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Tughlaqabad Fort: Difference between revisions
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{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}} | {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}} | ||
{{Infobox military installation | {{Infobox military installation | ||
|name = Tughlaqabad Fort | | name = Tughlaqabad Fort | ||
|native_name = | | native_name = | ||
|partof = [[Delhi]] | | partof = [[Delhi]] | ||
|location = [[Delhi]], | | location = [[Delhi]], India | ||
|image = Tuglagbad Fort Panorama.jpg | | image = Tuglagbad Fort Panorama.jpg | ||
|caption = Panoramic view of the massive bastions of | | caption = Panoramic view of the massive bastions of Tughluqabad Fort | ||
|map_type = | | map_type = | ||
|map_size = 285 | | map_size = 285 | ||
|map_caption = | | map_caption = | ||
|type = [[Ruined Fort]] | | type = [[Ruined Fort]] | ||
|coordinates= | | coordinates = | ||
|code = | | code = | ||
|built = 14th century | | built = 14th century | ||
|builder = [[ | | builder = [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] | ||
|materials = [[Granite]] [[rock (geology)|Stones]] and [[lime mortar]] | | materials = [[Granite]] [[rock (geology)|Stones]] and [[lime mortar]] | ||
|height = | | height = | ||
|used = | | used = | ||
|demolished = | | demolished = | ||
|condition = [[Ruins]] | | condition = [[Ruins]] | ||
|open_to_public = | | open_to_public = | ||
|controlledby = | | controlledby = | ||
|garrison = | | garrison = | ||
|current_commander = | | current_commander = | ||
|commanders = | | commanders = | ||
|occupants = | | occupants = | ||
|battles = | | battles = | ||
|events = | | events = | ||
}} | }} | ||
''' | '''Tughluqabad Fort''' is a ruined [[fort]] in [[Delhi]], built by [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyasuddin Tughluq]], the founder of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]], of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] of India in 1321, as he established the third historic city of Delhi, which was later abandoned in 1327. It lends its name to the nearby Tughluqabad residential-commercial area as well as the Tughluqabad Institutional Area. Ghiyasuddin Tughluq also built the [[Qutub]]-[[Badarpur, Delhi|Badarpur]] Road, which connected the new city to the [[Grand Trunk Road]]. The road is now known as [[Mehrauli-Badarpur Road]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood|chapter=33. Badarpur|author=Y. D. Sharma|publisher=Director General, Archaeological Survey of India |year=1974|page=[https://archive.org/details/delhiitsneighbou00shar/page/105 105] |url=https://archive.org/details/delhiitsneighbou00shar}}</ref> The entry fee for the Fort is Rs. 20 for Indians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kahajaun.com/delhi/travel/monuments/395/tughlaqabad-fort-delhi/|title=Tughlaqabad Fort, Delhi Overview and Info|date=2 February 2019|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> Also, nearby is [[Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range]] and Okhla Industrial Area. | ||
Surroundings are an important [[biodiversity]] area within the [[Aravalli Range#Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor|Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor]] stretching from [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] to Delhi. Historical | Surroundings are an important [[biodiversity]] area within the [[Aravalli Range#Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor|Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor]] stretching from [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]] to Delhi. Historical places around the sanctuary are [[Badkhal Lake]], {{cvt|6|km}} northeast, the tenth century ancient [[Surajkund]] reservoir and [[Anangpur Dam]], [[Damdama Lake]], Tughlaqabad Fort and [[Jahanpanah#Adilabad|Adilabad ruins]] (both in Delhi).<ref name="Department of Forest, Delhi">[http://forest.delhigovt.nic.in/wildlife/asola.html#asola ASOLA BHATTI WILD LIFE SANCTUARY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816140938/http://forest.delhigovt.nic.in/wildlife/asola.html#asola |date=16 August 2011 }}, Department of Forest, Delhi Government</ref> It is contiguous to the seasonal [[Pali village#Pali jharna|waterfalls in Pali-Dhuaj-Kot villages of Faridabad]],<ref name=sura>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/faridabad/dam-will-be-maked-on-the-hills-of-pali-village/articleshow/70320771.cms|title=पाली गांव की पहाड़ियों पर बनेगा डैम, रोका जाएगा झरनों का पानी|website=Navbharat Times|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> the sacred [[Mangar Bani]] and the [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]]. There are several dozen lakes formed in the abandoned [[Open-pit mining|open pit mines]] in the forested hilly area of Delhi Ridge. | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
[[File:Ruins of Tughlaqabad Fort with Ghiyas-ud-din’s tomb in the background 1949.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Tughlaqabad Fort with Ghiyas-ud- | [[File:Ruins of Tughlaqabad Fort with Ghiyas-ud-din’s tomb in the background 1949.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Tughlaqabad Fort with Ghiyas-ud-din's tomb in the background, 1949]] | ||
Ghazi Malik was a [[feudatory]] of the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] rulers of Delhi, India. Khaliji dynasty is | Ghazi Malik was a [[feudatory]] of the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] rulers of Delhi, India. The Khaliji dynasty is a Muslim dynasty which ruled India. Once, while on a walk with his Khalji master, Ghazi Malik suggested that the king build a [[fort]] on a hillock in the southern portion of [[Delhi]]. The king jokingly told Ghazi Malik to build the fort himself when he would become king.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} | ||
In 1321, Ghazi Malik drove away the Khaljis and assumed the title of Ghias-ud-din Tughlaq, starting the [[Tughlaq dynasty]]. He immediately started the construction of his fabled city, which he dreamt of as an impregnable, yet beautiful fort to keep away the [[Mongol]] marauders. However, destiny would not be as he would have liked.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} | In 1321, Ghazi Malik drove away the Khaljis and assumed the title of Ghias-ud-din Tughlaq, starting the [[Tughlaq dynasty]]. He immediately started the construction of his fabled city, which he dreamt of as an impregnable, yet beautiful fort to keep away the [[Mongol]] marauders. However, destiny would not be as he would have liked.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} | ||
=== The Curse of Nizamuddin Auliya === | === The Curse of Nizamuddin Auliya === | ||
Ghias-ud-din is usually perceived as a liberal ruler. However, he was so passionate about his dream fort that he issued a [[edict|dictate]] that all labourers in Delhi must work on his fort. Saint [[Nizamuddin Auliya]], a Sufi | Ghias-ud-din is usually perceived as a liberal ruler. However, he was so passionate about his dream fort that he issued a [[edict|dictate]] that all labourers in Delhi must work on his fort. Saint [[Nizamuddin Auliya]], a Sufi saint in the 13th century, got incensed as the work on his ''baoli'' (well) was stopped. The confrontation between the Sufi saint and the royal emperor has become a legend in India. The saint uttered a curse which was to resonate throughout history until today.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} | ||
=== The Death of the ruler === | === The Death of the ruler === | ||
| Line 50: | Line 50: | ||
== Mausoleum of Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq == | == Mausoleum of Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq == | ||
[[File:Ghiyath aldin tughluq tomb.JPG|thumb|199x199px|right| ''[[Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]]'' at [[Tughluqabad]], also showing a side tomb.]] | [[File:Ghiyath aldin tughluq tomb.JPG|thumb|199x199px|right| ''[[Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]]'' at [[Tughluqabad]], also showing a side tomb.]] | ||
The 'Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq' is connected by a causeway to the southern outpost of the fortification. This elevated causeway 600 | The 'Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq' is connected by a causeway to the southern outpost of the fortification. This elevated causeway {{convert|600|ft|disp=flip}} in length, supported by 27 arches, leads across a former artificial lake, however sometime in 20th century portion of causeway was pierced by the [[Mehrauli]]-[[Badarpur, Delhi|Badarpur]] road.<ref>{{cite web| title = Modernity pierces fort link| publisher = Hindustan Times| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Modernity-pierces-fort-link/Article1-926849.aspx| date = 9 September 2012| access-date = 2013-09-23| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202516/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Modernity-pierces-fort-link/Article1-926849.aspx| archive-date = 31 October 2013}}</ref> After passing an old [[Pipal tree]], the complex of Ghiyas ud-din Tughluq's tomb is entered by a high gateway made up of red [[sandstone]] with a flight of steps.<ref name=fort/> | ||
The actual mausoleum is made up of a single-domed square [[tomb]] | The actual mausoleum is made up of a single-domed square [[tomb]] about {{convert|8|x|8|m}} with sloping walls crowned by [[parapet]]s. In contrast to the walls of the fortification made up of granite, the sides of the mausoleum are faced by smooth red sandstone and inlaid with inscribed panels and arch borders from [[marble]]. The edifice is topped by an elegant [[dome]] resting on an octagonal drum that is covered with white slabs of marble and slate.<ref name=fort/> | ||
[[File:GHIYĀTHU’D-DĪN TUGHLUQ’S TOMB 04.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Graves inside the [[Mausoleum of Ghiyas ud-din Tughluq|Mausoleum]]]] | [[File:GHIYĀTHU’D-DĪN TUGHLUQ’S TOMB 04.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Graves inside the [[Mausoleum of Ghiyas ud-din Tughluq|Mausoleum]]]] | ||
Inside the mausoleum are three graves: The central one belongs to [[Ghiyas ud-din Tughluq]] and the other two are believed to be those of his wife and his son and successor [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]. In the north-western [[bastion]] of the enclosure wall with its pillared corridors is another [[octagon]]al tomb in similar style with a smaller marble dome and inscribed marble and sandstone slabs over its arched doors. According to an [[inscription]] over its southern entrance this tomb houses the remains of [[Zafar Khan (general)|Zafar Khan]]. His grave | Inside the mausoleum are three graves: The central one belongs to [[Ghiyas ud-din Tughluq]] and the other two are believed to be those of his wife and his son and successor [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]. In the north-western [[bastion]] of the enclosure wall with its pillared corridors is another [[octagon]]al tomb in a similar style with a smaller marble dome and inscribed marble and sandstone slabs over its arched doors. According to an [[inscription]] over its southern entrance this tomb houses the remains of [[Zafar Khan (general)|Zafar Khan]]. His grave was at the site prior to the construction of the outpost and was consciously integrated into the design of the mausoleum by Ghiyath al-Din himself.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} | ||
[[File:Graves of Ghiyas Ud Din, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.jpg|thumb|Ghiyas Ud Din's Grave inside the Mausoleum]] | [[File:Graves of Ghiyas Ud Din, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.jpg|thumb|Ghiyas Ud Din's Grave inside the Mausoleum]] | ||
== Architecture == | == Architecture == | ||
[[File:Tughlaqabad walls.jpg|thumb|200px|Tughlaqabad Fort walls by the Mehrauli-Badarpur Road.]]Tughluqabad still consists of remarkable, massive stone fortifications that surround the irregular ground plan of the city. The sloping rubble-filled city walls, a typical feature of monuments of the [[Tughluq dynasty]], are between 10 and 15 | [[File:Tughlaqabad walls.jpg|thumb|200px|Tughlaqabad Fort walls by the Mehrauli-Badarpur Road.]]Tughluqabad still consists of remarkable, massive stone fortifications that surround the irregular ground plan of the city. The sloping rubble-filled city walls, a typical feature of monuments of the [[Tughluq dynasty]], are between {{convert|10|and|15|m}} high, topped by battlemented [[parapet]]s and strengthened by circular [[bastion]]s of up to two stories height. The city is supposed to once have had as many as 52 gates of which only 13 remain today. The fortified city contained seven rainwater tanks. The fort is a half hexagon in shape with a base of {{cvt|1.5|mi|km|disp=flip}}, and a whole circuit of about {{cvt|4|mi|km|disp=flip}}.<ref name=fort>{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=1985|publisher=The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|pages=6–7|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}</ref> | ||
Tughluqabad is divided into three parts: | Tughluqabad is divided into three parts: | ||
| Line 71: | Line 71: | ||
South of Tughlaqabad was a vast artificial [[reservoir (water)|water reservoir]] within the fortified outpost of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's Tomb]]. This well preserved [[mausoleum]] remains connected to the fort by an elevated causeway that still stands today. | South of Tughlaqabad was a vast artificial [[reservoir (water)|water reservoir]] within the fortified outpost of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's Tomb]]. This well preserved [[mausoleum]] remains connected to the fort by an elevated causeway that still stands today. | ||
Visible to the southeast are the remains of the [[Fortress of Adilabad]], built years later by Ghiyathu'd-Din's successor, Muhammad Tughluq (1325–1351) which shares the main characteristics of construction with Tughlaqabad fort.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tughlaqabad Fort {{!}} Fort Trek|url=https://www.forttrek.com/tughlaqabad-fort/|access-date=2021-01-23|language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
== Gallery == | == Gallery == | ||
| Line 101: | Line 101: | ||
[[Category:Architecture of the Tughlaq dynasty]] | [[Category:Architecture of the Tughlaq dynasty]] | ||
[[Category:Archaeological monuments in Delhi]] | [[Category:Archaeological monuments in Delhi]] | ||
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]] | |||
Latest revision as of 22:40, 27 July 2022
| Tughlaqabad Fort | |
|---|---|
| Part of Delhi | |
| Delhi, India | |
 Panoramic view of the massive bastions of Tughluqabad Fort | |
| Type | Ruined Fort |
| Site information | |
| Condition | Ruins |
| Site history | |
| Built | 14th century |
| Built by | Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq |
| Materials | Granite Stones and lime mortar |
Tughluqabad Fort is a ruined fort in Delhi, built by Ghiyasuddin Tughluq, the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty, of the Delhi Sultanate of India in 1321, as he established the third historic city of Delhi, which was later abandoned in 1327. It lends its name to the nearby Tughluqabad residential-commercial area as well as the Tughluqabad Institutional Area. Ghiyasuddin Tughluq also built the Qutub-Badarpur Road, which connected the new city to the Grand Trunk Road. The road is now known as Mehrauli-Badarpur Road.[1] The entry fee for the Fort is Rs. 20 for Indians.[2] Also, nearby is Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range and Okhla Industrial Area.
Surroundings are an important biodiversity area within the Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor stretching from Sariska Tiger Reserve to Delhi. Historical places around the sanctuary are Badkhal Lake, 6 km (3.7 mi) northeast, the tenth century ancient Surajkund reservoir and Anangpur Dam, Damdama Lake, Tughlaqabad Fort and Adilabad ruins (both in Delhi).[3] It is contiguous to the seasonal waterfalls in Pali-Dhuaj-Kot villages of Faridabad,[4] the sacred Mangar Bani and the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary. There are several dozen lakes formed in the abandoned open pit mines in the forested hilly area of Delhi Ridge.
History[edit]
Ghazi Malik was a feudatory of the Khalji rulers of Delhi, India. The Khaliji dynasty is a Muslim dynasty which ruled India. Once, while on a walk with his Khalji master, Ghazi Malik suggested that the king build a fort on a hillock in the southern portion of Delhi. The king jokingly told Ghazi Malik to build the fort himself when he would become king.[citation needed]
In 1321, Ghazi Malik drove away the Khaljis and assumed the title of Ghias-ud-din Tughlaq, starting the Tughlaq dynasty. He immediately started the construction of his fabled city, which he dreamt of as an impregnable, yet beautiful fort to keep away the Mongol marauders. However, destiny would not be as he would have liked.[citation needed]
The Curse of Nizamuddin Auliya[edit]
Ghias-ud-din is usually perceived as a liberal ruler. However, he was so passionate about his dream fort that he issued a dictate that all labourers in Delhi must work on his fort. Saint Nizamuddin Auliya, a Sufi saint in the 13th century, got incensed as the work on his baoli (well) was stopped. The confrontation between the Sufi saint and the royal emperor has become a legend in India. The saint uttered a curse which was to resonate throughout history until today.[citation needed]
The Death of the ruler[edit]
Another of the saint's curses was Hunuz Dilli door ast (Delhi is still far away). The Emperor was engrossed in a campaign in Bengal at this time. He was successful and was on his way to Delhi. However, his son, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, met him at Kara in Uttar Pradesh. Allegedly at the prince's orders, a Shamiana (Tent) was made to fall on the Emperor, who was crushed to death (1324).
Mausoleum of Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq[edit]
The 'Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq' is connected by a causeway to the southern outpost of the fortification. This elevated causeway 180 metres (600 ft) in length, supported by 27 arches, leads across a former artificial lake, however sometime in 20th century portion of causeway was pierced by the Mehrauli-Badarpur road.[5] After passing an old Pipal tree, the complex of Ghiyas ud-din Tughluq's tomb is entered by a high gateway made up of red sandstone with a flight of steps.[6]
The actual mausoleum is made up of a single-domed square tomb about 8 by 8 metres (26 ft × 26 ft) with sloping walls crowned by parapets. In contrast to the walls of the fortification made up of granite, the sides of the mausoleum are faced by smooth red sandstone and inlaid with inscribed panels and arch borders from marble. The edifice is topped by an elegant dome resting on an octagonal drum that is covered with white slabs of marble and slate.[6]
Inside the mausoleum are three graves: The central one belongs to Ghiyas ud-din Tughluq and the other two are believed to be those of his wife and his son and successor Muhammad bin Tughluq. In the north-western bastion of the enclosure wall with its pillared corridors is another octagonal tomb in a similar style with a smaller marble dome and inscribed marble and sandstone slabs over its arched doors. According to an inscription over its southern entrance this tomb houses the remains of Zafar Khan. His grave was at the site prior to the construction of the outpost and was consciously integrated into the design of the mausoleum by Ghiyath al-Din himself.[citation needed]
Architecture[edit]
Tughluqabad still consists of remarkable, massive stone fortifications that surround the irregular ground plan of the city. The sloping rubble-filled city walls, a typical feature of monuments of the Tughluq dynasty, are between 10 and 15 metres (33 and 49 ft) high, topped by battlemented parapets and strengthened by circular bastions of up to two stories height. The city is supposed to once have had as many as 52 gates of which only 13 remain today. The fortified city contained seven rainwater tanks. The fort is a half hexagon in shape with a base of 2.4 km (1.5 mi), and a whole circuit of about 6.4 km (4 mi).[6]
Tughluqabad is divided into three parts:
- the wider city area with houses built along a rectangular grid between its gates
- the citadel with a tower at its highest point known as Bijai-Mandal and the remains of several halls and a long underground passage
- the adjacent palace area containing the royal residences. A long underground passage below the tower still remains.
Today most of the city is inaccessible due to dense thorny vegetation. An ever increasing part of the former city area is occupied by modern settlement, especially in the vicinity of its lakes.
South of Tughlaqabad was a vast artificial water reservoir within the fortified outpost of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's Tomb. This well preserved mausoleum remains connected to the fort by an elevated causeway that still stands today.
Visible to the southeast are the remains of the Fortress of Adilabad, built years later by Ghiyathu'd-Din's successor, Muhammad Tughluq (1325–1351) which shares the main characteristics of construction with Tughlaqabad fort.[7]
Gallery[edit]
A view of ruined fort of Tughlaqabad during sunset
Modern settlement activity spreading in the area of the old city just below the citadel
Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's tomb as seen from Tughluqabad
Tughlaqabad massive fort wall
South gate entry to Tughlaqbad fort
Entrance of the Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and his son Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
A Well inside Tughlaqabad Fort
Tughlaqabad Fort Architecture
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Y. D. Sharma (1974). "33. Badarpur". Delhi and its Neighbourhood. Director General, Archaeological Survey of India. p. 105.
- ↑ "Tughlaqabad Fort, Delhi Overview and Info". 2 February 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ↑ ASOLA BHATTI WILD LIFE SANCTUARY Archived 16 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Department of Forest, Delhi Government
- ↑ "पाली गांव की पहाड़ियों पर बनेगा डैम, रोका जाएगा झरनों का पानी". Navbharat Times. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ↑ "Modernity pierces fort link". Hindustan Times. 9 September 2012. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Verma, Amrit (1985). Forts of India. New Delhi: The Director of Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 6–7. ISBN 81-230-1002-8.
- ↑ "Tughlaqabad Fort | Fort Trek". Retrieved 23 January 2021.
Coordinates: 28°30′43″N 77°15′39″E / 28.51194°N 77.26083°E