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{{about|the fruit|the Italian singer|Mango (singer)}}
{{short description|Species of fruit}}
{{Taxobox
{{About|the fruit}}
| name = Mangifera indica
{{pp-move-indef}}
| image = MANGO249.JPG
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
| image_width = 250px
[[File:Hapus Mango.jpg|thumb|Mango fruit]]
| image_caption = Unripe mango fruits
 
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
A '''mango''' is an edible [[drupe|stone fruit]] produced by the tropical tree ''[[Mangifera indica]]''. It is believed to have originated between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India.<ref name=Morton/> ''M. indica'' has been cultivated in [[South Asia|South]] and Southeast Asia since ancient times resulting in two types of modern mango cultivars: the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type".<ref name="Kuhn"/><ref name="Warschefsky"/> Other species in the genus ''[[Mangifera]]'' also produce edible fruits that are also called "mangoes", the majority of which are found in the [[Malesia]]n ecoregion.<ref name="Sherman">{{cite journal |last1=Sherman |first1=Amir |last2=Rubinstein |first2=Mor |last3=Eshed |first3=Ravit |last4=Benita |first4=Miri |last5=Ish-Shalom |first5=Mazal |last6=Sharabi-Schwager |first6=Michal |last7=Rozen |first7=Ada |last8=Saada |first8=David |last9=Cohen |first9=Yuval |last10=Ophir |first10=Ron |title=Mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) germplasm diversity based on single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from the transcriptome |journal=BMC Plant Biology |date=December 2015 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=277 |doi=10.1186/s12870-015-0663-6|pmid=26573148 |pmc=4647706 }}</ref>
| phylum = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
 
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
Worldwide, there are several hundred [[List of mango cultivars|cultivars of mango]]. Depending on the cultivar, mango fruit varies in size, shape, sweetness, skin color, and flesh color, which may be pale yellow, gold, green, or orange.<ref name="Morton">{{cite book |last=Morton|first=Julia Frances|date=1987 |title=Mango. In: Fruits of Warm Climates |publisher=NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University |pages=221–239 |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html|isbn=978-0-9610184-1-2}}</ref> Mango is the [[national fruit]] of India, Pakistan and the Philippines,<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistani mango: The king of fruits | date = 13 August 2019 | url = https://www.arabnews.com/node/1539616/world | publisher = ArabNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mangoes In The Philippines|url=https://croplife.org/news-views/sharing-the-story/mangoes-from-the-philippines/|website=CropLife}}</ref> while the mango tree is the [[List of national trees|national tree]] of Bangladesh.<ref name="bdnews24.com">{{cite web |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/11/15/mango-tree-national-tree |title=Mango tree, national tree |date=15 November 2010 |access-date=16 November 2013}}</ref>
| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
 
| familia = [[Anacardiaceae]]
{{toclimit|3}}
| genus = '''''Mangifera'''''
 
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
== Etymology ==
The English word ''mango'' (plural "mangoes" or "mangos") originated in the [[16th century]] from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese word]], ''manga'', from the [[Malay language|Malay]] ''mangga'', and ultimately from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''man'' ("mango tree") + ''kay'' ("fruit").<ref name="oed">{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Mango |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/mango |access-date=12 March 2018 |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper}}</ref><ref name="prakash">{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Om |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAc_Pp6ahK8C&dq=mango+tamil+manga&pg=PR14 |title=A Tryst with Mango: Retrospect, Aspects, Prospects |date=2005 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-912-6 |pages=xiv |language=en}}</ref> The scientific name, ''Mangifera indica'', refers to a plant bearing mangoes in India.<ref name=prakash/>
 
== Description ==
 
Mango trees grow to {{convert|30|–|40|m|ft|abbr=off}} tall, with a crown radius of {{convert|10-15|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The trees are long-lived, as some specimens still fruit after 300 years.<ref name=Californiararefruitgrowers>{{cite web |title=Mango |work=California Rare Fruit Growers |url=http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html |access-date=4 November 2015 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019172713/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
In deep soil, the [[taproot]] descends to a depth of {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}, with profuse, wide-spreading feeder roots and anchor roots penetrating deeply into the soil.<ref name=Morton/> The [[leaves]] are [[evergreen]], alternate, simple, {{convert|15|–|35|cm|in|abbr=off|frac=2}} long, and {{convert|6|–|16|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=2}} broad; when the leaves are young they are orange-pink, rapidly changing to a dark, glossy red, then dark green as they mature.<ref name=Morton/> The [[flower]]s are produced in terminal [[panicle]]s {{convert|10|–|40|cm|in|abbr=on|frac=2}} long; each flower is small and white with five petals {{convert|5|–|10|mm|in|frac=16}} long, with a mild, sweet fragrance.<ref name=Morton/> Over 500 [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] of mangoes are known,<ref name=Morton/> many of which ripen in summer, while some give a double crop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/articles/fruit/varieties_mango.htm |title=Mango (Mangifera indica) varieties |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=toptropicals.com |access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> The fruit takes four to five months from flowering to ripening.<ref name=Morton/>
 
The ripe fruit varies according to cultivar in size, shape, color, sweetness, and eating quality.<ref name=Morton/> Depending on the cultivar, fruits are variously yellow, orange, red, or green.<ref name=Morton/> The fruit has a single flat, oblong [[Pyrena|pit]] that can be [[fibre|fibrous]] or hairy on the surface and does not separate easily from the pulp.<ref name=Morton/> The fruits may be somewhat round, oval, or [[kidney]]-shaped, ranging from {{convert|2|–|10|in|cm|0|order=flip}} in length and from {{convert|5|oz|g|order=flip}} to {{convert|5|lbs|kg|0|order=flip}} in weight per individual fruit.<ref name=Morton/> The skin is leather-like, waxy, smooth, and fragrant, with colors ranging from green to yellow, yellow-orange, yellow-red, or blushed with various shades of red, purple, pink, or yellow when fully ripe.<ref name=Morton/>
 
Ripe intact mangoes give off a distinctive [[resin]]ous, sweet smell.<ref name=Morton/> Inside the pit {{convert|1|–|2|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick is a thin lining covering a single [[seed]], {{convert|4|–|7|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Mangoes have [[recalcitrant seed]]s which do not survive freezing and drying.<ref name="osu">{{cite web|title=Physiology of Recalcitrant Seeds |url=http://seedbiology.osu.edu/HCS631_files/12B%20Recalcitrant%20Seeds.pdf |last=Marcos-Filho |first=Julio |publisher=Ohio State University |access-date=3 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124220404/http://seedbiology.osu.edu/HCS631_files/12B%20Recalcitrant%20Seeds.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2014 }}</ref> Mango trees grow readily from seeds, with [[germination]] success highest when seeds are obtained from mature fruits.<ref name=Morton/>
 
<gallery>
MangoImmatureFruits.JPG|Flowers and immature fruits on an [[Alphonso (mango)|'Alphonso']] tree
Mango tree with fruit in Rincón, Puerto Rico.jpg|Unripe mangos in [[Rincón, Puerto&nbsp;Rico]]
Mangifera indica pit.jpg|The seed inside of a mango pit
'Himsagar' mango stone (seed).jpg|A mango [[Pyrena|stone]]
</gallery>
 
== Taxonomy ==
[[File:09251jfFilipino foods fruits Bulacan landmarksfvf 37.jpg|thumb|[[Carabao mango|'Carabao']], a typical "Southeast Asian type" [[polyembryonic]] mango cultivar]]
[[File:Mango LangraBenarsi Asit fs8.jpg|thumb|[[Langra mango|'Langra']], a typical "Indian type" [[monoembryonic]] mango cultivar]]
 
Mangoes originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India.<ref name="Kuhn"/><ref name="Warschefsky"/> The mango is considered an [[evolutionary anachronism]], whereby [[seed dispersal]] was once accomplished by a now-[[Extinction|extinct]] evolutionary [[foraging|forager]], such as a [[megafauna]] mammal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Spengler|first=Robert N.|date=April 2020|title=Anthropogenic Seed Dispersal: Rethinking the Origins of Plant Domestication|journal=Trends in Plant Science|language=en|volume=25|issue=4|pages=340–348|doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.005|pmid=32191870|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
From their center of origin, mangoes diverged into two genetically distinct populations: the subtropical Indian group and the tropical Southeast Asian group. The Indian group is characterized by having [[monoembryonic]] fruits, while [[polyembryonic]] fruits characterize the Southeast Asian group.<ref name="Kuhn">{{cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=David N. |last2=Bally |first2=Ian S. E. |last3=Dillon |first3=Natalie L. |last4=Innes |first4=David |last5=Groh |first5=Amy M. |last6=Rahaman |first6=Jordon |last7=Ophir |first7=Ron |last8=Cohen |first8=Yuval |last9=Sherman |first9=Amir |title=Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=20 April 2017 |volume=8 |pages=577 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00577|pmid=28473837 |pmc=5397511 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Warschefsky">{{cite journal |last1=Warschefsky |first1=Emily J. |last2=Wettberg |first2=Eric J. B. |title=Population genomic analysis of mango (''Mangifera indica'') suggests a complex history of domestication |journal=New Phytologist |date=June 2019 |volume=222 |issue=4 |pages=2023–2037 |doi=10.1111/nph.15731|pmid=30730057 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 
It was previously believed that mangoes originated from a single [[domestication]] event in South Asia before being spread to Southeast Asia, but a 2019 study found no evidence of a center of diversity in India. Instead, it identified a higher unique genetic diversity in Southeast Asian cultivars than in Indian cultivars, indicating that mangoes may have originally been domesticated first in Southeast Asia before being introduced to South Asia. However, the authors also cautioned that the diversity in Southeast Asian mangoes might be the result of other reasons (like [[interspecific hybridization]] with other ''[[Mangifera]]'' species native to the [[Malesia]]n ecoregion). Nevertheless, the existence of two distinct genetic populations also identified by the study indicates that the domestication of the mango is more complex than previously assumed and would at least indicate multiple domestication events in Southeast Asia and South Asia.<ref name="Kuhn"/><ref name="Warschefsky"/>
 
=== Cultivars ===
{{Main|List of mango cultivars}}
 
There are many hundreds of named mango cultivars. In mango [[orchard]]s, several cultivars are often grown to improve pollination. Many desired cultivars are [[Monoembryony|monoembryonic]] and must be propagated by [[grafting]], or they do not breed true. A common monoembryonic cultivar is [[Alphonso (mango)|'Alphonso']], an important export product, considered "the king of mangoes."<ref name="NYTAllen" />
 
Cultivars that excel in one climate may fail elsewhere. For example, Indian cultivars such as 'Julie,' a prolific cultivar in Jamaica, require annual [[fungicide]] treatments to escape the lethal [[fungal disease]] [[anthracnose]] in Florida. Asian mangoes are resistant to anthracnose.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hunsberger |first1=Adrian |last2=Balerdi |first2=Carlos |title=DOORYARD DISEASE CONTROL FOR MANGOS IN FLORIDA |url=https://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/miami-dade/documents/insect-pests-amp-diseases/Mango-Disease-Cntrl-HomeownersF.S..pdf |publisher=University of Florida/IFAS Miami-Dade County Extension |access-date=10 March 2023 |format=PDF |date=February 2012 |quote=Mango varieties that are susceptible to anthracnose are: ‘Cogshall’, ‘Graham’, ’Haden’, ‘Irwin’, ‘Julie’, ’Kent’, ‘Mallika’, ‘Valencia Pride’, ‘Zill’, and others. Those that are susceptible to powdery mildew are: ‘Alphonso’, ‘Carrie’, ‘Glenn’, ‘Haden’, ‘Keitt’, ‘Kent’, ‘Nam Doc Mai’, ‘Zill’ and a few others. These will most likely need to be sprayed with fungicides each year.}}</ref>
 
The current world market is dominated by the cultivar [[Tommy Atkins (mango)|'Tommy Atkins']], a seedling of [[Haden (mango)|'Haden']] that first fruited in 1940 in southern Florida and was initially rejected commercially by Florida researchers.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Susser, Allen |title=The Great Mango Book |publisher=Ten Speed Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-58008-204-4 |location=New York}}</ref> Growers and importers worldwide have embraced the cultivar for its excellent productivity and disease resistance, [[shelf life]], transportability, size, and appealing color.<ref name="star">{{cite web |author=Mintz C |date=24 May 2008 |title=Sweet news: Ataulfos are in season |url=https://www.thestar.com/life/2008/05/24/sweet_news_ataulfos_are_in_season.html |access-date=1 August 2015 |work=Toronto Star}}</ref> Although the Tommy Atkins cultivar is commercially successful, other cultivars may be preferred by consumers for eating pleasure, such as Alphonso.<ref name="NYTAllen" /><ref name="star" />
 
Generally, ripe mangoes have an orange-yellow or reddish peel and are juicy for eating, while exported fruit are often picked while underripe with green peels. Although producing [[Ethylene as a plant hormone|ethylene]] while ripening, unripened exported mangoes do not have the same juiciness or flavor as fresh fruit.
 
== Distribution and habitat ==
 
From tropical Asia, mangoes were introduced to East Africa by [[Arab]] and [[Persia]]n traders in the ninth to tenth centuries.{{sfn|Ensminger|1995|p=1373}} The 14th-century Moroccan traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] reported it at [[Mogadishu]].<ref name="watson">{{Cite book |author=Watson, Andrew J. |title=Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world: the diffusion of crops and farming techniques, 700–1100 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1983 |pages=72–3 |isbn=978-0-521-24711-5}}</ref> It was spread further into other areas around the world during the [[Colonial Era]]. The [[Portuguese Empire]] spread the mango from their colony in [[Goa]] to East and West Africa. From West Africa, they introduced it to Brazil from the 16th to the 17th centuries. From Brazil, it spread northwards to the [[Caribbean]] and eastern Mexico by the mid to late 18th century. The [[Spanish Empire]] also introduced mangoes directly from the Philippines to western Mexico via the [[Manila galleon]]s from at least the 16th century. Mangoes were only introduced to Florida by 1833.<ref name="Warschefsky"/><ref name=pg>{{cite web |url=http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/crop/mango/mango.htm |title=PLB143: Crop of the Day: Mango, ''Mangifera indica'' |author=Gepts, P. (n.d.) |work=The evolution of crop plants |publisher=Dept. of Plant Sciences, Sect. of Crop & Ecosystem Sciences, [[University of California, Davis]] |access-date=8 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206095819/http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/CROP/MANGO/mango.htm |archive-date=6 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
== Cultivation ==
The mango is now cultivated in most [[frost]]-free tropical and warmer subtropical climates. It is cultivated extensively in South Asia, Southeast Asia, [[East Africa|East]] and West Africa, the tropical and subtropical Americas, and the [[Caribbean]].<ref name="Altendorf">{{cite book |last1=Altendorf |first1=S. |title=Major Tropical Fruits: Market Review 2018 |date=2019 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |location=Rome |url=http://www.fao.org/3/ca5692en/ca5692en.pdf}}</ref> Mangoes are also grown in [[Andalusia]], Spain (mainly in [[Province of Málaga|Málaga province]]), as its coastal subtropical climate is one of the few places in mainland Europe that permits the growth of tropical plants and fruit trees. The [[Canary Islands]] are another notable Spanish producer of the fruit. Other minor cultivators include North America (in South Florida and the California [[Coachella Valley]]), Hawai'i, and Australia.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Litz|first=Richard E.|title=The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84593-489-7|location=UK.|pages=606–627}}</ref>
 
Many commercial [[cultivar]]s are grafted onto the cold-hardy rootstock of the ''Gomera-1'' mango cultivar, originally from Cuba. Its root system is well adapted to a coastal Mediterranean climate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=820_2 |title=actahort.org |publisher=actahort.org |access-date=31 January 2013}}</ref> Many of the 1,000+ mango cultivars are easily [[agriculture|cultivated]] using grafted saplings, ranging from the "turpentine mango" (named for its strong taste of [[turpentine]]<ref>According to the ''[[Oxford Companion to Food]]''</ref>) to the Bullock's Heart. Dwarf or semidwarf varieties serve as [[ornamental plant]]s and can be grown in containers. A [[List of mango diseases|wide variety of diseases]] can afflict mangoes.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}
<!-- TOO SPECIFIC TO BE RELEVANT
Mango is mentioned by [[Hendrik van Rheede]], the Dutch commander of the [[Malabar region]] in his 1678 book, ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]'', about plants having economic value.<ref>{{cite web |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8VWN_LnFZKwC}} |title=Hendrik Adriaan Van Reed Tot Drakestein 1636–1691 and Hortus, Malabaricus |work=google.co.in |access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref> When mangoes were first imported to the [[Thirteen colonies|American colonies]] in the 17th century, they had to be [[Pickling|pickled]] because of lack of [[refrigeration]]. Other fruits were also pickled and came to be called "mangoes," especially [[bell pepper]]s, and in the 18th century, the word "mango" became a verb meaning "to pickle."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Creed |first=Richard |date=5 September 2010 |title=Relative Obscurity: Variations of antigodlin grow |url=http://www.journalnow.com/opinion/columnists/relative-obscurity-variations-of-antigodlin-grow/article_d508f681-bdf9-53fa-b8a7-f305637801c8.html |work=[[Winston-Salem Journal]] |type=Opinion |access-date=6 September 2010 |quote=One plausible explanation of the usage [calling a green pepper a mango] is this: Mangos (the real thing) that were imported into the American colonies were from the East Indies. Transport was slow. Refrigeration was not available, so the mangos were pickled for shipment. Because of that, people began referring to any pickled vegetable or fruit as a mango ... bell peppers stuffed with spiced cabbage and pickled ... became so popular that bell peppers, pickled or not, became known as mangos. In the early 18th century, mango became a verb meaning to pickle.}}</ref>-->
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:16em; text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=2|Mango* production – 2020
|-
!  style="background:#ddf; width:75%;"| Country
!  style="background:#ddf; width:25%;"| <small>(Millions of [[tonne]]s)</small>
|-
| {{Flagu|India}} ||24.7
|-
| {{Flagu|Indonesia}} ||3.6
|-
| {{Flagu|China}} ||2.4
|-
| {{Flagu|Mexico}} ||2.4
|-
| {{Flagu|Pakistan}} ||2.3
|-
| {{Flagu|Brazil}} ||2.1
|-
| '''World''' || '''54.8'''
|-
|colspan=2|<small>* includes mangosteens and guavas reported to FAOSTAT</small><br /><small>Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the United Nations</small><ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title= Production of mangoes, mangosteens, and guavas in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|year=2022|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref>
|}
 
An important breakthrough in mango cultivation is the use of [[potassium nitrate]] and [[ethrel]] to induce flowering in mangoes. The discovery was made by [[Filipino people|Filipino]] [[horticulturist]] [[Ramon Barba]] in 1974 and was developed from the unique traditional method of inducing mango flowering using smoke in the Philippines. It allowed mango plantations to induce regular flowering and fruiting year-round. Previously, mangoes were seasonal because they only flowered every 16 to 18 months. The method is now used in most mango-producing countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Scientist, the Patent and the Mangoes – Tripling the Mango Yield in the Philippines |url=https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=2516 |website=World Intellectual Property Organization |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Panela">{{cite news |last1=Panela |first1=Shaira |title=Dr Ramon Barba: Science 'against all odds' |url=https://www.rappler.com/environment/ramon-barba-national-scientist-profile |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=Rappler |date=12 August 2014 |archive-date=9 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509015614/https://www.rappler.com/environment/ramon-barba-national-scientist-profile |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="nagao">{{cite book|first1= Mike A.|last1=Nagao|first2= Melvin S.|last2=Nishina|editor1-first=C.L.|editor1-last=Chia|editor2-first=D.O.|editor2-last=Evans|title =Proceedings, Conference on Mango in Hawaii; March 9-11, 1993|chapter =Use of Potassium Nitrate on Mango Flowering|publisher =University of Hawaii|year =1993|pages=61–66|hdl=10125/16493|url =https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/16493}}</ref>
 
== Production ==
In 2020, world production of mangoes (report includes [[mangosteen]]s and [[guava]]s) was 55 million [[tonne]]s, led by India with 45% of the total (table).<ref name="faostat" /> Almost half of the world's mangoes are cultivated in India alone, with the second-largest source being Indonesia.<ref name="jedele">{{cite web |last1=Jedele |first1=S. |last2=Hau |first2=A.M. |last3=von Oppen |first3=M. |title=An analysis of the world market for mangoes and its importance for developing countries. Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development, 2003 |url=http://www.tropentag.de/2003/abstracts/full/162.pdf }}</ref><ref name="rediff04">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/apr/21india.htm |title=India world's largest producer of mangoes, Rediff India Abroad, 21 April 2004 |work=Rediff.com |date=31 December 2004 |access-date=31 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4201 |title=Mad About mangoes: As exports to the U.S. resume, a juicy business opportunity ripens, India Knowledge@Wharton Network, June 14, 2007 |publisher=Knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu |date=14 June 2007 |access-date=31 January 2013}}</ref> Although India is the largest producer of mangoes, it accounts for less than 1% of the international mango trade; India consumes most of its own production.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/may03_6p.htm | title=USAID helps Indian mango farmers access new markets | work=USAID-India | date=3 May 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060601142624/http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/may03_6p.htm | archive-date=1 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/may03_6p.htm |title=USAID Helps Indian Mango Farmers Access New Markets |access-date=29 July 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111081720/http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/may03_6p.htm |archive-date=11 November 2011 }}</ref>
 
Other major mango-producing countries in total tonnage produced in 2020 were Indonesia, China, Pakistan, Mexico, Brazil, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and the Philippines (table).<ref>{{cite web |title=Mangoes global production 2020 |url=http://www.thedailyrecords.com/2018-2019-2020-2021/world-famous-top-10-list/world/largest-mango-producing-countries-world/12793/ |website=purfresh |date=2 January 2019 |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>
 
At the wholesale level, the price of mangoes varies according to size, variety, and other factors. The [[FOB (shipping)|FOB Price]] reported by the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] for all mangoes imported into the US ranged from approximately US$4.60 (average low price) to $5.74 (average high price) per box (4&nbsp;kg/box) during 2018.<ref>National Mango Board.  [http://nmb-database.com/cropreports2/reportoptions.php?type=price NMB Crop Reports]. Retrieved 24 November 2019.  Average per year of combined values.</ref>
 
== Uses ==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
 
Mangoes are generally sweet, although the taste and texture of the flesh vary across cultivars; some, such as [[Alphonso (mango)|Alphonso]], have a soft, pulpy, juicy texture similar to an overripe [[plum]], while others, such as [[Tommy Atkins (mango)|Tommy Atkins]], are firmer, like a [[cantaloupe]] or [[avocado]], with a fibrous texture.<ref name="clark">{{cite news |author1=Melissa Clark |title=For everything there is a season, even mangoes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/06/dining/06appe.html |access-date=24 November 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=1 April 2011}}</ref>
 
The skin of unripe, pickled, or cooked mango can be eaten, but it has the potential to cause [[contact dermatitis]] of the lips, [[gingiva]], or tongue in susceptible people.<ref name="Sareen">{{cite journal | last1=Sareen | first1=Richa | last2=Shah | first2=Ashok | title=Hypersensitivity manifestations to the fruit mango | journal=Asia Pacific Allergy| volume=1 | issue=1 | pages=43–9 | year=2011 | issn=2233-8276 | doi=10.5415/apallergy.2011.1.1.43 |pmid=22053296|pmc=3206236}}</ref>
 
<gallery>
Carabao mangoes (Philippines).jpg|The "hedgehog" style of preparation on [[Carabao mango]]es
Mango inner.png|Alphonso mango chunks
MANGO SEASON (562892060).jpg|Sliced [[Ataulfo (mango)|Ataulfo]] mangoes
Glass of Mango Juice.jpg|A glass of mango juice
File:Mango Chutney.jpg|Mango [[chutney]]
File:Green mangoes with vinegar, chili, salt, and soy sauce (Philippines) 01.jpg|Sour unripe mangoes eaten with [[shrimp paste]], salt, chili, [[vinegar]], and/or [[soy sauce]] in the [[Philippines]]
</gallery>
 
Mangoes are used in many cuisines. Sour, unripe mangoes are used in [[chutney]]s (i.e. [[Mango chutney]]), [[Mango pickle|pickles]], [[Dal|daals]] and other side dishes in [[Bengali cuisine]]. A summer drink called ''[[aam panna]]'' is made with mangoes. Mango pulp made into jelly or cooked with red gram ''[[dhal]]'' and green chilies may be served with cooked rice. [[Mango lassi]] is popular throughout South Asia,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vahrehvah.com/Mango+lassi:6477 |title=Vah Chef talking about Mango Lassi's popularity and showing how to make the drink |publisher=Vahrehvah.com |date=17 November 2016 |access-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806213101/http://www.vahrehvah.com/Mango+lassi:6477 |archive-date=6 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> prepared by mixing ripe mangoes or mango pulp with [[buttermilk]] and sugar. Ripe mangoes are also used to make curries. ''[[Aamras]]'' is a popular thick juice made of mangoes with sugar or milk and is consumed with ''[[chapatis]]'' or ''[[pooris]]''. The pulp from ripe mangoes is also used to make jam called ''mangada''.'' Andhra [[aavakaaya]]'' is a pickle made from raw, unripe, pulpy, and sour mango mixed with chili powder, [[fenugreek]] seeds, [[mustard powder]], salt, and [[groundnut oil]]. Mango is also used in [[Andhra Pradesh]] to make ''dahl'' preparations. [[Gujarat]] uses mango to make ''chunda'' (a sweet and spicy, grated mango delicacy).
 
Mangoes are used to make ''[[murabba]]'' (fruit preserves), ''muramba'' (a sweet, grated mango delicacy), ''amchur'' (dried and powdered unripe mango), and pickles, including a spicy mustard-oil pickle and alcohol. Ripe mangoes are often cut into thin layers, [[desiccate]]d, folded and then cut. In some countries, these bars are similar to dried [[guava]] fruit bars. The fruit is also added to cereal products such as [[muesli]] and oat [[granola]]. Mangoes are often prepared charred in Hawaii.
 
Mango is used to make [[juices]], [[smoothie]]s, [[ice cream]], fruit bars, ''[[raspado]]s'', ''[[aguas frescas]]'', [[pie]]s, and sweet [[chili sauce]], or mixed with ''[[Chamoy (Sauce)|chamoy]]'', a sweet and spicy chili paste. It is popular on a stick dipped in hot chili powder and salt or as a main ingredient in fresh fruit combinations. In Central America, mango is either eaten green, mixed with salt, vinegar, [[black pepper]], and hot sauce, or ripe in various forms.
 
Pieces of mango can be mashed and used as a topping on ice cream or blended with milk and ice as [[milkshake]]s. Sweet glutinous rice is flavored with [[coconut]], then served with sliced mango as a dessert. In other parts of Southeast Asia, mangoes are pickled with fish sauce and [[rice vinegar]]. Green mangoes can be used in mango salad with fish sauce and [[dried shrimp]]. Mango with [[condensed milk]] may be used as a topping for [[shaved ice]].
 
Raw green mangoes can be sliced and eaten like a salad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364 |title=The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |others=[[United States Department of the Army]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-60239-692-0 |location=New York |pages=66 |language=en-US |oclc=277203364}}</ref> In most parts of Southeast Asia, they are commonly eaten with [[fish sauce]], vinegar, soy sauce, or with a dash of salt (plain or spicy){{Snd}}a combination usually known as "mango salad" in English.<ref name="Valente">{{cite news |last1=Valente |first1=Anabela |title=Oh, the Fruits in Southeast Asia! |url=https://www.diariesofmagazine.com/fruits-southeast-asia/ |access-date=9 May 2021 |work=Diaries of Travel Inspirations |date=2 April 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Flavor chemicals of "Alphonso" mango.jpg|thumb|Major flavor chemicals of 'Alphonso' mango from India]]
 
In the Philippines, green mangoes are also commonly eaten with ''[[bagoong]]'' (salty [[bagoong|fish]] or [[shrimp paste]]), salt, [[soy sauce]], [[vinegar]], and/or chilis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pedrosa |first1=Kannalyn Joy |title=Green Mangoes and Shrimp Paste (The mouth-watering food tandem) |url=https://thevascollections.co/2020/02/25/green-mangoes-and-shrimp-paste-the-most-salivating-food-tandem/ |website=The VA Collections |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Green Mango & Bagoong |url=http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/green-mango-bagoong |website=Market Manila |date=5 October 2008 |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> [[Mango float]] and [[mango cake]], which use slices of ripe mangoes, are also popular in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tan |first1=Joanne Catherine |title=Top 12 Cakes To Try In The Philippines|website=When in Manila |date=5 June 2015 |url=https://www.wheninmanila.com/top-12-cakes-to-try-in-the-philippines/6/ |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="tle">{{cite web|url=https://www.thelittleepicurean.com/2015/06/mango-royale-icebox-cake.html|title=Mango Royale (Mango Icebox Cake)|author=Maryanne|date=15 June 2017|publisher=The Little Epicurean|access-date=2 December 2018}}</ref> [[Dried mango|Dried strips]] of sweet, ripe mango (sometimes combined with seedless [[tamarind]] to form ''mangorind'') are also popular. Mangoes may be used to make juices, mango [[nectar (drink)|nectar]], and as a flavoring and major ingredient in mango [[ice cream]] and ''[[sorbetes]]''.
 
The seed kernels can be roasted and eaten.<ref name=":0" />
 
== Phytochemistry ==
 
{{nutritional value | name=Mango
| kJ=250
| water=83.5 g
| protein=0.82 g
| fat=0.38 g
| satfat= 0.092 g
| monofat= 0.14 g
| polyfat=0.071 g
| omega3fat=0.051 g
| omega6fat=0.019 g
| carbs=15 g
| fiber=1.6 g
| sugars=13.7
| calcium_mg=11
| iron_mg=0.16
| magnesium_mg=10
| phosphorus_mg=14
| potassium_mg=168
| sodium_mg=1
| copper_mg=0.111
| selenium_ug=0.6
| zinc_mg=0.09
| manganese_mg=0.063
| vitC_mg=36.4
| thiamin_mg=0.028
| riboflavin_mg=0.038
| niacin_mg=0.669
| pantothenic_mg=0.197
| vitB6_mg=0.119
| folate_ug=43
| choline_mg=7.6
| vitA_ug=54
| betacarotene_ug=640
| lutein_ug=23
| vitE_mg=0.9
| vitK_ug=4.2
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/1102670/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
}}


A '''mango''' is a type of [[fruit]]. The mango tree is native to South Asia, from where it has been taken to become one of the most widely cultivated fruits in the [[tropics]]. It is harvested in the month of March (summer season) until the end of May.  
Numerous [[phytochemical]]s are present in mango [[peel (fruit)|peel]] and pulp, such as the [[triterpene]] [[lupeol]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chaturvedi PK, Bhui K, Shukla Y |year=2008 |title=Lupeol: connotations for chemoprevention |journal=Cancer Lett |volume=263 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.047 |pmid=18359153}}</ref> Mango peel pigments under study include [[carotenoid]]s, such as the [[provitamin&nbsp;A]] compound, [[beta-carotene]], [[lutein]] and [[alpha-carotene]],<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Berardini N, Fezer R, Conrad J, Beifuss U, Carle R, Schieber A |year=2005 |title=Screening of mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) cultivars for their contents of flavonol ''O'' – and xanthone ''C''-glycosides, anthocyanins, and pectin |journal=J Agric Food Chem |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=1563–70 |doi=10.1021/jf0484069 |pmid=15740041}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gouado I, Schweigert FJ, Ejoh RA, Tchouanguep MF, Camp JV |year=2007 |title=Systemic levels of carotenoids from mangoes and papaya consumed in three forms (juice, fresh and dry slice) |journal=Eur J Clin Nutr |volume=61 |issue=10 |pages=1180–8 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602841 |pmid=17637601 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[polyphenols]], such as [[quercetin]], [[kaempferol]], [[gallic acid]], [[caffeic acid]], [[flavan-3-ol|catechins]] and [[tannin]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mahattanatawee K, Manthey JA, Luzio G, Talcott ST, Goodner K, Baldwin EA |year=2006 |title=Total antioxidant activity and fiber content of select Florida-grown tropical fruits |journal=J Agric Food Chem |volume=54 |issue=19 |pages=7355–63 |doi=10.1021/jf060566s |pmid=16968105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Singh UP, Singh DP, Singh M, etal |year=2004 |title=Characterization of phenolic compounds in some Indian mango cultivars |journal=Int J Food Sci Nutr |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=163–9 |doi=10.1080/09637480410001666441 |pmid=14985189 |s2cid=22576447}}</ref> Mango contains a unique [[xanthonoid]] called [[mangiferin]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Andreu GL, Delgado R, Velho JA, Curti C, Vercesi AE |year=2005 |title=Mangiferin, a natural occurring glucosyl xanthone, increases susceptibility of rat liver mitochondria to calcium-induced permeability transition |journal=Arch Biochem Biophys |volume=439 |issue=2 |pages=184–93 |doi=10.1016/j.abb.2005.05.015 |pmid=15979560}}</ref>
 
Phytochemical and nutrient content appears to vary across mango [[cultivar]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rocha Ribeiro SM, Queiroz JH, Lopes Ribeiro de Queiroz ME, Campos FM, Pinheiro Sant'ana HM |year=2007 |title=Antioxidant in mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) pulp |url=http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/19301 |journal=Plant Foods Hum Nutr |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=13–7 |doi=10.1007/s11130-006-0035-3 |pmid=17243011 |s2cid=27051096}}</ref> Up to 25 different carotenoids have been isolated from mango pulp, the densest of which was beta-carotene, which accounts for the yellow-orange [[pigmentation]] of most mango cultivars.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen JP, Tai CY, Chen BH |year=2004 |title=Improved liquid chromatographic method for determination of carotenoids in Taiwanese mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) |journal=J Chromatogr A |volume=1054 |issue=1–2 |pages=261–8 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(04)01406-2 |pmid=15553152}}</ref> Mango leaves also have significant polyphenol content, including [[xanthonoid]]s, mangiferin and gallic acid.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barreto JC, Trevisan MT, Hull WE, etal |year=2008 |title=Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in bark, kernel, leaves, and peel of mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.) |journal=J Agric Food Chem |volume=56 |issue=14 |pages=5599–610 |doi=10.1021/jf800738r |pmid=18558692}}</ref>
 
=== Flavor ===
The [[Flavor (taste)|flavor]] of mango fruits is conferred by several volatile organic chemicals mainly belonging to [[terpene]], [[furanone]], [[lactone]], and [[ester]] classes. Different varieties or [[list of mango cultivars|cultivars of mangoes]] can have flavors made up of different volatile chemicals or the same volatile chemicals in different quantities.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Cultivar relationships in mango based on fruit volatile profiles|journal= Food Chemistry|volume= 114|pages= 363–372|doi= 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.107|year= 2009|last1= Pandit|first1= Sagar S.|last2= Chidley|first2= Hemangi G.|last3= Kulkarni|first3= Ram S.|last4= Pujari|first4= Keshav H.|last5= Giri|first5= Ashok P.|last6= Gupta|first6= Vidya S.}}</ref> In general, [[New World]] mango cultivars are characterized by the dominance of δ-3-carene, a monoterpene flavorant; whereas, high concentration of other monoterpenes such as (Z)-ocimene and myrcene, as well as the presence of lactones and furanones, is the unique feature of [[Old World]] cultivars.<ref name="culti">Pandit SS, Chidley HG, Kulkarni RS, Pujari KH, Giri AP, Gupta VS, 2009, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814608011849/ Cultivar relationships in mango based on fruit volatile profiles], Food Chemistry, 144, 363–372.</ref><ref>Narain N, Bora PS, Narain R and Shaw PE (1998). Mango, In: Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edt. by Shaw PE, Chan HT and Nagy S. Agscience, Auburndale, FL, USA, pp. 1–77.</ref><ref>Kulkarni RS, Chidley HG, Pujari KH, Giri AP and Gupta VS, 2012, Flavor of mango: A pleasant but complex blend of compounds, In [http://studiumpress.in/indetail.asp?id=195 Mango Vol. 1: Production and Processing Technology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203043634/http://studiumpress.in/indetail.asp?id=195 |date=3 December 2013 }} (Eds. Sudha G Valavi, K Rajmohan, JN Govil, KV Peter and George Thottappilly) Studium Press LLC.</ref> In India, [[Alphonso (mango)|'Alphonso']] is one of the most popular cultivars. In 'Alphonso' mango, the lactones and furanones are synthesized during ripening, whereas terpenes and the other flavorants are present in both the developing (immature) and ripening fruits.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1002/jsfa.3692|title = Changes in volatile composition during fruit development and ripening of 'Alphonso' mango| journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture| volume=89| issue=12| pages=2071–2081|year = 2009|last1 = Pandit|first1 = Sagar S.| last2=Kulkarni| first2=Ram S.| last3=Chidley| first3=Hemangi G.| last4=Giri| first4=Ashok P.| last5=Pujari| first5=Keshav H.| last6=Köllner| first6=Tobias G.| last7=Degenhardt| first7=Jörg| last8=Gershenzon| first8=Jonathan| last9=Gupta| first9=Vidya S.}}</ref><ref>Gholap, A. S., Bandyopadhyay, C., 1977. Characterization of green aroma of raw mango (''Mangifera indica'' L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 28, 885–888</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Geographic variation in the flavour volatiles of Alphonso mango|journal= Food Chemistry|volume= 130|pages= 58–66|doi= 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.06.053|year= 2012|last1= Kulkarni|first1= Ram S.|last2= Chidley|first2= Hemangi G.|last3= Pujari|first3= Keshav H.|last4= Giri|first4= Ashok P.|last5= Gupta|first5= Vidya S.}}</ref> [[Ethylene]], a ripening-related hormone well known to be involved in ripening of mango fruits, causes changes in the flavor composition of mango fruits upon exogenous application, as well.<ref>Lalel HJD, Singh Z, Tan S, 2003, The role of ethylene in mango fruit aroma volatiles biosynthesis, Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 78, 485–496.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Spatial and temporal changes in the volatile profile of Alphonso mango upon exogenous ethylene treatment|journal= Food Chemistry|volume= 136|issue= 2|pages= 585–594|doi= 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.029|pmid= 23122101|year= 2013|last1= Chidley|first1= Hemangi G.|last2= Kulkarni|first2= Ram S.|last3= Pujari|first3= Keshav H.|last4= Giri|first4= Ashok P.|last5= Gupta|first5= Vidya S.|s2cid= 42523345}}</ref> In contrast to the huge amount of information available on the chemical composition of mango flavor, the biosynthesis of these chemicals has not been studied in depth; only a handful of genes encoding the enzymes of flavor biosynthetic pathways have been characterized to date.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Expression profiling of various genes during the development and ripening of Alphonso mango|journal=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry|volume=48|issue=6|pages=426–433|doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.02.012|pmid=20363641|date=June 2010|last1=Pandit|first1=S. S.|last2=Kulkarni|first2=R. S.|last3=Giri|first3=A. P.|last4=Köllner|first4=T. G.|last5=Degenhardt|first5=J.|last6=Gershenzon|first6=J.|last7=Gupta|first7=V. S.|s2cid=22915293 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Differential expression of the mango alcohol dehydrogenase gene family during ripening|journal= Phytochemistry|volume= 71|issue= 13|pages= 1485–1494|doi= 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.024|pmid= 20598721|year= 2010|last1= Singh|first1= Rajesh K.|last2= Sane|first2= Vidhu A.|last3= Misra|first3= Aparna|last4= Ali|first4= Sharique A.|last5= Nath|first5= Pravendra}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title= Characterization of three novel isoprenyl diphosphate synthases from the terpenoid rich mango fruit|journal= Plant Physiology and Biochemistry|volume= 71|pages= 121–131|doi= 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.07.006|pmid= 23911730|year= 2013|last1= Kulkarni|first1= Ram|last2= Pandit|first2= Sagar|last3= Chidley|first3= Hemangi|last4= Nagel|first4= Raimund|last5= Schmidt|first5= Axel|last6= Gershenzon|first6= Jonathan|last7= Pujari|first7= Keshav|last8= Giri|first8= Ashok|last9= Gupta|first9= Vidya|s2cid= 46320747}}</ref><ref>Kulkarni RS, Chidley HG, Deshpande A, Schmidt A, Pujari KH, Giri AP and Gershenzon J, Gupta VS, 2013, [http://www.springerplus.com/content/2/1/494 An oxidoreductase from ‘Alphonso’ mango catalyzing biosynthesis of furaneol and reduction of reactive carbonyls], SpringerPlus, 2, 494.</ref>
 
===Toxicity===
Contact with oils in mango leaves, stems, sap, and skin can cause [[dermatitis]] and [[anaphylaxis]] in susceptible individuals.<ref name="Morton" /><ref name="Sareen" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miell J, Papouchado M, Marshall A |year=1988 |title=Anaphylactic reaction after eating a mango |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=297 |issue=6664 |pages=1639–40 |doi=10.1136/bmj.297.6664.1639 |pmc=1838873 |pmid=3147776}}</ref> Those with a history of contact dermatitis induced by [[urushiol]] (an allergen found in [[poison ivy]], [[poison oak]], or [[poison sumac]]) may be most at risk for mango contact dermatitis.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hershko K, Weinberg I, Ingber A |year=2005 |title=Exploring the mango – poison ivy connection: the riddle of discriminative plant dermatitis |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=3–5 |doi=10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00454.x |pmid=15701120 |s2cid=31162401}}</ref> Other mango compounds potentially responsible for dermatitis or allergic reactions include [[mangiferin]].<ref name="Morton" /> Cross-reactions may occur between mango allergens and urushiol.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oka K, Saito F, Yasuhara T, Sugimoto A |year=2004 |title=A study of cross-reactions between mango contact allergens and urushiol |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=51 |issue=5–6 |pages=292–6 |doi=10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00451.x |pmid=15606656 |s2cid=6115016}}</ref> Sensitized individuals may not be able to eat peeled mangos or drink mango juice safely.<ref name="Morton" />
 
When mango trees are flowering in spring, local people with allergies may experience breathing difficulty, itching of the eyes, or facial swelling, even before flower [[pollen]] becomes airborne.<ref name="Morton" /> In this case, the irritant is likely to be the [[vapor]]ized [[essential oil]] from flowers.<ref name="Morton" /> During the primary ripening season of mangoes, contact with mango plant parts – primarily [[sap]], leaves, and fruit skin<ref name="Morton" /> – is the most common cause of plant dermatitis in Hawaii.<ref name="autogenerated365">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McGovern TW, LaWarre S |year=2001 |title=Botanical briefs: the mango tree—''Mangifera indica'' L. |journal=Cutis |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=365–6 |pmid=11381849}}</ref>
 
==Nutrition==
 
A raw mango is 84% water, 15% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein]], and has negligible fat (table). The energy value per 100&nbsp;g (3.5&nbsp;oz) serving of raw mango is 250 kJ (60 [[calorie]]s). Fresh mango contains only [[vitamin C]] and [[folate]] in significant amounts of the [[Daily Value]] as 44% and 11%, respectively (table).
 
== Culture ==
[[File:Ellora cave34 001.jpg|thumb|170px|An image of [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] under a mango tree in Cave 34 of the [[Ellora Caves]]]]
 
The mango is the [[List of national fruits|national fruit]] of India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_fruit.php | title=National Fruit | work=Know India | publisher=Government of India | access-date=17 August 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820044013/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_fruit.php | archive-date=20 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=13|title=National Fruit|access-date=4 November 2015|archive-date=20 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420013005/https://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=13|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also the [[List of national trees|national tree]] of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=179003&cid=2 | title=Mango tree, national tree | publisher=BDnews24.com | access-date=16 November 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223112811/http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=179003&cid=2 | archive-date=23 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/11/15/mango-tree-national-tree|title=Mango tree, national tree|work=bdnews24.com}}</ref> In India, harvest and sale of mangoes is during March–May and this is annually covered by news agencies.<ref name=NYTAllen>{{cite news |author=Jonathan Allen |date=10 May 2006 |title=Mango Mania in India |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/travel/10mumbailetter.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=4 September 2013}}</ref>
 
The mango has a traditional context in the culture of South Asia. In his [[Edicts of Ashoka|edicts]], the Mauryan emperor [[Ashoka]] references the planting of fruit- and shade-bearing trees along imperial roads:


[[Pakistan]] and [[India]] share the major export market of mangoes. It is also their national fruit. Ripe mangoes are very sweet in taste but they are bitterly sour before they ripen. There are many different types of mangoes found in India such as Langra, Dusshera, Chausa, Tota, Safadi. Alphonso mangoes can be found in various parts of [[western India]]. Mangoes may be used to make juices, mango [[nectar (drink)|nectar]], and as a flavouring and major ingredient in [[mango ice cream]] and ''[[Sorbetes]]''. The seed kernels can be roasted and eaten.<ref name=":0" />
<blockquote>"On the roads [[banyan]]-trees were caused to be planted by me, (in order that) they might afford shade to cattle and men, (and) mango-groves were caused to be planted."</blockquote>


These mangoes are also indigenous to the southern part of Nigeria, Akwa Ibom. Described by these southerners (the Ibibios) as Grade 1 mangoes.
In medieval India, the Indo-Persian poet [[Amir Khusrow]] termed the mango "''Naghza Tarin Mewa Hindustan''" – "the fairest fruit of Hindustan." Mangoes were enjoyed at the court of the Delhi Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji|Alauddin Khijli]]. The Mughal Empire was especially fond of the fruits: [[Babur]] praises the mango in his ''[[Baburnama|Babarnameh]]''. At the same time, [[Sher Shah Suri]] inaugurated the creation of the [[Chaunsa]] variety after his victory over the Mughal emperor Humayun. Mughal patronage of horticulture led to the grafting of thousands of mangoes varieties, including the famous [[Totapuri (mango)|Totapuri]], which was the first variety to be exported to Iran and Central Asia.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} [[Akbar]] (1556{{ndash}}1605) is said to have planted a mango orchard of 100,000 trees near [[Darbhanga]], Bihar,<ref name="MJMorgan">{{cite news |author=Curtis Morgan |date=22 June 1995 |title=The Nation Is Discovering What South Floridans Have Long Known: Mango Is the Sexiest Fruit on Earth |newspaper=The Miami Herald |department=Food |page=1E |quote="Mango culture owes much to Akbar, emperor of India's Mogul conquerors from 1556 to 1605, who planted an orchard of 100,000 trees near Darbhanga in Eastern India."}}</ref> while Jahangir and Shah Jahan ordered the planting of mango orchards in Lahore and Delhi and the creation of mango-based desserts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/peeling-the-emperor-of-fruits/cid/1315532|title=Peeling the Emperor of Fruits|last=Sen|first=Upala|date=June 2017|website=The Telegraph (India)}}</ref>


== Mango trees ==
The [[Jain]] goddess [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] is traditionally represented as sitting under a mango tree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exoticindia.com/book/details/ambika-in-jaina-art-and-literature-IDH453/|title=Ambika In Jaina Art And Literature|via=exoticindiaart.com}}</ref> Mango blossoms are also used in the worship of the goddess [[Saraswati]]. Mango leaves decorate archways and doors in Indian houses during weddings and celebrations such as [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]. Mango [[Motif (textile arts)|motifs]] and [[Paisley (design)|paisleys]] are widely used in different Indian [[embroidery]] styles, and are found in [[Kashmir]]i shawls, [[Kanchipuram]] and silk [[saree]]s. In [[Tamil Nadu]], the mango is referred to as one of the three royal fruits, along with banana and [[jackfruit]], for their sweetness and flavor.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Subrahmanian N, Hikosaka S, Samuel GJ |title=Tamil social history |year=1997 |page=88 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=PXXsAAAAIAAJ}}|access-date=23 March 2010}}</ref> This triad of fruits is referred to as ''ma-pala-vazhai''. The classical Sanskrit poet [[Kālidāsa]] sang the praises of mangoes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/his-highness--mango-maharaja--an-endless-obsession.html |title=His highness, Mango maharaja: An endless obsession – Yahoo! Lifestyle India |publisher=Yahoo! |date=29 May 2012 |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316215241/http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/his-highness--mango-maharaja--an-endless-obsession.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Image:Mango tree Chinawal.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A mango tree]]


The tree is mainly known for its fruit rather than for its [[wood]]. However, mango trees can be converted to [[lumber]] once their fruit bearing lifespan had finished. The wood is susceptible to damage from [[fungi]] and [[insects]].<ref name = "Database">{{cite web|title=Mango|url=http://www.wood-database.com/lumber-identification/hardwoods/mango/|website=The Wood Database|accessdate=30 August 2014}}</ref> The wood is used for musical instruments such as [[Ukelele]]s,<ref name = "Database"/> plywood and low-cost furniture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic importance of Mangifera indica|url=http://greencleanguide.com/2012/05/04/economic-importance-of-mangifera-indica/|website=Green Clean Guide|accessdate=30 August 2014|archive-date=7 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207140530/http://greencleanguide.com/2012/05/04/economic-importance-of-mangifera-indica/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The wood is also known to produce [[Phenol|phenolic substances]] that can cause [[dermatitis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tu|first1=series editor, Anthony T.|title=Handbook of natural toxins|date=1983|publisher=Dekker|location=New York|isbn=0824718933|page=425|accessdate=30 August 2014}}</ref> It was the state tree of [[Junagadh State]].
Mangoes were the subject of the [[mango cult]] in China during the [[Cultural Revolution]] as symbols of chairman [[Mao Zedong]]'s love for the people.<ref name="tele_HowC">{{cite news |title=How China came to worship the mango during the Cultural Revolution |last=Moore |first=Malcolm |others=Additional reporting by Valentina Luo |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=7 March 2013 |access-date=28 September 2015 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9914895/How-China-came-to-worship-the-mango-during-the-Cultural-Revolution.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9914895/How-China-came-to-worship-the-mango-during-the-Cultural-Revolution.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<!--== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Mango tree Kerala in full bloom.jpg|A mango tree in full bloom
File:Flora Sinensis - Mango.JPG|The mango illustrated by [[Michael Boym]] in the 1656 book [[Flora Sinensis]]
File:Chaunsa.JPG|Chaunsa mango from Pakistan
File:Mango Maya.jpg|A nearly ripened purple mango, Israel
File:Sindhri Mango.JPG|[[Sindhri]] mango
File:Shan-e-khuda.jpeg|[[Shan-e-Khuda]], a mango grown in Pakistan
File:Mango round about.JPG|Mango [[roundabout]], [[Rajshahi]], Bangladesh.
File:Guntur Mango.jpg|Banganpalli mangoes in a street market
File:Mangoes in Paris farmer's market.JPG|Mangos in a Paris farmers' market
File:Celebrating Pakistani Mangoes in France (9542655673).jpg|Celebrating Pakistani Mangoes in France
File:alphonso mango.jpg|[[Alphonso (mango)|Alphonso mangoes]], named after [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], a [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Governor of Portuguese India
</gallery>
-->
 
== See also ==
{{Portal|Food}}
* [[Achaar]], South Asian pickles, commonly containing mango and lime
* [[Amchoor]], mango powder
* ''[[Mangifera caesia]]'', a related species also widely cultivated for its fruit in Southeast Asia
* [[Mango mealybug]]
* [[Mango pickle]] – Mangai-oorkai (manga-achar), South Indian hot mango pickle


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}  
{{Reflist}}
 
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ensminger |first=Audrey H. |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Foods & Nutrition |publisher=CRC Press |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ensm/page/651 651] |isbn=978-0-8493-4455-8 |display-authors=etal |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ensm/page/651 }}
* Litz, Richard E. (editor, 2009). ''The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses''. 2nd edition. CABI. {{ISBN|978-1-84593-489-7}}.
* Susser, Allen (2001). ''The Great Mango Book: A Guide with Recipes''. Ten Speed Press. {{ISBN|978-1-58008-204-4}}.


== External links ==
{{Commons and category}}
{{Wikispecies|Mangifera}}
* [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Mangifera.html Sorting ''Mangifera'' species]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180305150208/http://www.tropicalfruitnursery.com/mango/ Pine Island Nursery's Mango Variety viewer]
{{Authority control}}
{{Mangoes}}
{{Agriculture country lists}}
{{Symbols of Bangladesh}}
{{Symbols of Bangladesh}}
{{Fruits}}
{{Symbols of India}}
{{Herbs & spices}}
{{Symbols of the Philippines}}


[[Category:Plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Mangoes| ]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit]]
[[Category:Crops]]
[[Category:Sapindales]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
[[Category:National symbols of Pakistan]]
[[Category:State symbols of Junagadh (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:Drupes]]
[[Category:National symbols of India]]
[[Category:Edible fruits]]
[[Category:Provincial symbols of Marathi Praant (India)]]
[[Category:Former provincial symbols of East Bengal (Pakistan)]]
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