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Allahabad Junction]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| PRYJ, formerly ALD
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| 10
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Allahabad Chheoki Junction railway station]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| PCOI, formerly ACOI
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"|[[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| 3
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Naini]] Railway Station
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| NYN
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| 4
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Subedarganj railway station]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| SFG
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| 3
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Prayag Junction railway station]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| PRG
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| 3
| |
| |-
| |
| | Prayagraj Sangam Railway Station
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| PYG
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| 5
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Phaphamau]] Railway Station
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| PFM
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| 3
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Allahabad City railway station]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| PRRB, formerly ALY
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| 5
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Jhusi]] Railway Station
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| JI
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| |
| | style="text-align:center;"| 3
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| The city is connected to most other Uttar Pradesh cities and major Indian cities such as [[Kolkata]], [[New Delhi]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Patna]], [[Mumbai]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Guwahati]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Pune]], [[Bhopal]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]] and [[Jaipur]].<ref name="The Railway magazine">{{cite book|title=The Railway magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCRWAAAAMAAJ|volume=124|publisher=IPC Business Press|page=178|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523060834/http://books.google.com/books?id=BCRWAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1978}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| === Roads ===
| |
| Buses operated by [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] and Allahabad City Transport Service are an important means of public transport for travelling to various parts of the city, state and outskirts.<ref name="Bus services">{{cite web|title=Important Service |url=http://www.upsrtc.com/allahabad/ald_dep.htm |work=[[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] |access-date=3 August 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055516/http://www.upsrtc.com/allahabad/ald_dep.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> Auto Rickshaws have been a popular mode of transportation.<ref name=mode>{{cite web|title=Allahabad Travel |url=http://www.thekumbhmela.com/allahabad-travel-advise.html |work=Kumbh Mela organizing committee |access-date=5 August 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808000427/http://thekumbhmela.com/allahabad-travel-advise.html |archive-date=8 August 2012 }}</ref> [[Cycle rickshaw]]s are the most economical means of transportation in Allahabad along with [[e-rickshaw]]s.<ref name=mode /><ref>{{cite news|last=Mohammad |first=Anas |date=21 October 2014 |title=Meet Tabassum Bano – the first female e-rickshaw driver of Allahabad |url=http://www.iamin.in/en/allahabad/news/meet-tabassum-bano-first-female-e-rickshaw-driver-allahabad-44796 |newspaper=[[I am in DNA of India]] |location=Allahabad |access-date=29 October 2014 |url-status = unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029122217/http://www.iamin.in/en/allahabad/news/meet-tabassum-bano-first-female-e-rickshaw-driver-allahabad-44796 |archive-date=29 October 2014 }}</ref>
| |
| | |
| There are several important National Highways that pass through Allahabad:<ref name=Status>{{cite web|title=Completed Stretches on NH2|url=http://www.nhai.org/completednh2.htm|work=National Highways Authority of India|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214185100/http://nhai.org/completednh2.htm|archive-date=14 February 2009}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable"
| |
| |-
| |
| !NH (acc. new numbering system)
| |
| !NH (acc. old numbering system)
| |
| !Route
| |
| !Total Length
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]]
| |
| |NH 2
| |
| |[[Delhi]] » [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] » [[Agra]] » [[Kanpur]] » Allahabad » [[Varanasi]] » [[Mohania]] » [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]] » [[Palsit]] » [[Dankuni]] (near [[Kolkata]])
| |
| |2542
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[National Highway 30 (India)|NH 30]]
| |
| |NH 24B & NH 27
| |
| |[[Udham Singh Nagar]], [[Uttarakhand]] » [[Bareilly]] » [[Lucknow]] » [[Raebareli]] » Allahabad » [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]] » [[Jabalpur]] » [[Raipur]] » [[Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| |
| |2022
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[National Highway 35 (India)|NH 35]]
| |
| |NH 76 & NH 76 Extension
| |
| |[[Mahoba]] » [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]] » [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]] » Allahabad » [[Mirzapur]] » [[Varanasi]]
| |
| |346
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[National Highway 330 (India)|NH 330]]
| |
| |NH 96
| |
| |Allahabad » [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]] » [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] » [[Faizabad]] » [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]] » [[Balrampur]]
| |
| |263
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| [[Cable-stayed bridge|Cable-stayed]], [[New Yamuna Bridge, Allahabad|New Yamuna Bridge]] (built 2001–04), is in Allahabad and connects the city to the suburb of [[Naini]] across the Yamuna.<ref name=Instrumentation>{{cite web|title=Structural Monitoring System|url=http://www.nhai.org/NIT.htm|work=National Highways Authority of India|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524011643/http://www.nhai.org/NIT.htm|archive-date=24 May 2013}}</ref> The [[Old Naini Bridge]] now accommodates railway and auto traffic.<ref name="Dayaratnam2000">{{cite book|author=P. Dayaratnam|title=Cable Stayed, Supported, and Suspension Bridges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA9|year=2000|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-271-5|page=9|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523064532/http://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA9|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=bridge>{{cite web|title=India's biggest cable-stayed bridge|url=http://www.maurer-soehne.de/files/bauwerkschutzsysteme/pdf/de/projektinfo/PI_NAINI_Bruecke_englisch.pdf|work=Murer Swivel Joist|access-date=3 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016202936/http://maurer-soehne.de/files/bauwerkschutzsysteme/pdf/de/projektinfo/PI_NAINI_Bruecke_englisch.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2012}}</ref> A road bridge across the Ganges also connects Allahabad and [[Jhusi]].<ref name="Institute1958">{{cite book|title=The Allahabad transportation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nghAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Agricultural Institute, University of Allahabad|access-date=3 August 2012|volume=32|page=68|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523064817/http://books.google.com/books?id=_nghAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=1958}}</ref> [[National Waterway 1 (India)|National Waterway 1]], the longest Waterway in India, connects Allahabad and Haldia.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Union Government launched National Waterway-4 project in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/union-government-launched-national-waterway4-project-in-tamil-nadu-1390650157-1 |newspaper=JagranJosh |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029101633/http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/union-government-launched-national-waterway4-project-in-tamil-nadu-1390650157-1 |archive-date=29 October 2014 }}</ref>
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| The city generates 5,34,760 kg of domestic solid wastes daily, while the per capita generation of waste is 0.40 kg per day. The sewer service areas are divided into nine zones in the city.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /> Allahabad Municipal Corporation oversees the solid waste management project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/invitation-card-gives-mayor-a-miss-congmen-stall-ceremony/ |title=Invitation card gives Mayor a miss, Congmen stall ceremony |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305203728/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/invitation-card-gives-mayor-a-miss-congmen-stall-ceremony/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 |date=27 May 2010 }}</ref> Allahabad was the first city to get pre-paid meters for electricity bill in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Now-manage-your-power-usage-with-pre-paid-meters/articleshow/48209297.cms |title=Now, manage your power usage with pre-paid meters |date=25 July 2015 |first1=Neha |last1=Shukla |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Now-manage-your-power-usage-with-pre-paid-meters/articleshow/48209297.cms |archive-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-ALAH-in-uttar-pradesh-launch-first-prepaid-electricity-meter-allahabad-latest-news-4828056-NOR.html |title=इलाहाबाद में लगेगा यूपी का पहला प्रीपेड बिजली का मीटर, हुई लॉचिंग |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224141/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-ALAH-in-uttar-pradesh-launch-first-prepaid-electricity-meter-allahabad-latest-news-4828056-NOR.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |date=3 December 2014 }}</ref> The city is equipped with over 40 [[CCTV]]s at major crossings and markets.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Areas-of-Allahabad-to-come-under-CCTV-camera-surveillance/articleshow/48009052.cms |title=Areas of Allahabad to come under CCTV camera surveillance |date=9 July 2015 |first1=Kapil |last1=Dixit |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713195402/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Areas-of-Allahabad-to-come-under-CCTV-camera-surveillance/articleshow/48009052.cms |archive-date=13 July 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
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| ==Human resources ==
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| === Public health ===
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| [[File:Mlnmc1.jpg|thumb|[[MLN Medical College]], the Government Medical College in Allahabad]]
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| Department of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Uttar Pradesh oversees the healthcare system of Allahabad. Its healthcare system comprises hospitals, medical facilities, private clinics and diagnostic centers. These facilities are either privately owned or owned and facilitated by the government. Allahabad has a total of twenty four hospitals run by the administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hospitals in Allahabad |url=https://www.medifee.com/hospitals-in-allahabad |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=www.medifee.com |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428193003/https://www.medifee.com/hospitals-in-allahabad |url-status=live }}</ref> Founded in memory of Pandit [[Motilal Nehru]] in 1961, [[Motilal Nehru Medical College]] (MLN Medical College and associated hospitals) is a government [[medical college]] in Allahabad, with Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital, [[Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital]], Sarojini Naidu Children’s Hospital and Manohar Das Eye Hospital serving under it’s affiliation.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian Medical Colleges|url=https://archive.nmji.in/approval/archive/Volume-10/issue-1/indian-medical-colleges.pdf|access-date=28 April 2021|website=www.medifee.com|archive-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823133430/http://archive.nmji.in/approval/archive/Volume-10/issue-1/indian-medical-colleges.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the known multispecialty hospitals in and around Allahabad are Alka Hospital, Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hospitals {{!}} District Prayagraj, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India|url=https://prayagraj.nic.in/public-utility-category/hospitals/|access-date=3 August 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518102935/https://prayagraj.nic.in/public-utility-category/hospitals/|url-status=live}}</ref> Amardeep Hospital, Asha Hospital, Ashutosh Hospital and Trauma Centre, Bhola Hospital, Dwarka Hospital, D R S Hospital, Jain Hospital, Parvati Hospital Pvt. Ltd., Phoenix Hospitals Pvt. Ltd., Priya Hospital, Sangam Multispeciality Hospital, Vatsalya Hospital, Yashlok Hospital and Research Centre, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |work=Allahabad Nagar Nigam, Government of Uttar Pradesh, allahabadmc.gov.in |title=List of Hospitals, Allahabad |url=http://allahabadmc.gov.in/hospital_list.html |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305151110/http://allahabadmc.gov.in/hospital_list.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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| Allahabad healthcare also comprises many medical research institutes. The city also has diagnostic labs, clinics, consultation providers and pathological institutes like Kriti Scanning Centre,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://kritiscanningcentre.com/|access-date=3 August 2021|website=kritiscanningcentre.com|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101314/https://kritiscanningcentre.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Prayag Scan & Diagnostic Centre, and Sprint Medical.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2021|title=Telemedicine is tackling the healthcare gaps in India and saving lives|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/telemedicine-is-tackling-the-healthcare-gaps-in-india-and-saving-lives-101620733612901.html|access-date=3 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101304/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/telemedicine-is-tackling-the-healthcare-gaps-in-india-and-saving-lives-101620733612901.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=10 May 2021|title=Telemedicine is changing healthcare and saving lives in India|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-telemedicine-is-changing-healthcare-and-saving-lives-in-india-2889671|access-date=3 August 2021|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101304/https://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-telemedicine-is-changing-healthcare-and-saving-lives-in-india-2889671|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sprint Medical|url=https://sprintmedical.in/|access-date=3 August 2021|website=Sprint Medical|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183406/https://sprintmedical.in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 May 2021|title=Telehealth is now the safest and most cost-effective option for people in India.|url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/telehealth-is-now-the-safest-and-most-cost-effective-option-for-people-in-india-23172183|access-date=3 August 2021|website=www.mid-day.com|language=en|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101502/https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/telehealth-is-now-the-safest-and-most-cost-effective-option-for-people-in-india-23172183|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| === Projects ===
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| {{anchor|Smart city}}<!-- 'Allahabad Smart City Project' links here -->
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| [[IBM]] selected Allahabad among 16 other global cities for its smart cities programme to help it address challenges like waste management, disaster management, water management and citizen services.<ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515192742/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-12/news/62082974_1_ibm-top-experts-smart-cities-mamtha-sharma |archive-date=15 May 2015 |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-12/news/62082974_1_ibm-top-experts-smart-cities-mamtha-sharma |title=IBM picks Surat, Allahabad & Vizag among 16 global locations for smart cities project |work=Economic Times |date=12 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/it-giant-to-chalk-out-disaster-management-plan/article7254158.ece |title=IT giant to chalk out disaster management plan |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145638/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/it-giant-to-chalk-out-disaster-management-plan/article7254158.ece |archive-date=3 March 2018 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 May 2015 |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Sumit }}</ref> The company commenced working on solid waste management and power sector in generating renewable energy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.in/5-pillars-of-Smart-Cities-Top-honchos-finally-unveil-the-key-to-the-lock-called-Smart/articleshow/48544126.cms |title=5 pillars of Smart Cities: Top honchos finally unveil the key to the lock called 'Smart'! |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823000857/http://www.businessinsider.in/5-pillars-of-Smart-Cities-Top-honchos-finally-unveil-the-key-to-the-lock-called-Smart/articleshow/48544126.cms |archive-date=23 August 2015 }}</ref>
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| A [[memorandum of understanding]] was signed on 25 January 2015 between the [[United States Trade and Development Agency]] (USTDA) and the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] for developing Allahabad as a [[smart city]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-us-sign-three-mous-on-smart-cities/article6821106.ece|title=India, U.S. sign three MoUs on smart cities|date=25 January 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=28 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028154058/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-us-sign-three-mous-on-smart-cities/article6821106.ece|archive-date=28 October 2017|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://activeindiatv.com/editorials/12807-now-world-bank-wants-to-turn-allahabad-into-a-smart-city-this-may-be-possible-if-plans-are-not-locally-executed|title=Now World Bank wants to turn Allahabad into a Smart City : THIS MAY BE POSSIBLE IF PLANS ARE NOT LOCALLY EXECUTED|date=28 September 2013|publisher=Activeindiatv.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006132139/http://activeindiatv.com/editorials/12807-now-world-bank-wants-to-turn-allahabad-into-a-smart-city-this-may-be-possible-if-plans-are-not-locally-executed|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status = live|access-date=28 August 2015}}</ref> The pact came into existence after the bilateral meeting between the Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and the US President [[Barack Obama]] in October 2014, wherein it was announced that the US would assist India in developing three smart cities, Allahabad, [[Ajmer]] and [[Visakhapatnam]], in a boost to India's 100 smart city programme.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-Obama-meet-US-to-help-India-develop-three-smart-cities/articleshow/43981483.cms |title=Modi-Obama meet: US to help India develop three smart cities|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1 October 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 October 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002075549/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modi-Obama-meet-US-to-help-India-develop-three-smart-cities/articleshow/43981483.cms |archive-date=2 October 2014|url-status = live|location=Washington }}</ref> On 27 August 2015 the official list of 98 cities to be developed as smart cities, including Allahabad, was announced by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Full-list-of-98-smart-cities/articleshow/48694723.cms |title=Full list of 98 smart cities |date=27 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828210841/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Full-list-of-98-smart-cities/articleshow/48694723.cms |archive-date=28 August 2015|url-status = live |access-date=29 August 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Allahabad Task Force was set up by the [[Ministry of Urban Development|Minister of Urban Development]] [[Venkaiah Naidu]] which consists of the [[Divisional commissioner (India)|divisional commissioner]] as chairperson, secretaries of housing and urban planning and urban development in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], the [[District collector (India)|district magistrate and collector]], the vice-chairperson of Allahabad Development Authority and the mayor in addition to the [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]] ([[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Urban Development]]) in the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] and representatives of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] and the USTDA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=116383|title=Smart City Task Forces for Ajmer, Allahabad and Visakhapatnam set up |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921011341/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=116383|archive-date=21 September 2015|url-status = live|access-date=29 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130145832/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-27/news/58508253_1_smart-cities-task-force-three-cities |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-27/news/58508253_1_smart-cities-task-force-three-cities |archive-date=30 January 2015 |title=India, US to set up task force to develop three Smart Cities |work=Economic Times |date=27 January 2015}}</ref> The project is being assisted by the U.S.-India Business Council.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Smart-transport-for-a-smart-city/articleshow/46131377.cms |title=Smart transport for a 'smart city' |date=5 February 2015 |first1=Vinod |last1=Khanal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216074159/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Smart-transport-for-a-smart-city/articleshow/46131377.cms |archive-date=16 February 2015|url-status = live|access-date=29 August 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
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| As a part of Smart City Project, [[Civil Lines, Allahabad|Civil Lines]] is being developed on the lines of [[Lucknow]]'s [[Hazratganj]]. A sum of ₹20 [[crore]] (US$3,024,000) has been sanctioned to [[Beautification|beautify]] all prominent crossings of the city. As per the plan, the administration proposed uniformity in signage and colour of buildings and a parking lot to be set up to solve traffic congestion.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Civil-Lines-makeover-to-be-as-Lucknows-Hazratganj-market/articleshow/48420554.cms |title=Civil Lines makeover to be as Lucknow's Hazratganj market |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live |date=10 August 2015 |first1=Vinod |last1=Khanal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823194513/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Civil-Lines-makeover-to-be-as-Lucknows-Hazratganj-market/articleshow/48420554.cms |archive-date=23 August 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> A 1.35 km long [[riverfront]] along [[Yamuna river]] would be developed by the Allahabad Development Authority, irrigation and power departments at a cost of ₹147.36 crore. The riverfront would be developed in two phases. In the first phase, around 650 metres at Arail would be developed along with the Yamuna, while in the second phase 700 metres of the stretch between [[New Yamuna Bridge]] and Boat Club in Kydganj would be taken up.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Citys-smart-journey-to-begin-with-riverfront-along-Yamuna/articleshow/48692413.cms |title=City's smart journey to begin with riverfront along Yamuna |date=27 August 2015 |first1=Vinod |last1=Khanal |access-date=29 August 2015 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927233720/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Citys-smart-journey-to-begin-with-riverfront-along-Yamuna/articleshow/48692413.cms |archive-date=27 September 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
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| == Education ==
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| {{Main|List of educational institutions in Allahabad}}
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| [[File:Design Centre MNNIT.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Palm-tree-lined walkway to two-story building|[[Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad]], a public engineering and management school]]
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| The Allahabad educational system is distinct from Uttar Pradesh's other cities, with an emphasis on broad education.<ref name=education>{{cite web|title=Broad education system in city |url=https://www.dasanit.org/docs/DASA-2012-brochure.pdf |publisher=DASA UG |access-date=26 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510234819/https://dasanit.org/docs/DASA-2012-brochure.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2012 }}</ref> [[Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh]], the world's biggest examining body, is headquartered in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-upmspnicin-upresultsnicin-10th-result-2016-up-board-class-10th-x-high-school-results-2016-to-be-announced-today-on-may-15-at-1230-pm-2212457 |title=Upmsp.nic.in & Upresults.nic.in 10th Result 2016: UP Board class 10th X High School Results 2016 to be announced today on May 15 at 12:30 PM |access-date=15 May 2016 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518171957/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-upmspnicin-upresultsnicin-10th-result-2016-up-board-class-10th-x-high-school-results-2016-to-be-announced-today-on-may-15-at-1230-pm-2212457 |archive-date=18 May 2016 |date=15 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.timesofindia.com/city/allahabad/UP-board-exam-the-worlds-biggest-to-start-on-February-18/articleshow/50220848.cms |title=UP board exam, the world's biggest, to start on 18 February |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 May 2016 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101191728/http://m.timesofindia.com/city/allahabad/UP-board-exam-the-worlds-biggest-to-start-on-February-18/articleshow/50220848.cms |archive-date=1 January 2016 }}</ref> Although English is the language of instruction in most private schools, government schools and colleges offer Hindi and [[English-medium education]].<ref name="Main university">{{cite web|title=Allahabad University|url=http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=141&Itemid=378|publisher=[[Allahabad University]]|access-date=4 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717050032/http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=141&Itemid=378|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> Schools in Allahabad follow the [[10+2+3 plan]]. After completing their secondary education, students typically enrol in higher secondary schools affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education, the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] or the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]].<ref name="Main university" /> and focus on liberal arts, business or science. Vocational programs are also available.<ref name=Vocational>{{cite web|title=Center of Computer Education and Training|url=http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&id=78&Itemid=223|publisher=[[Allahabad University]]|access-date=4 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717051416/http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&id=78&Itemid=223|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref>
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| Allahabad attracts students from throughout India. As of 2017, the city has one [[Central University, India|central university]], two [[State University, India|State Universities]] and an [[Uttar Pradesh Rajarshi Tandon Open University|open university]].<ref name="Land Marks">{{cite web|title=University history|url=http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=143&Itemid=379|publisher=[[Allahabad University]]|access-date=4 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717050042/http://www.allduniv.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=143&Itemid=379|archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> [[Allahabad University]], founded in 1876, is the oldest university in the state.<ref name="Land Marks" /> [[Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad]] is a noted technical institution.<ref name="Goel2009">{{cite book|author=S.L. Goel Aruna Goel|title=Educational Administration And Management:An Integrated Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L71yhsLOqtsC&pg=PA94|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-8450-143-8|page=94|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523043914/http://books.google.com/books?id=L71yhsLOqtsC&pg=PA94|archive-date=23 May 2013|year=2009}}</ref> [[Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences]], founded in 1910, as "Agricultural Institute", is an autonomous Christian minority university in Allahabad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/document-reports/TFR04032014.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122091515/http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/document-reports/TFR04032014.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2014 |url-status = live }}</ref> Other notable institutions in Allahabad include the [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad|Indian Institute of Information Technology – Allahabad]]; [[Motilal Nehru Medical College]]; [[Ewing Christian College]]; [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]]; [[Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute]]; and [[Allahabad State University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alldstateuniversity.org/ |title=Allahabad State University |access-date=6 July 2016 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703030919/http://www.alldstateuniversity.org/ |archive-date=3 July 2016 }}</ref>
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| == Culture ==
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| {{See also|List of tourist attractions in Allahabad}}
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| Although [[Hindu]] women have traditionally worn [[sari]]s, the [[shalwar kameez]] and Western attire are gaining acceptance among younger women.<ref name=dress>{{cite news|last=Rebika|first=Laishram|title=The city have a very rich culture|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/article3364929.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909030055/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/article3364929.ece|archive-date=9 September 2012}}</ref> Western dress is worn more by men, although the [[dhoti]] and [[kurta]] are seen during festivals. The formal male [[sherwani]] is often worn with [[chooridar]] on festive occasions.<ref name=dress /> [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] and [[Vijayadashami|Vijayadasami]] are the four most popular festivals in Allahabad.<ref name="Quick facts">{{cite web|last=Festivals |first=Fairs And |title=The Prayag Tirtha |url=http://www.cultural-heritage-india.com/cities/allahabad.html |publisher=Cultural and Heritage, india |access-date=12 January 2014 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823161941/http://www.cultural-heritage-india.com/cities/allahabad.html |archive-date=23 August 2013 }}</ref>
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| === Literature ===
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| [[File:Anand Bhawan, Allahabad.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Ornate blue-and-white building, with plaque on a rock in the foreground|[[Anand Bhavan]], owned by Indian political leader [[Motilal Nehru]]]]
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| [[File:Kumbh Mela2001.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Large group of people and vehicles crossing a pontoon bridge|A procession of pilgrims cross the Ganges during the 2001 Kumbh Mela in Allahabad]]
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| Allahabad has a literary and artistic heritage; the former capital of the United Provinces, it was known as Prayag in the [[Vedas]], the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="Joshi2008">{{cite book|author=Ashutosh Joshi|title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151|date=1 January 2008|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-82-0|pages=238–239|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145638/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=virtue>{{cite web|title=A city of many dimensions is what befits a description of Allahabad |url=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/allahabad/about.htm |website=Uttar Pradesh Tourism |access-date=24 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831053201/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/allahabad/about.htm |archive-date=31 August 2012 }}</ref> Allahabad has been called the "literary capital of Uttar Pradesh",<ref name=literary>{{cite web|title=Cultural importance of Allahabad|url=http://www.allahabadonline.in/city-guide/culture-of-allahabad|publisher=Allahabad Online Portal|access-date=20 August 2014|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821204529/http://www.allahabadonline.in/city-guide/culture-of-allahabad|archive-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> attracting visitors from East Asia;<ref name=Culture>{{cite web|title=Role in Ancient time |url=http://india.mapsofindia.com/destination-guides/culture-of-india/allahabad.html |publisher=Maps of India |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718121026/http://india.mapsofindia.com/destination-guides/culture-of-india/allahabad.html |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> the Chinese travellers [[Faxian]] and [[Xuanzang]] found a flourishing city in the fifth and seventh centuries, respectively.<ref name=Culture /><ref name=HieunTsang>{{cite web|title=Hieun Tsang, sukapha to the treaty of Yandaboo|url=http://www.timesofassam.com/headlines/hiuen-tsang-sukapha-to-the-treaty-of-yandaboo/|work=The Times of Assam|access-date=23 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210161957/http://www.timesofassam.com/headlines/hiuen-tsang-sukapha-to-the-treaty-of-yandaboo/|archive-date=10 December 2012|date=24 January 2012}}</ref> The number of foreign tourists, which mostly consisted of [[Asians]], visiting the city was 98,167 in 2010 which subsequently increased to 1,07,141 in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.timesofindia.com/city/allahabad/European-US-tourists-skip-Sangam-city/articleshow/49300330.cms |title=European, US tourists skip Sangam city |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 January 2016 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025041320/http://m.timesofindia.com/city/allahabad/European-US-tourists-skip-Sangam-city/articleshow/49300330.cms |archive-date=25 October 2015 }}</ref> The city has a tradition of political graffiti which includes [[Limerick (poetry)|limericks]] and caricatures.<ref name="Committee1947" /> In 1900, ''[[Saraswati (magazine)|Saraswati]]'', the first [[Hindi]]-language monthly magazine in India, was started by [[Chintamani Ghosh]]. [[Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi]], the doyen of modern Hindi literature, remained its editors from 1903 to 1920.<ref name=pib>{{cite web | title = Education will lay the foundation of India's future, says President | url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102161 | website = [[Press Information Bureau]], President's Secretariat | date = 25 December 2013 | access-date = 19 September 2014 |url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041508/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102161 | archive-date = 24 September 2014}}</ref> The [[Anand Bhavan]], built during the 1930s as a new home for the [[Nehru–Gandhi family|Nehru family]] when the [[Swaraj Bhavan]] became the local [[Indian National Congress]] headquarters, has memorabilia from the Gandhi-Nehru family.<ref name=Palace>{{cite web|title=Swaraj Bhavan|url=http://pages.rediff.com/swaraj-bhavan/1439442|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=24 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045940/http://pages.rediff.com/swaraj-bhavan/1439442|archive-date=16 October 2012}}</ref>
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| During the 19th and 20th centuries, [[Hindi literature]] was modernised by authors such as [[Mahadevi Varma]], [[Sumitranandan Pant]], [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']] and [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]].<ref name="Gaeffke1978">{{cite book|author=Peter Gaeffke|title=Hindi Literature in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urN55PYoaSgC&pg=PA3|year=1978|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01614-8|page=3|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523051410/http://books.google.com/books?id=urN55PYoaSgC&pg=PA3|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> A noted poet was Raghupati Sahay, better known as [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]].<ref name=writer>{{cite web |title=Raghupati Sahay, better known under his pen name Firaq Gorakhpuri |url=http://www.urdupoetry.com/firaq.html |publisher=Urdu Poetry Archive |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909005046/http://www.urdupoetry.com/firaq.html |archive-date=9 September 2012 }}</ref> Gorakhpuri and Varma have received [[Jnanpith Award]]s.<ref name="Literary Award">{{cite web|title=List of Jnanpith Award Winners|url=http://win2vin.wordpress.com/2009/09/02/list-of-jnanpith-award-winners-indias-highest-literary-award/|publisher=Word Press|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718014202/http://win2vin.wordpress.com/2009/09/02/list-of-jnanpith-award-winners-indias-highest-literary-award/|archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=winners>{{cite web|title=List of all Bhartiya Jnanpith Award Winners|url=http://win2vin.wordpress.com/2009/09/02/list-of-jnanpith-award-winners-indias-highest-literary-award/|publisher=UPSC|access-date=20 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718014202/http://win2vin.wordpress.com/2009/09/02/list-of-jnanpith-award-winners-indias-highest-literary-award/|archive-date=18 July 2012|date=2 September 2009}}</ref><ref name=award>{{cite web|title=Jnanpith Award Winners (1965–2012) |url=http://currentgk.com/gk/awards/jnanpith_award_winners.html |publisher=Creative Literary |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011051147/http://currentgk.com/gk/awards/jnanpith_award_winners.html |archive-date=11 October 2012 }}</ref> Allahabad is a publication centre for Hindi literature, including the Lok Bharti, Rajkamal and Neelabh. [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu literature]] are also studied in the city.<ref name=Literature>{{cite web |title=Urdu and Persian Literature in Allahabad |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/txt_allahabad.html |publisher=Columbia Education |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026133746/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/txt_allahabad.html |archive-date=26 October 2012 }}</ref> [[Akbar Allahabadi]] is a noted modern Urdu poet, and Nooh Narwi, Tegh Allahabadi, Shabnam Naqvi and Rashid Allahabadi hail from Allahabad.<ref name=poet>{{cite web|title=Urdu writers and poets of Allahabad |url=http://www.upurduakademi.org/eng/writer.aspx |publisher=Uttar Pradesh Urdu Academy |access-date=20 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322071218/http://www.upurduakademi.org/eng/writer.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2013 }}</ref> English author and [[List of Nobel laureates#List of laureates|1907 Nobel laureate]] [[Rudyard Kipling]] was an assistant editor and overseas correspondent for ''[[The Pioneer (newspaper)|The Pioneer]]''.<ref name="nobel">{{cite web|last=Alfred Nobel Foundation |url=http://nobelprize.org/contact/faq/index.html#3b |title=Who is the youngest ever to receive a Nobel Prize, and who is the oldest? |page=409 |work=Nobelprize |access-date=30 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925202706/http://nobelprize.org/contact/faq/index.html |archive-date=25 September 2006 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
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| === Entertainment and recreation ===
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| Allahabad is noted for historic, cultural and religious tourism. Historic sites include [[Alfred Park]], the [[Victoria Memorial|Victoria]] and [[Thornhill Mayne Memorial]]s, [[Minto Park]], [[Allahabad Fort]], the [[Allahabad Pillar|Ashoka Pillar]] and [[Khusro Bagh]]. Religious attractions include the [[Kumbh Mela]], the [[Triveni Sangam]] and [[All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad|All Saints Cathedral]]. The city hosts the ''Maha'' [[Kumbh Mela]], the largest religious gathering in the world, every twelve years and the ''Ardh'' (half) Kumbh Mela every six years.<ref name="festival">{{cite web|title=Mythological Significance|url=http://www.indianembassy.org/new/maha_kumbh_mela_2001.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100403014350/http://www.indianembassy.org/new/maha_kumbh_mela_2001.htm|archive-date=3 April 2010|publisher=[[Embassy of India]]|access-date=20 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="News">{{cite news|title=Pilgrims visiting the Kumbh mela|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/kumbh-mela-to-last-for-55-days-instead-of-44-this-year-230857|access-date=25 September 2012|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=13 June 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214105728/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/kumbh-mela-to-last-for-55-days-instead-of-44-this-year-230857|archive-date=14 December 2012}}</ref> Cultural attractions include the [[Allahabad Museum]], the [[Jawahar Planetarium]] and the [[University of Allahabad]]. North Central Zone Culture Centre, under the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] and [[Prayag Sangeet Samiti]] are nationally renowned centres of Arts, Dance, Music, local Folk Dance and Music, Plays/Theatre etc. and nurture upcoming artists. The city has also hosted the International Film Festival of Prayag.<ref>{{cite news|title=International Film Festival of Prayag (IFFP)|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sagar-sarhadi-to-be-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-award/|access-date=1 September 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|agency=[[Indian Express Group]]|date=23 February 2016|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902012439/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sagar-sarhadi-to-be-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-award/|archive-date=2 September 2017}}</ref>
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| === Media ===
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| ''[[The Leader (Allahabad newspaper)|The Leader]]'' and ''[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]'' are two major English-language newspapers that are produced and published from the city.<ref name="The Pioneer">{{cite web|title=History of The Pioneer |url=http://www.itopc.org/travel-requisite/newspapers/pioneer.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415072512/http://www.itopc.org/travel-requisite/newspapers/pioneer.html |url-status = dead|archive-date=15 April 2013 |work=Indian Tour Operators Promotion Council |access-date=26 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name=Chintamani>{{cite news |title=C. Y. Chintamani (April 10, 1880 — July 1, 1941) |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000507/spectrum/main2.htm#3 |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |date=7 May 2000 |first1=Kuldip |last1=Dhiman |access-date=26 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026024140/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000507/spectrum/main2.htm#3|archive-date=26 October 2012}}</ref>
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| [[All India Radio]], the national, state-owned radio broadcaster, has [[AM broadcasting|AM]] radio stations in the city. Allahabad has seven [[Frequency modulation|FM]] stations, including two AIR stations: [[Gyan Vani]] and [[Vividh Bharti]], four private FM channels: [[BIG FM 92.7]], [[Red FM 93.5]], [[Fever 104 FM]] and Radio Tadka and one educational FM radio channel Radio Adan 90.4 run by [[Allahabad Agricultural Institute]].<ref name=akashwani>{{cite web|title=All India Radio Allahabad |url=http://www.airallahabad.gov.in/ |publisher=All India Radio |access-date=15 August 2014 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006130400/http://www.airallahabad.gov.in/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref><ref name="radio stations">{{cite web|title=Radio stations in city|url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/uttar-pradesh-radio.htm#allahabad-radio|work=Asiawaves|access-date=4 August 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331070016/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/uttar-pradesh-radio.htm#allahabad-radio|archive-date=31 March 2012}}</ref> There is a [[Doordarshan]] Kendra in the city.<ref name="india radio">{{cite web|title=Doordarshan Kendra, Lajpat Rai Marg, Allahabad|url=http://ddkallahabad.freeservers.com/index.html|publisher=Doordarshan Kendra Allahabad|access-date=15 August 2014|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819125609/http://ddkallahabad.freeservers.com/index.html|archive-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> Regional TV channels are accessible via [[Cable television|cable subscription]], [[direct-broadcast satellite]] service or [[IPTV|Internet-based television]].<ref name=regional>{{cite web|title=Present composition of the Prasar Bharati Board |url=http://mib.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/document/docu_other/ar/ar0607/ch4.pdf |publisher=Broadcasting Corporation of India |access-date=29 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120111837/http://mib.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/document/docu_other/ar/ar0607/ch4.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2012 }}</ref>
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| === Sports ===
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| [[Cricket]] and [[field hockey]] are the most popular sports in Allahabad,<ref name=Eastern>{{cite web|title=All sporting activities |url=http://www.easternuptourism.com/Allahabad.jsp |website=Eastern Uttar Pradesh Tourism |access-date=25 September 2012 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009064127/http://www.easternuptourism.com/Allahabad.jsp |archive-date=9 October 2012 }}</ref> with [[kabaddi]], [[kho-kho]], [[gilli danda]] and [[pehlwani]] mostly being played in rural areas near the city.<ref name=list>{{cite web|title=List of sports|url=http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1326783505969-sportsmeet.pdf|work=North Central Railway|access-date=25 September 2012|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530045705/http://www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1326783505969-sportsmeet.pdf|archive-date=30 May 2012}}</ref> [[Gully cricket]], also known as street cricket, is popular among city youth.<ref name=Eastern /> The famous cricket club [[Allahabad Cricketers]] has produced many national and international cricket players. Several [[sports complex]]es are used by amateur and professional athletes; these include the [[Madan Mohan Malviya Stadium]], the [[Amitabh Bachchan Sports Complex]] and the Boys' High School and College Gymnasium.<ref name="Sports centres">{{cite news|title=City a hub of sports|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-02/allahabad/28032289_1_national-sports-academy-indoor-sports-gymnastics|access-date=25 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506151245/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-02/allahabad/28032289_1_national-sports-academy-indoor-sports-gymnastics|archive-date=6 May 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref> There is an international-level swimming complex in [[Georgetown, Allahabad|Georgetown]].<ref name=Swimming>{{cite news|title=Quality of sport life-An About-Face|url=http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/97/1205/cs1.html|access-date=25 September 2012|newspaper=Asia Now|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120005654/http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/97/1205/cs1.html|archive-date=20 January 2016}}</ref> The National Sports Academy in Jhalwa trains [[gymnasts]] for the [[Commonwealth Games]]. The [[Indira Marathon]] honours the late prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=Marathon>{{cite news|title=Stage set for Indira Marathon|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-16/allahabad/28231200_1_prize-money-prime-minister-prestigious-marathon|access-date=25 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407182231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-16/allahabad/28231200_1_prize-money-prime-minister-prestigious-marathon|archive-date=7 April 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name=Athletics>{{cite news|first=Deep |last=Sharad |title=Indira Marathon faces cancellation |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM17/Now-Indira-Marathon-faces-cancellation/Article1-159481.aspx |access-date=25 September 2012 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 October 2006 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508221955/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM17/Now-Indira-Marathon-faces-cancellation/Article1-159481.aspx |archive-date=8 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name=dominates>{{cite news|last=Vijay Pratap|first=Singh|title=Pune institute dominates Indira Marathon|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/puneinstitutedominatesindiramarathon/388110/|access-date=25 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=20 November 2008|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819130045/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/pune-institute-dominates-indira-marathon/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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| == See also ==
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| * [[List of people from Allahabad]]
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| * [[Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation]]
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| == Further reading ==
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| * {{cite book|last1=Cunningham|first1=Alexander|author-link=Alexander Cunningham|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum: Inscriptions of Ashoka|date=1879|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35693/page/n55 37]–38|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35693 }}
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| *{{cite book |last=Kane |first=P. V. |author-link=Pandurang Vaman Kane |year=1953 |title=History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India |volume=4 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.4 }}
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| * {{cite journal |last1=Krishnaswamy |first1=C.S. |last2=Ghosh |first2=Amalananda |author-link2=Amalananda Ghosh |date=October 1935 |title=A Note on the Allahabad Pillar of Aśoka |journal=The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=697–706 |jstor=25201233 }}
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| * ''Allahabad: A Study in Urban Geography'', by Ujagir Singh. Published by Banaras Hindu University, 1966.
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| * ''Employment and Migration in Allahabad City'', by Maheshchand, Mahesh Chand, India Planning Commission. Research Programmes Committee. Published by Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., 1969.
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| * ''Subah of Allahabad Under the Great Mughals, 1580–1707: 1580–1707'', by Surendra Nath Sinha. Published by Jamia Millia Islamia, 1974.
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| * ''The Local Roots of Indian Politics: Allahabad, 1880–1920'', by [[Christopher Bayly|Christopher Alan Bayly]]. Published by Clarendon Press, 1975.
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| * ''Triveni: Essays on the Cultural Heritage of Allahabad'', by D. P. Dubey, Neelam Singh, Society of Pilgrimage Studies. Published by Society of Pilgrimage Studies, 1996. {{ISBN|81-900520-2-0}}.
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| * ''Magha Inscriptions in the Allahabad Museum'', by Siddheshwari Narain Roy. Published by Raka Prakashana for the Museum, 1999.
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| * ''The Last Bungalow: Writings on Allahabad'', by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra. Published by Penguin Books, 2007. {{ISBN|0-14-310118-8}}.
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| * [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_234.gif Allahabad] ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', 1909, v. 5, p. 226–242.
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| == External links ==
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| {{Sister project links|voy=Allahabad|Allahabad}}
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| * [http://www.jagran.com/local/uttar-pradesh_allahabad-city-news-hindi.html Allahabad News]
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| * [http://allahabadmc.gov.in/ Allahabad Municipal Corporation]
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| * [http://allahabad.nic.in/ Prayagraj District]
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| * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNRDh1t8vJo Allahabad, the Land of Prime Ministers]
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| * {{Curlie|Regional/Asia/India/Uttar_Pradesh/Localities/Allahabad/}}
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| * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181201180945/https://www.libraryindex.com/encyclopedia/pages/cpxleu6ps2/north-western-provinces-north-ganges.html North Western Provinces]
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| * [http://wikimapia.org/#lat=25.4293227&lon=81.8687439&z=12&l=0&m=s Allahabad at Wikimapia – Places, geography, terrain and routes in and around Allahabad, with satellite images]
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