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{{about-distinguish|the Red Fort in Delhi|Red Fort of Agra|Red Fort, Muzaffarabad}} | {{about-distinguish|the Red Fort in Delhi|Red Fort of Agra|Red Fort, Muzaffarabad}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=September | {{EngvarB|date=September 2019}} | ||
{{Infobox historic site | {{Infobox historic site | ||
| name = Red Fort | | name = Red Fort | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
[[File:'Jujhar Singh Bundela Kneels in Submission to Shah Jahan', painted by Bichitr, c. 1630, Chester Beatty Library (cropped2).jpg|thumb|[[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]], c. 1630]] | [[File:'Jujhar Singh Bundela Kneels in Submission to Shah Jahan', painted by Bichitr, c. 1630, Chester Beatty Library (cropped2).jpg|thumb|[[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]], c. 1630]] | ||
Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned construction of the Red Fort on 12 May 1638, when he decided to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi. Originally red and white, Shah Jahan's favourite colours,<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi's Red Fort was originally white |first1=Dean|last1=Nelson|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] (UK)|date=20 May | Emperor Shah Jahan commissioned construction of the Red Fort on 12 May 1638, when he decided to shift his capital from Agra to Delhi. Originally red and white, Shah Jahan's favourite colours,<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi's Red Fort was originally white |first1=Dean|last1=Nelson|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] (UK)|date=20 May 2011}}</ref> its design is credited to architect [[Ustad Ahmad Lahori]], who also constructed the [[Taj Mahal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810104325668?lang=en,%20//oxfordindex.oup.com:443/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810104325668|title=Ustad Ahmad – oi|website=oxfordindex.oup.com|access-date=8 December 2019}}{{dead link|date=August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/taj_mahal/tlevel_2/t3build_design.html|title=Building the Taj – who designed the Taj Mahal|work=[[PBS]]|access-date=13 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218114338/http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/taj_mahal/tlevel_2/t3build_design.html|archive-date=18 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The fort lies along the [[Yamuna River]], which fed the [[moats]] surrounding most of the walls.<ref>{{cite web|title=Red Fort lies along the River Yamuna|url=http://www.delhicapital.com/monuments-in-delhi/lal-qila.html|access-date=4 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814043557/http://www.delhicapital.com/monuments-in-delhi/lal-qila.html|archive-date=14 August 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction began in the sacred [[Islamic month]] of [[Muharram]], on 13 May 1638.<ref name="ASI3">{{cite web |title = Comprehensive Conservation Management Plan for Red Fort, Delhi |publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]] |date = March 2009 |url = http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-03-history.pdf |access-date = 14 August 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120508111424/http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-03-history.pdf |archive-date = 8 May 2012 |url-status = live }}</ref>{{rp|01}} Supervised by Shah Jahan, it was completed on 6 April 1648.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924006140374|title=Shah Jahan|first=H. M. (Henry Miers)|last=Elliot|date=26 September 1875|publisher=[Lahore : Sh. Mubarak Ali|access-date=26 September 2020|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.22805/page/n38/mode/1up |title = List of Muhammadan and Hindu monuments vol.1|year = 1916 |access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pinto|first1=Xavier|last2=Myall|first2=E. G.|title=Glimpses of History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ch9goq6W-cgC&pg=PA129|year=2009|publisher=Frank Brothers|isbn=978-81-8409-617-0|page=129|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111082736/http://books.google.com/books?id=ch9goq6W-cgC&pg=PA129|archive-date=11 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Unlike other Mughal forts, the Red Fort's boundary walls are asymmetrical to contain the older [[Salimgarh Fort]].<ref name="ASI3" />{{rp|04}} The fortress-palace was a focal point of the city of Shahjahanabad, which is present-day [[Old Delhi]]. Shah Jahan's successor, [[Aurangzeb]], added the [[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)|Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque)]] to the emperor's private quarters, constructing [[barbican]]s in front of the two main gates to make the entrance to the palace more circuitous.<ref name="ASI3" />{{rp|08}} | ||
[[File:Red Fort as seen from Jama Masjid's tower.jpg|alt=Image shows Red Fort's long walls including the gates as seen from Jama Masjid's tower. The walls can be seen in the background extending a couple of thousand meters.|thumb|The walls of Red Fort (in the background) as seen from the top of [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid's]] tower]] | [[File:Red Fort as seen from Jama Masjid's tower.jpg|alt=Image shows Red Fort's long walls including the gates as seen from Jama Masjid's tower. The walls can be seen in the background extending a couple of thousand meters.|thumb|The walls of Red Fort (in the background) as seen from the top of [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid's]] tower]] | ||
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The [[INA trials]], also known as the Red Fort Trials, refer to the courts-martial of a number of officers of the [[Indian National Army]]. The first was held between November and December 1945 at the Red Fort. | The [[INA trials]], also known as the Red Fort Trials, refer to the courts-martial of a number of officers of the [[Indian National Army]]. The first was held between November and December 1945 at the Red Fort. | ||
On 15 August 1947, the first [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] raised the [[Flag of India|Indian national flag]] above the [[Lahori Gate, Delhi|Lahore Gate]].<ref name="auto12">{{cite news|author=PTI|date=15 August 2013|title=Manmohan first PM outside Nehru-Gandhi clan to hoist flag for 10th time|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-first-pm-outside-nehrugandhi-clan-to-hoist-flag-for-10th-time/article5025367.ece|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221090006/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-first-pm-outside-nehrugandhi-clan-to-hoist-flag-for-10th-time/article5025367.ece|archive-date=21 December | On 15 August 1947, the first [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] raised the [[Flag of India|Indian national flag]] above the [[Lahori Gate, Delhi|Lahore Gate]].<ref name="auto12">{{cite news|author=PTI|date=15 August 2013|title=Manmohan first PM outside Nehru-Gandhi clan to hoist flag for 10th time|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-first-pm-outside-nehrugandhi-clan-to-hoist-flag-for-10th-time/article5025367.ece|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221090006/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-first-pm-outside-nehrugandhi-clan-to-hoist-flag-for-10th-time/article5025367.ece|archive-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> | ||
After [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], the site experienced few changes, and the Red Fort continued to be used as a military [[cantonment]]. A significant part of the fort remained under Indian Army control until 22 December 2003, when it was given to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] for restoration.<ref name="Defence2005">{{cite book|author=India. Ministry of Defence|title=Sainik samachar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzvfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2012|year=2005|publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930001452/http://books.google.com/books?id=CzvfAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Muslim India">{{cite book|title=Muslim India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kcYAQAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2012|year=2004|publisher=Muslim India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930000947/http://books.google.com/books?id=1kcYAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009 the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP), prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India under [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] directions to revitalise the fort, was announced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Red+Fort+facelift+to+revive+Mughal+glory+in+10+years/1/44647.html |title=Red Fort facelift to revive Mughal glory in 10 years : Mail Today Stories, News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=1 June 2009 |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213113749/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Red+Fort+facelift+to+revive+Mughal+glory+in+10+years/1/44647.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-%2010-management%20plan.pdf |title=CHAPTER-10_revised_jan09.pmd |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508111536/http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-%2010-management%20plan.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-0-exe%20summary.pdf |title=CHAPTER-00_revisedfeb09.pmd |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508112528/http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-0-exe%20summary.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | After [[Partition of India|Indian Independence]], the site experienced few changes, and the Red Fort continued to be used as a military [[cantonment]]. A significant part of the fort remained under Indian Army control until 22 December 2003, when it was given to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] for restoration.<ref name="Defence2005">{{cite book|author=India. Ministry of Defence|title=Sainik samachar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzvfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2012|year=2005|publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930001452/http://books.google.com/books?id=CzvfAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Muslim India">{{cite book|title=Muslim India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1kcYAQAAMAAJ|access-date=5 August 2012|year=2004|publisher=Muslim India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930000947/http://books.google.com/books?id=1kcYAQAAMAAJ|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009 the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP), prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India under [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] directions to revitalise the fort, was announced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Red+Fort+facelift+to+revive+Mughal+glory+in+10+years/1/44647.html |title=Red Fort facelift to revive Mughal glory in 10 years : Mail Today Stories, News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=1 June 2009 |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213113749/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Red+Fort+facelift+to+revive+Mughal+glory+in+10+years/1/44647.html |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-%2010-management%20plan.pdf |title=CHAPTER-10_revised_jan09.pmd |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508111536/http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-%2010-management%20plan.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-0-exe%20summary.pdf |title=CHAPTER-00_revisedfeb09.pmd |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508112528/http://asi.nic.in/ccmp_text_pdf/chapter-0-exe%20summary.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
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[[File:Diwan-e-Khas-2022.jpg|alt=Image shows the inner walls and celling of the Diwan-e-Khas|thumb|Inner walls and ceiling of the [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-e-Khas]]]] | [[File:Diwan-e-Khas-2022.jpg|alt=Image shows the inner walls and celling of the Diwan-e-Khas|thumb|Inner walls and ceiling of the [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)|Diwan-e-Khas]]]] | ||
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing the Nation on the occasion of 76th Independence Day from the ramparts of Red Fort, in Delhi on August 15, 2022 (6).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] addressing the Nation on the occasion of 76th Independence Day from the Red Fort on 15 August 2022.]] | [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing the Nation on the occasion of 76th Independence Day from the ramparts of Red Fort, in Delhi on August 15, 2022 (6).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] addressing the Nation on the occasion of 76th Independence Day from the Red Fort on 15 August 2022.]] | ||
The Red Fort, the largest monument in Delhi,<ref name="SchreitmüllerDhamotharan2012">{{cite book|last1=Schreitmüller|first1=Karen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA253|title=Baedeker India|last2=Dhamotharan|first2=Mohan (CON)|last3=Szerelmy|first3=Beate (CON)|date=14 February 2012|publisher=[[Baedeker]]|isbn=978-3-8297-6622-7|page=253|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927180628/http://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA253|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> is one of its most popular tourist destinations<ref name="Devashish2011">{{cite book|last=Devashish|first=Dasgupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC&pg=PA79|title=Tourism Marketing|publisher=[[Pearson Education India]]|year=2011|isbn=978-81-317-3182-6|page=79|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929010047/http://books.google.com/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC&pg=PA79|archive-date=29 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and attracts thousands of visitors every year.<ref name="Murthy">{{cite news|last=Murthy|first=Raja|date=23 February 2012|title=Mughal 'paradise' gets tortuous makeover|newspaper=[[Asia Times Online]]|location=South Asia|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NB23Df01.html|url-status=unfit|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120145541/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NB23Df01.html|archive-date=20 November | The Red Fort, the largest monument in Delhi,<ref name="SchreitmüllerDhamotharan2012">{{cite book|last1=Schreitmüller|first1=Karen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA253|title=Baedeker India|last2=Dhamotharan|first2=Mohan (CON)|last3=Szerelmy|first3=Beate (CON)|date=14 February 2012|publisher=[[Baedeker]]|isbn=978-3-8297-6622-7|page=253|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927180628/http://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA253|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> is one of its most popular tourist destinations<ref name="Devashish2011">{{cite book|last=Devashish|first=Dasgupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC&pg=PA79|title=Tourism Marketing|publisher=[[Pearson Education India]]|year=2011|isbn=978-81-317-3182-6|page=79|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929010047/http://books.google.com/books?id=oXWAEjcG-FsC&pg=PA79|archive-date=29 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and attracts thousands of visitors every year.<ref name="Murthy">{{cite news|last=Murthy|first=Raja|date=23 February 2012|title=Mughal 'paradise' gets tortuous makeover|newspaper=[[Asia Times Online]]|location=South Asia|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NB23Df01.html|url-status=unfit|access-date=25 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120145541/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NB23Df01.html|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref> It is a monument of national significance; every year on [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]] (15 August), the Prime Minister of India hoists the country's flag at the Red Fort and delivers a nationally broadcast speech from its [[defensive wall|ramparts]].<ref name="business-standard.com">{{cite news|date=15 August 2012|title=Singh becomes third PM to hoist flag at Red Fort for 9th time|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/singh-becomes-third-pm-to-hoist-flag-at-red-fort-for-9th-time/44355/|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> The fort also appears on the back of the [[Indian 500-rupee note|{{INR}}500 note]] of the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]] of the [[Indian rupee]].<ref name="500RBI">{{cite web|date=8 November 2016|title=Issue of ₹ 500 banknotes inset letter 'E' in Mahatma Gandhi (New) series after demonitization|url=https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38524|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109222836/https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=38524|archive-date=9 November 2016|access-date=9 November 2016|website=Reserve Bank of India}}</ref> | ||
The major architectural features are in mixed condition; the extensive water features are dry. Some buildings are in fairly good condition, with their decorative elements undisturbed; in others, the marble inlaid flowers have been removed by looters. The tea house, although not in its historical state, is a working restaurant. The mosque and ''[[hammam]]'' or public baths are closed to the public, although visitors can peer through their glass windows or marble latticework. Walkways are crumbling, and public toilets are available at the entrance and inside the park. The Lahori Gate entrance leads to a mall with jewellery and craft stores. There is also a museum of "blood paintings", depicting young 20th-century Indian martyrs and their stories, an archaeological museum and an Indian war-memorial museum.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} | The major architectural features are in mixed condition; the extensive water features are dry. Some buildings are in fairly good condition, with their decorative elements undisturbed; in others, the marble inlaid flowers have been removed by looters. The tea house, although not in its historical state, is a working restaurant. The mosque and ''[[hammam]]'' or public baths are closed to the public, although visitors can peer through their glass windows or marble latticework. Walkways are crumbling, and public toilets are available at the entrance and inside the park. The Lahori Gate entrance leads to a mall with jewellery and craft stores. There is also a museum of "blood paintings", depicting young 20th-century Indian martyrs and their stories, an archaeological museum and an Indian war-memorial museum.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} | ||
=== Major events === | === Major events === | ||
The Red Fort was the site of a [[2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort|terrorist attack on 22 December 2000]], carried out by six [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] members. Two soldiers and a civilian were killed in what the news media described as an attempt to derail India-Pakistan peace talks.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 August 2012|title=Red Fort attack will not affect peace moves|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/23tara.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003070913/http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/23tara.htm|archive-date=3 October 2012|access-date=19 August | The Red Fort was the site of a [[2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort|terrorist attack on 22 December 2000]], carried out by six [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] members. Two soldiers and a civilian were killed in what the news media described as an attempt to derail India-Pakistan peace talks.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 August 2012|title=Red Fort attack will not affect peace moves|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/23tara.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003070913/http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/dec/23tara.htm|archive-date=3 October 2012|access-date=19 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 March 2012|title=Red Fort terrorist attacks|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2012/03/31/red-fort-attack-court-discharges-alleged-let-terrorist.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513075302/http://news.oneindia.in/2012/03/31/red-fort-attack-court-discharges-alleged-let-terrorist.html|archive-date=13 May 2013|access-date=4 August 2012}}</ref> | ||
In April 2018, [[Dalmia Group#Dalmia Bharat Group|Dalmia Bharat Group]] adopted the Red Fort for maintenance, development, and operations, per a contract worth {{INR}}25 crores for a period of five years, under the government's "Adopt A Heritage" scheme.<ref name="business">{{Cite news|last=Manish|first=Sai|date=29 April 2018|title=Dalmia Bharat group to adopt Delhi's iconic Red Fort for five years|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shah-jahan-s-iconic-red-fort-in-delhi-is-now-dalmia-group-s-red-fort-118042700414_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513020218/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shah-jahan-s-iconic-red-fort-in-delhi-is-now-dalmia-group-s-red-fort-118042700414_1.html|archive-date=13 May | In April 2018, [[Dalmia Group#Dalmia Bharat Group|Dalmia Bharat Group]] adopted the Red Fort for maintenance, development, and operations, per a contract worth {{INR}}25 crores for a period of five years, under the government's "Adopt A Heritage" scheme.<ref name="business">{{Cite news|last=Manish|first=Sai|date=29 April 2018|title=Dalmia Bharat group to adopt Delhi's iconic Red Fort for five years|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shah-jahan-s-iconic-red-fort-in-delhi-is-now-dalmia-group-s-red-fort-118042700414_1.html|url-status=live|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513020218/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/shah-jahan-s-iconic-red-fort-in-delhi-is-now-dalmia-group-s-red-fort-118042700414_1.html|archive-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> The memorandum of understanding was signed with the ministries of [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]] and [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]], and the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (A.S.I.).<ref name="adoption1">{{Cite news|last=Krishna|first=Navmi|date=30 April 2018|title=Red Fort adoption row: The long list of Monument Mitras|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/red-fort-adoption-row-the-long-list-of-monument-mitras/article23729853.ece|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> The adoption of the fort by a private group left people divided and drew criticism from the public, opposition political parties, and historians. It also led to the #IndiaOnSale hashtag on Twitter.<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43949370 |title=Indians upset over Red Fort monument 'adoption' |last=Nettikkara |first=Samiha |date=30 April 2018 |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=7 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709150855/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43949370 |archive-date=9 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2018, the Indian History Congress called for the deal to be suspended until there is an "impartial review" of the deal "by the Central Advisory Board of Archaeology or any other recognised body of experts".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/historians-seek-review-of-red-fort-contract/article23752738.ece |title=Historians seek review of Red Fort contract |last=Pathak |first=Vikas |date=2 May 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> | ||
== {{anchor|Security threats}}Security == | == {{anchor|Security threats}}Security == | ||
To prevent terrorist attacks, security is especially strict around the Red Fort on the eve of Indian Independence Day. [[Delhi Police]] and paramilitary personnel keep a watch on neighbourhoods around the fort, and [[National Security Guard]] sharpshooters are deployed on high-rises near the fort.<ref name="DNA1">{{cite news |title=Security tightened across Delhi on I-Day eve |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_security-tightened-across-delhi-on-i-day-eve_1727877 |date=14 August 2012 |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818022210/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_security-tightened-across-delhi-on-i-day-eve_1727877 |archive-date=18 August 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tight security ensures safe I-Day celebration |newspaper=[[The Asian Age]] |url=http://www.asianage.com/delhi/tight-security-ensures-safe-i-day-celebration-119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117002607/http://www.asianage.com/delhi/tight-security-ensures-safe-i-day-celebration-119 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 November 2017 |date=16 August 2012 |access-date=17 August | To prevent terrorist attacks, security is especially strict around the Red Fort on the eve of Indian Independence Day. [[Delhi Police]] and paramilitary personnel keep a watch on neighbourhoods around the fort, and [[National Security Guard]] sharpshooters are deployed on high-rises near the fort.<ref name="DNA1">{{cite news |title=Security tightened across Delhi on I-Day eve |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_security-tightened-across-delhi-on-i-day-eve_1727877 |date=14 August 2012 |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818022210/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_security-tightened-across-delhi-on-i-day-eve_1727877 |archive-date=18 August 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tight security ensures safe I-Day celebration |newspaper=[[The Asian Age]] |url=http://www.asianage.com/delhi/tight-security-ensures-safe-i-day-celebration-119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117002607/http://www.asianage.com/delhi/tight-security-ensures-safe-i-day-celebration-119 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 November 2017 |date=16 August 2012 |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> The airspace around the fort is a designated [[no-fly zone]] during the celebration to prevent air attacks,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2359798.ece?textsize=small&test=2|title=Rain Brings Children Cheer, Gives Securitymen a Tough Time|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2011|access-date=27 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234043/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2359798.ece?textsize=small&test=2|archive-date=30 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[safe house]]s exist in nearby areas to which the prime minister and other Indian leaders may retreat in the event of an attack.<ref name="DNA1" /> | ||
== Architecture == | == Architecture == | ||
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{{Main|Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)}} | {{Main|Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)}} | ||
[[File:Red Fort 8.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Simple white building, with persons on walkway|{{Centre|''[[Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)|Mumtaz Mahal]]''}}]] | [[File:Red Fort 8.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Simple white building, with persons on walkway|{{Centre|''[[Mumtaz Mahal (Red Fort)|Mumtaz Mahal]]''}}]] | ||
The two southernmost pavilions of the palace are [[Zenana|''zenana''s]] (women's quarters), consisting of the ''Mumtaz Mahal'' built for Arjumand Banu Begum ([[Mumtaz Mahal]]) wife of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lach|first1=Donald F.|last2=Kley|first2=Edwin J. Van|title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 2, South Asia|date=1998|publisher=[[University of Chicago]] Press|isbn=9780226466972|page=689|language=en}}</ref> and the larger ''Rang Mahal'' a resort for royal women.<ref name=archnet>{{Cite web |url=https://archnet.org/sites/5270 |title= Rang Mahal Delhi, India |website=archnet.org |access-date=12 April | The two southernmost pavilions of the palace are [[Zenana|''zenana''s]] (women's quarters), consisting of the ''Mumtaz Mahal'' built for Arjumand Banu Begum ([[Mumtaz Mahal]]) wife of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lach|first1=Donald F.|last2=Kley|first2=Edwin J. Van|title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 2, South Asia|date=1998|publisher=[[University of Chicago]] Press|isbn=9780226466972|page=689|language=en}}</ref> and the larger ''Rang Mahal'' a resort for royal women.<ref name=archnet>{{Cite web |url=https://archnet.org/sites/5270 |title= Rang Mahal Delhi, India |website=archnet.org |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> The ''Mumtaz Mahal'' houses the [[Red Fort Archaeological Museum]]. | ||
=== Rang Mahal === | === Rang Mahal === | ||
{{Main|Rang Mahal (Red Fort)}} | {{Main|Rang Mahal (Red Fort)}} | ||
The ''Rang Mahal'' housed the emperor's wives and mistresses. Its name means "Palace of Colours", since it was brightly painted and decorated with a mosaic of mirrors. The central marble pool is fed by the ''Nahr-i-Bihisht'' ("River of Paradise").<ref name="KM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/delhi/attractions/khas-mahal/a/poi-sig/1337802/356220 |title=Khas Mahal |website=lonelyplanet.com |access-date=12 April | The ''Rang Mahal'' housed the emperor's wives and mistresses. Its name means "Palace of Colours", since it was brightly painted and decorated with a mosaic of mirrors. The central marble pool is fed by the ''Nahr-i-Bihisht'' ("River of Paradise").<ref name="KM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/delhi/attractions/khas-mahal/a/poi-sig/1337802/356220 |title=Khas Mahal |website=lonelyplanet.com |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="archnet" /> | ||
=== Khas Mahal === | === Khas Mahal === | ||
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It is this, it is this, it is this. | It is this, it is this, it is this. | ||
|author= | |author= | ||
|source={{cite web |title=World Heritage Site – Red Fort, Delhi; Diwan-i-Khas |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_diwanikhas.asp |access-date=15 August | |source={{cite web |title=World Heritage Site – Red Fort, Delhi; Diwan-i-Khas |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_diwanikhas.asp |access-date=15 August 2012}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Wide image|Red Fort courtyard buildings.jpg|1000px|{{centre|Panoramic view of the imperial enclosure.}}{{Centre| From left: ''[[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)|Moti Masjid]]'', the ''hammam'', ''Divan-i-Khas'', ''[[Khas Mahal (Red Fort)|Khas Mahal]]'' and the ''[[Rang Mahal (Red Fort)|Rang Mahal]]''}}|alt=Many white buildings, with large grassy area in foreground}} | {{Wide image|Red Fort courtyard buildings.jpg|1000px|{{centre|Panoramic view of the imperial enclosure.}}{{Centre| From left: ''[[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)|Moti Masjid]]'', the ''hammam'', ''Divan-i-Khas'', ''[[Khas Mahal (Red Fort)|Khas Mahal]]'' and the ''[[Rang Mahal (Red Fort)|Rang Mahal]]''}}|alt=Many white buildings, with large grassy area in foreground}} | ||
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[[File:Fuerte Rojo-Delhi-India62.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Low, white building with ornate pillars and arches|{{Centre|''[[Shahi Burj (Red Fort)|Shahi Burj]]'' and its pavilion}}]] | [[File:Fuerte Rojo-Delhi-India62.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Low, white building with ornate pillars and arches|{{Centre|''[[Shahi Burj (Red Fort)|Shahi Burj]]'' and its pavilion}}]] | ||
The ''Hira Mahal'' ("Diamond Palace") is a pavilion on the southern edge of the fort, built under Bahadur Shah II and at the end of the ''Hayat Baksh'' garden.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-forts/delhi-fort.html |title=Red Fort |website=culturalindia.net |url-status=live |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407125951/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-forts/delhi-fort.html |archive-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref> The ''Moti Mahal'' on the northern edge, a twin building, was demolished during (or after) the 1857 rebellion. The ''[[Shahi Burj (Red Fort)|Shahi Burj]]'' was the emperor's main study; its name means "Emperor's Tower",<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/delhi/attractions/shahi-burj/a/poi-sig/1337812/356220 |title=Shahi Burj Monument in Old Delhi (Shahjahanabad) |website=lonelyplanet.com |access-date=12 April | The ''Hira Mahal'' ("Diamond Palace") is a pavilion on the southern edge of the fort, built under Bahadur Shah II and at the end of the ''Hayat Baksh'' garden.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-forts/delhi-fort.html |title=Red Fort |website=culturalindia.net |url-status=live |access-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407125951/https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-forts/delhi-fort.html |archive-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref> The ''Moti Mahal'' on the northern edge, a twin building, was demolished during (or after) the 1857 rebellion. The ''[[Shahi Burj (Red Fort)|Shahi Burj]]'' was the emperor's main study; its name means "Emperor's Tower",<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/delhi/attractions/shahi-burj/a/poi-sig/1337812/356220 |title=Shahi Burj Monument in Old Delhi (Shahjahanabad) |website=lonelyplanet.com |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> and it originally had a ''[[chhatri]]'' on top. Heavily damaged, the tower is undergoing reconstruction. In front of it is a marble pavilion added by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEOwDwAAQBAJ&q=shahi+burj+a+marble+pavilion+added+by+Aurangzeb.&pg=PT15 |title=DK Eyewitness Top 10 Delhi |date=17 December 2019 |isbn=9781465497246 |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> | ||
=== Hayat Bakhsh Bagh === | === Hayat Bakhsh Bagh === | ||
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The ''Hayat Bakhsh Bagh'' ({{Lang-fa|حیات بخش باغ|lit=Life-Bestowing Garden}}) is located in the northeast part of the complex. It features a [[reservoir]], which is now dry, and channels through which the Nahr-i-Bihisht flows. At each end is a white marble pavilion, called the Sawan and Bhadon Pavilions, [[Hindu calendar|Hindu months]], [[Shraavana|Sawan]] and [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadon]]. In the centre of the reservoir is the red-sandstone ''Zafar Mahal'', added in around 1842 by Bahadur Shah Zafar, and named after him.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Heritage Site – Red Fort, Delhi; Hayat-Bakhsh Garden and Pavilions |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_pavilions.asp |access-date=15 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207091933/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_pavilions.asp |archive-date=7 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | The ''Hayat Bakhsh Bagh'' ({{Lang-fa|حیات بخش باغ|lit=Life-Bestowing Garden}}) is located in the northeast part of the complex. It features a [[reservoir]], which is now dry, and channels through which the Nahr-i-Bihisht flows. At each end is a white marble pavilion, called the Sawan and Bhadon Pavilions, [[Hindu calendar|Hindu months]], [[Shraavana|Sawan]] and [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadon]]. In the centre of the reservoir is the red-sandstone ''Zafar Mahal'', added in around 1842 by Bahadur Shah Zafar, and named after him.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Heritage Site – Red Fort, Delhi; Hayat-Bakhsh Garden and Pavilions |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_pavilions.asp |access-date=15 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207091933/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_delhi_redfort_pavilions.asp |archive-date=7 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
Smaller gardens (such as the ''Mehtab Bagh'' or Moonlight Garden) existed west of it, but were demolished when the British barracks were built.<ref name="ASI3" /> There are plans to restore the gardens.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Restoring-the-lost-glory-of-Red-Fort/articleshow/38398022.cms?referral=PM |title=Restoring the lost glory of Red Fort |website=[[Times of India]] |access-date=12 April | Smaller gardens (such as the ''Mehtab Bagh'' or Moonlight Garden) existed west of it, but were demolished when the British barracks were built.<ref name="ASI3" /> There are plans to restore the gardens.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Restoring-the-lost-glory-of-Red-Fort/articleshow/38398022.cms?referral=PM |title=Restoring the lost glory of Red Fort |website=[[Times of India]] |access-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> Beyond these, the road to the north leads to an arched bridge and the [[Salimgarh Fort]]. | ||
=== Princes' quarter === | === Princes' quarter === | ||