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{{Short description|Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli by India}}
{{see also|Annexation of Goa}}
{{see also|Annexation of Goa}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
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{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| conflict          = Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| partof            = Indian Conquest of Portuguese India
| partof            = the Indian Conquest of Portuguese India
| image            = Dadra-Nagarhaveli 1956.jpg
| image            = Dadra-Nagarhaveli 1956.jpg
| image_size        = 200px
| image_size        = 200px
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| place            = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], [[Portuguese India]]
| place            = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], [[Portuguese India]]
| casus            =  
| casus            =  
| result            = Indian Rebel victory
| result            = Indian rebel victory
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|India}} Nationalist and Communist rebels from India
| combatant1        = {{Flagicon|India}} Nationalist and Communist rebels from India
*[[United Front of Goans]] (UFG)
*[[United Front of Goans]] (UFG)
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*[[Azad Gomantak Dal]] (AGD)
*[[Azad Gomantak Dal]] (AGD)
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese India]]
| combatant2        = {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese India]]
{{Flag|Portugal}}
| commander1        = {{Flagicon|India}} J.D. Nagarwala, [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] of [[Maharashtra Police]]<br />{{Flagicon|India}} Francis Mascarenhas, leader of UFG<br />{{Flagicon|India}}  Com. L.B. Dhangar, CPI<br />{{Flagicon|India}} Raja Wakankar, leader of RSS<br />{{Flagicon|India}} Prabhakar Sinari, leader of AGD
| commander1        = {{Flagicon|India}} J.D. Nagarwala, [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]] of [[Maharashtra Police]]<br />{{Flagicon|India}} Francis Mascarenhas, leader of UFG<br />{{Flagicon|India}}  Com. L.B. Dhangar, CPI<br />{{Flagicon|India}} Raja Wakankar, leader of RSS<br />{{Flagicon|India}} Prabhakar Sinari, leader of AGD
| commander2        = {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Captain Virgílio Fidalgo|Virgílio Fidalgo]], Administrator of Nagar Avely
| commander2        = {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Captain Virgílio Fidalgo|Virgílio Fidalgo]], Administrator of Nagar Avely
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In April 1954 the NLMO, AGD and RSS agreed to form a United Front for invasion of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. At a meeting in Elphinstone garden, an armed assault was planned. Independently, another organization, United Front of Goans (UFG), also pursued similar plans.<ref name="lele" />
In April 1954 the NLMO, AGD and RSS agreed to form a United Front for invasion of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. At a meeting in Elphinstone garden, an armed assault was planned. Independently, another organization, United Front of Goans (UFG), also pursued similar plans.<ref name="lele" />


On 21 July 1954, the [[Communist Party of India]] forced the Portuguese to retreat from [[Dadra]], a small [[Landlocked country|landlocked territory]] bordering [[Nagar Haveli]] under leaders like Francis Mascarenhas, [[Narayan Palekar]], Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez, Cunha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=Revisiting Goa's Liberation Story on its 59th Independence Day|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Revisiting-Goa-Liberation-Story-59th-Independence-Day|access-date=2021-07-24|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=50 Years of Goa Liberation|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2011/12/50-years-of-goa-liberation.html|access-date=2021-07-24|language=en}}</ref>
On 21 July 1954, the [[Communist Party of India]] forced the Portuguese to retreat from [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra]], a small [[Landlocked country|landlocked territory]] bordering [[Nagar Haveli]] under leaders like Francis Mascarenhas, [[Narayan Palekar]], Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez, Cunha.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=Revisiting Goa's Liberation Story on its 59th Independence Day|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Revisiting-Goa-Liberation-Story-59th-Independence-Day|access-date=2021-07-24|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=50 Years of Goa Liberation|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2011/12/50-years-of-goa-liberation.html|access-date=2021-07-24|language=en}}</ref>


J.D. Nagarwala, DIG of the [[Special Reserve Police]], which had been deployed along the territory, had been sympathetic with the separatists. He had himself visited the area often and advised the separatists on the next moves.<ref name =lele/>
J.D. Nagarwala, DIG of the [[Special Reserve Police]], which had been deployed along the territory, had been sympathetic with the separatists. He had himself visited the area often and advised the separatists on the next moves.<ref name =lele/>
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While the Indian troops were supportive of the liberation struggle, the [[Morarji Desai]]-led Congress government was wary of allowing Communists to lead the struggle. The CPI was the biggest national opposition party at the time and the union government was anxious to contain its sphere of influence. Top leaders, including Com. Roopji Kadu, were arrested from Silvassa and the Special Reserve Police was deployed at the borders to not allow Communist detachments to enter. Instead, it was the RSS that led the charge into the town of Silvassa, whom by now had made arrangements to receive 150 trained militants from [[Poona]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Desai|first=Anita|date=2003|title=Voices in the Liberation Struggle: The case of Goa, 1947-61|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/35649/7/07_chapter%202.pdf|journal=University of Goa|via=Shodhganga}}</ref>
While the Indian troops were supportive of the liberation struggle, the [[Morarji Desai]]-led Congress government was wary of allowing Communists to lead the struggle. The CPI was the biggest national opposition party at the time and the union government was anxious to contain its sphere of influence. Top leaders, including Com. Roopji Kadu, were arrested from Silvassa and the Special Reserve Police was deployed at the borders to not allow Communist detachments to enter. Instead, it was the RSS that led the charge into the town of Silvassa, whom by now had made arrangements to receive 150 trained militants from [[Poona]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Desai|first=Anita|date=2003|title=Voices in the Liberation Struggle: The case of Goa, 1947-61|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/35649/7/07_chapter%202.pdf|journal=University of Goa|via=Shodhganga}}</ref>


On February 4, 1948, the Indian government had banned the RSS due to its role in the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]. However, as per the statement to the Bombay Legislative Assembly on September 14, 1949 (Proceedings p2126) the Home Minister Morarji Desai admitted that the ban on RSS was no longer considered necessary and it was lifted unconditionally.
On 4 February 1948, the Indian government had banned the RSS due to its role in the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]. However, as per the statement to the Bombay Legislative Assembly on 14 September 1949 (Proceedings p2126) the Home Minister Morarji Desai admitted that the ban on RSS was no longer considered necessary and it was lifted unconditionally.


=== Invasion of Silvassa ===
=== Invasion of Silvassa ===
After Naroly had been captured, there were roumors that thousands of [[Warli]] communists as well as UFG fighters were planning an attack on Silvassa. The Portuguese police, under the leadership of Captain Virgílio Fidalgo, retreated to Silvassa, leaving only 5 officers to protect the village of Piparia – a village north of Silvassa, bordering the Indian village of [[Lavachha]]. The separatists led by volunteers of the RSS and the AGD took this opportunity, crossed the river and captured Piparia.<ref name =lele/>
After Naroly had been captured, there were rumors that thousands of [[Warli]] communists as well as UFG fighters were planning an attack on Silvassa. The Portuguese police, under the leadership of Captain Virgílio Fidalgo, retreated to Silvassa, leaving only 5 officers to protect the village of Piparia – a village north of Silvassa, bordering the Indian village of [[Lavachha]]. The separatists led by volunteers of the RSS and the AGD took this opportunity, crossed the river and captured Piparia.<ref name =lele/>


Captain Fidalgo was asked by the separatists (led by Karmalkar) to surrender, but as there was no response from the Administrator the separatists decided to march towards Silvassa. Two units were led by the RSS and the third was led by the AGD. All three units moved from three different directions to Silvassa. Fidalgo with 150 Police personnel fled south, to the village of [[Comel|Khanvel]], leaving the separatists with no resistance as they entered Silvassa on 2 August. They then declared the territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli independent. The RSS's Kajrekar was placed in charge of the unit, while the AGD's Lavande was put in charge of treasury.<ref name =lele/>
Captain Fidalgo was asked by the separatists (led by Karmalkar) to surrender, but as there was no response from the Administrator the separatists decided to march towards Silvassa. Two units were led by the RSS and the third was led by the AGD. All three units moved from three different directions to Silvassa. Fidalgo with 150 Police personnel fled south, to the village of [[Comel|Khanvel]], leaving the separatists with no resistance as they entered Silvassa on 2 August. They then declared the territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli independent. The RSS's Kajrekar was placed in charge of the unit, while the AGD's Lavande was put in charge of treasury.<ref name =lele/>
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==Integration into India==
==Integration into India==
{{main|Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli}}
{{main|Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli}}
{{see also|1961 Indian annexation of Goa#Portuguese surrender|l1=After Portuguese surrender}}
{{see also|1961 Indian annexation of Goa#Portuguese surrender|l1=After Portuguese surrender}}The integration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli into India was not recognized by any other countries before 1974. In the decision of 12 April 1960 in the "Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory", the [[International Court of Justice]] clearly stated that Portugal had sovereign rights over the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli but India had the right to deny passage to armed personnel of Portugal over Indian territories. The residents of the former colony requested the [[Government of India]] for administrative help. K.G. Badlani, an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) was sent as the administrator.
{{Infobox country
|native_name      = मुक्त दादरा आणि नगर हवेली
|conventional_long_name = Free Dadra (1954)<br />{{nowrap|Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1954–61)}}
|common_name      = Dadra and Nagar Haveli
|era              = Cold War
|status            = Unrecognized state
|status_text      = ''De facto'' independent state claimed by Portugal
|government_type  = Provisional
|coordinates      = {{coord|20.27|N|73.02|E|display=inline,title}}
|event_start      = Liberation of Dadra
|date_start        = 22 July
|year_start        = 1954
|event1            = Liberation of Nagar Haveli
|date_event1      = 2 August 1954
|event_end        = Integration into India
|date_end          = 11 August
|year_end          = 1961
|p1                = Portuguese India
|flag_p1          = Flag of Portugal.svg
|s1                = Dadra and Nagar Haveli
|flag_s1          = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag        = <!-- Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}}.svg -->
|flag_alt          = <!-- Alt text for flag -->
|flag              = <!-- Link target under flag image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} -->
|flag_type        = <!-- Displayed text for link under flag. Default "Flag" -->
|image_coat        = <!-- Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}}.svg -->
|coat_size        = <!-- Size of coat of arms -->
|coat_alt          = <!-- Alt text for coat of arms -->
|symbol            = <!-- Link target under symbol image. Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}} -->
|symbol_type      = <!-- Displayed text for link under symbol. Default "Coat of arms" -->
|image_map        =
|image_map_caption =
|capital          = [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra]] <small>(1954)</small><br />[[Silvassa]] <small>(1954–1961)</small>
|national_motto    =
|national_anthem  =
|common_languages  = English, [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|religion          =
|currency          = [[Portuguese Indian rupia]], later [[Indian rupee]]
|leader1          = R. V. Mudras
|leader2          = Vishwanath Lawande
|leader3          = Appasaheb Karmalkar
|leader4          = Antonio Furtado
|leader5          = K. G. Badlani
|year_leader1      = 1954
|year_leader2      = 1954
|year_leader3      = 1954–1955
|year_leader4      = 1955–1960
|year_leader5      = 1960–1961
|title_leader      = [[List of Administrators of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Administrator]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cahoon|first1=Ben|title=States of India since 1947|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html#Dadra-Nagar|website=WorldStatesmen.org|access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref>
|deputy1          = K. G. Badlani
|year_deputy1      = 1961
|title_deputy      = Prime Minister
|legislature      = Varishta Panchayat
}}
 
The integration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli into India was not recognized by any other countries before 1974. In the decision of 12 April 1960 in the "Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory", the [[International Court of Justice]] clearly stated that Portugal had sovereign rights over the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli but India had the right to deny passage to armed personnel of Portugal over Indian territories. The residents of the former colony requested the [[Government of India]] for administrative help. K.G. Badlani, an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) was sent as the administrator.


From 1954 to 1961, the territory was administered as '''Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli''' by a body called the [[Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref name="const10">[[Constitution of India]], 10th Amendment</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1817407/ |title=Umaji Keshao Meshram & Ors vs Radhikabai W/O Anandrao Banapurkar & Anr |date= 14 March 1986 |author=O C Reddy |access-date= 2 November 2021}}</ref>
From 1954 to 1961, the territory was administered as '''Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli''' by a body called the [[Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref name="const10">[[Constitution of India]], 10th Amendment</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1817407/ |title=Umaji Keshao Meshram & Ors vs Radhikabai W/O Anandrao Banapurkar & Anr |date= 14 March 1986 |author=O C Reddy |access-date= 2 November 2021}}</ref>


During the years the territories enjoyed ''[[de facto]]'' independence, mail from Dadra and Nagar Haveli was routed through the Indian town of [[Vapi]] close to the border. Initially, remaining stocks of [[Postage stamps and postal history of Portuguese India|stamps of Portuguese India]] were overprinted LIBERATED AREAS in two lines. A single [[Revenue stamps of India#French and Portuguese India|revenue stamp]] was also issued by Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
During the years the territories enjoyed ''[[de facto]]'' independence, mail from Dadra and Nagar Haveli was routed through the Indian town of [[Vapi]] close to the border. Initially, remaining stocks of [[Postage stamps and postal history of Portuguese India|stamps of Portuguese India]] were overprinted LIBERATED AREAS in two lines. A single [[Revenue stamps of India#French and Portuguese India|revenue stamp]] was also issued by Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli.{{fact|date=November 2022}}


In 1961 when Indian forces [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa|took over Goa, Daman, and Diu]], Badlani was, for one day, designated the [[Prime Minister of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], so that, as Head of Government, he could sign an agreement with the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and formally merge Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the Republic of India. This was done by the [[Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India]].
In 1961 when Indian forces [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa|took over Goa, Daman, and Diu]], Badlani was, for one day, designated the [[Prime Minister of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], so that, as Head of Government, he could sign an agreement with the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and formally merge Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the Republic of India. This was done by the [[Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India]].{{fact|date=November 2022}}


The territory was only recognized as part of the Indian Union, together with all the other former Portuguese possessions, after the recognition of that fact by Portugal, after the [[Carnation Revolution]] of 1974. A treaty was signed on 31 December 1974 between India and Portugal on recognition of India's sovereignty over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref>[http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/1974/53.html Treaty Between the Government of India and the Government of the Republic of Portugal on Recognition of Portugal of India's Sovereignty Over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra, and Nagar Haveli and Related Matters 1974]</ref>
The territory was only recognized as part of the Indian Union, together with all the other former Portuguese possessions, after the recognition of that fact by Portugal, after the [[Carnation Revolution]] of 1974. A treaty was signed on 31 December 1974 between India and Portugal on recognition of India's sovereignty over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref>[http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/1974/53.html Treaty Between the Government of India and the Government of the Republic of Portugal on Recognition of Portugal of India's Sovereignty Over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra, and Nagar Haveli and Related Matters 1974]</ref>
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[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1954]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1954]]
[[Category:July 1954 events]]
[[Category:July 1954 events in Asia]]
[[Category:August 1954 events]]
[[Category:August 1954 events in Asia]]
[[Category:Former polities of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Invasions by India]]
[[Category:Invasions by India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]
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