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{{more citations needed|date=September 2017}} | {{more citations needed|date=September 2017}} | ||
{{Infobox royalty | {{Infobox royalty | ||
| name = Nana | | name = Nana Fadnavis | ||
| image = John Thomas Seton - Portrait of Nana Fadnavis.Jpeg | | image = John Thomas Seton - Portrait of Nana Fadnavis.Jpeg | ||
| birth_date = 12 February 1742 | | birth_date = 12 February 1742 | ||
| birth_name = Balaji Janardan Bhanu | | birth_name = Balaji Janardan Bhanu | ||
| image_size = | | image_size = | ||
| caption = Portrait of Nana | | caption = Portrait of Nana Fadnavis by [[John Thomas Seton]] | ||
| birth_place = | | birth_place = [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Maratha Empire]]<br />(Modern-day [[Maharashtra]], India) | ||
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1800|3|13|1742|2|12|df=yes}} | | death_date = {{Death date and age|1800|3|13|1742|2|12|df=yes}} | ||
| death_place = [[Pune]], [[ | | death_place = [[Pune]], [[Maratha Empire]]<br />(Modern day [[Maharashtra]], India) | ||
| religion = [[ | | religion = [[Hinduism]] | ||
| occupation = Prominent minister and statesman of the [[Maratha Empire]] during the [[Peshwa]] administration | | occupation = Prominent minister and statesman of the [[Maratha Empire]] during the [[Peshwa]] administration | ||
| spouse = | | spouse = | ||
| parents = | | parents = | ||
| children = | | children = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Nana | |||
'''Nana Fadnavis''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[naːna pʰəɖɳəʋiːs, fəɖ-]]]; also '''Phadnavis''' and '''Furnuwees''' and abbreviated as '''Phadnis''') (February 12, 1742{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} – March 13, 1800), born '''Balaji Janardan Bhanu''', was an influential minister and statesman of the [[Maratha Empire]] during the [[Peshwa]] administration in [[Pune]], [[India]]. [[James Grant Duff]] states that he was called "the [[Maratha]] [[Machiavelli]]" by the Europeans.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-T2lDwAAQBAJ&q=Maratha+machiavelli&pg=PT13|title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company|last=Dalrymple|first=William|date=2019-09-10|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4088-6440-1|language=en}}</ref> | |||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
Balaji Janardan Bhanu was born in a [[Chitpavan]] | Balaji Janardan Bhanu was born in a [[Chitpavan Brahmin]] family in [[Satara (city)|Satara]] in 1742 and was nicknamed 'Nana'. His grandfather Balaji Mahadaji Bhanu had migrated from a village called Velas near [[Shrivardhan]] during the days of the First [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Vishwanath Bhat]]. The Bhats and the Bhanus had family relations and a very good friendship existed between them. The two families had respectively inherited the 'Mahajan' or village-head positions of the towns of Velas and Shrivardhan. Balaji Mahadji had once saved the Peshwa from a murderous plot by the Mughals. The Peshwa therefore recommended [[Chattrapati Shahu]] to award the title of Phadnavis (one of the [[Ashtapradhan]]) on Bhanu. Later, when the Peshwa became the de facto head of state, Phadnavis became the main minister who held key portfolios of Administration and Finance for the Maratha Empire during the Peshwa regime.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | ||
Nana was the grandson of Balaji Mahadji Bhanu and had inherited his grandfather's name, keeping up with the tradition. The Peshwa treated him like family and extended to him the same facilities of education and diplomatic training as his sons, [[Vishwasrao]], [[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao]], and [[Narayanrao]]. He continued to be the ''Phadnavis'', or the finance minister, for the [[Peshwa]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | Nana was the grandson of Balaji Mahadji Bhanu and had inherited his grandfather's name, keeping up with the tradition. The Peshwa treated him like family and extended to him the same facilities of education and diplomatic training as his sons, [[Vishwasrao]], [[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao]], and [[Narayanrao]]. He continued to be the ''Phadnavis'', or the finance minister, for the [[Peshwa]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | ||
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==Peshwa administration== | ==Peshwa administration== | ||
[[File:Nana Fadnavis.jpg|thumb|250px|Nana Fadnavis]] | [[File:Nana Fadnavis.jpg|thumb|250px|Nana Fadnavis]] | ||
In 1761, Nana escaped to Pune from the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] and rose to great heights, becoming a leading personage directing the affairs of the [[Maratha Confederacy]], although he was never a soldier himself. This was a period of political instability as one Peshwa was rapidly succeeded by another, and there were many controversial transfers of power. Nana Phadnavis played a pivotal role in holding the Maratha Confederacy together in the midst of internal dissension and the growing power of the British [[East India Company]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | In 1761, Nana escaped to Pune from the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] and rose to great heights, becoming a leading personage directing the affairs of the [[Maratha Confederacy]], although he was never a soldier himself. This was a period of political instability as one Peshwa was rapidly succeeded by another, and there were many controversial transfers of power. Nana Phadnavis played a pivotal role in holding the Maratha Confederacy together in the midst of internal dissension and the growing power of the British [[East India Company]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | ||
[[File:Madhav Rao Narayan, the Maratha Peshwa with Nana Fadnavis and Attendants.jpg|left|250px|Peshwa Madhav Rao Narayan with Nana Fadnavis | [[File:Madhav Rao Narayan, the Maratha Peshwa with Nana Fadnavis and Attendants.jpg|left|250px|Peshwa Madhav Rao Narayan with Nana Fadnavis]] | ||
After the assassination of Peshwa [[Narayanrao]] in 1773, Nana Phadnavis managed the affairs of the state with the help of a twelve-member [[regency council]] known as the Barabhai council. The council was Nana's mastermind plan to protect [[Madhavarao Narayan|Madhavrao II]], son of Narayanrao, born | Nana's administrative, diplomatic, and financial skills brought prosperity to the Maratha Empire and his management of external affairs kept the Maratha Empire away from the thrust of the British [[East India Company]]. He displayed his best warfare skills in various battles won by Maratha forces against the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] of [[Mysore]], and the English Army.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} However, Nana's policy of fighting the Mysoreans, forming a confederation against Tipu Sultan in the Third Anglo-Mysore War with Hyderabad and the British, weakened Tipu Sultan, whose advanced armies had at that point been the bulwark against British control. Furthermore, his policy of remaining neutral in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, between the British and Tipu Sultan, weakened support for the latter, paving the way for British dominance in the Indian subcontinent. On hearing of the death of Tipu, Nana remarked that the Marathas had only now realized that they were next, and there was "no escape from [this] destiny".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohibbul |first1=Hasan |title=History of Tipu Sultan |date=1971 |publisher=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD |location=Calcutta |page=322 |edition=2nd}}</ref> | ||
After the assassination of Peshwa [[Narayanrao]] in 1773, Nana Phadnavis managed the affairs of the state with the help of a twelve-member [[regency council]] known as the Barabhai council. The council was Nana's mastermind plan to protect [[Madhavarao Narayan|Madhavrao II]], son of Narayanrao, born posthumously to Gangabai, the widow of Narayanrao, from the Peshwa family's internal conflicts. The Barabhai Council was an alliance of influential Sardars (generals) led by Nana. Other members of the council were Haripant Phadke, Moroba Phadnis, [[Sakaram Bapu Bokil]], Trimbakraomama Pethe, [[Mahadji Shinde]], [[Tukojirao Holkar]], Phaltankar, Bhagwanrao Pratinidhi, Maloji Ghorpade, Sardar Raste, and Babuji Naik. During this time, the Maratha Empire was significant in size with a number of vassal states under a treaty of protection who recognized the Peshwa as the supreme power.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | |||
[[File:Arrest of Nana Phadnavis.jpg|thumb|250px|Capture of Nana Fadnavis]] | |||
While visiting Daulatrao Scindia's camp one day in 1798, Nana was suddenly imprisoned, leading to unprecedented looting and anarchy in Pune. He was released a few months later. After a short illness, Nana died at Pune on the 13th of March, 1800. Following his death, Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]] placed himself in the hands of the British, provoking the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] that began the breakup of the Maratha confederacy.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | While visiting Daulatrao Scindia's camp one day in 1798, Nana was suddenly imprisoned, leading to unprecedented looting and anarchy in Pune. He was released a few months later. After a short illness, Nana died at Pune on the 13th of March, 1800. Following his death, Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]] placed himself in the hands of the British, provoking the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] that began the breakup of the Maratha confederacy.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | ||
==Menavali palace== | ==Menavali palace== | ||
[[Image:Nana phadanvis wada.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Rear entrance to Nana Phadanvis' house (''Nana phadanvis wada'') which is still preserved today in the same condition as when Nana built it in 1780. Location: [[Menawali]] near [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]] in | [[Image:Nana phadanvis wada.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Rear entrance to Nana Phadanvis' house (''Nana phadanvis wada''), which is still preserved today in the same condition as when Nana built it in 1780. Location: [[Menawali]] near [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]] in Satara district of Maharashtra]] | ||
Bhavan Rao Trymbak [[Pant Pratinidhi]] of [[Aundh State|Aundh]] and Raghunath Ghanshyam Mantri (of Satara) bestowed the village of [[Menavali]] upon Nana Phadnavis in December 1768. Nana Phadnavis settled the village and built a [[Wada (house)| | |||
Wada]] (A mansion with inner courtyards), a [[Ghat]] (steps) leading from the mansion to | Bhavan Rao Trymbak [[Pant Pratinidhi]] of [[Aundh State|Aundh]] and Raghunath Ghanshyam Mantri (of Satara) bestowed the village of [[Menavali]] upon Nana Phadnavis in December 1768. Nana Phadnavis settled the village and built a [[Wada (house)|Wada]] (A mansion with inner courtyards), a [[Ghat]] (steps) leading from the mansion to the Krishna river, and two temples, one dedicated to Lord Vishnu and another to Meneshwar (मेणेश्वर) Lord Shiva. The architectural combination of a wada-type residence, a ghat on a waterbody, and a temple was typical of the Peshwa era. However, most of these palatial structures fell into disuse and disrepair after the lands and estates of the owners were taken away by the government after India became a republic in 1947. The Nana Phadnavis Wada on the bank of the river Krishna at Menavali is one of the very rare places where such a combination is preserved intact. The Nana Phadnavis wada is a large structure with six quadrangles, or courtyards, and a perimeter-protection wall. This construction of the complex was completed around 1780. Other notable wadas nearby are the Raste Wada and Ranade wada in Wai.<ref>{{cite web | ||
| title = Baji J. Ram Rao, ''Menavali'' | | title = Baji J. Ram Rao, ''Menavali'' | ||
| url = http://ramrao.com/travel/menavali/#nanawada | | url = http://ramrao.com/travel/menavali/#nanawada | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
After Nana Phadnavis died in 1800, the Peshwa | After Nana Phadnavis died in 1800, the Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]] confiscated the wada. [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Wellesley]] (brother of the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]]) returned the property to Nana's wife Jeeubai on 25 March 1804. After her death, [[Sir Bartle Frere]] ([[Governor of Bombay]]) handed over the property to Nana's descendants. The Nana Phadnavis wada today remains with his descendants. Having split the major part of his properties between themselves, the wada is still owned jointly by them all.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | ||
Ghats, which were originally nothing more than simple stone steps descending into a river, evolved during the Peshwa era into an elaborate arrangement of terraces with separate areas for different activities such as bathing, washing, filling water, and performing religious rites. Temples were traditionally built on ghats.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | Ghats, which were originally nothing more than simple stone steps descending into a river, evolved during the Peshwa era into an elaborate arrangement of terraces with separate areas for different activities such as bathing, washing, filling water, and performing religious rites. Temples were traditionally built on ghats.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | ||
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Wadas are systems of open courtyards with increased security. Nana's corridors on the upper floor are lined with teakwood lattice work. A concealed escape stairway in the wall leads out of the wada. Descending the stone steps leads to the ghat on the river Krishna. On descending the steps and turning right, one sees a peaceful and rather drab view of Pandavgarh in the distance.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | Wadas are systems of open courtyards with increased security. Nana's corridors on the upper floor are lined with teakwood lattice work. A concealed escape stairway in the wall leads out of the wada. Descending the stone steps leads to the ghat on the river Krishna. On descending the steps and turning right, one sees a peaceful and rather drab view of Pandavgarh in the distance.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | ||
The bell house of the Meneshwar temple houses a six-hundred-and-fifty-kilogram bell. This bell was captured by Bajirao I’s brother Chimaji Appa from a cathedral in the Portuguese fort at Bassein. Dating from 1707, the five-alloy bell bears a bas-relief of Mary carrying the infant Jesus Christ cast into it. An ancient tree with a massive coniform trunk has a platform constructed around it as old as the wada itself. This tree featured in the Bollywood movie Swades. In the movie, the village elders hold a Panchayat on the stone platform around this tree.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | The bell house of the Meneshwar temple houses a six-hundred-and-fifty-kilogram bell. This bell was captured by Bajirao I’s brother [[Chimaji Appa]] from a cathedral in the [[Vasai Fort|Portuguese fort at Bassein]]. Dating from 1707, the five-alloy bell bears a bas-relief of Mary carrying the infant Jesus Christ cast into it. An ancient tree with a massive coniform trunk has a platform constructed around it as old as the wada itself. This tree featured in the Bollywood movie Swades. In the movie, the village elders hold a Panchayat on the stone platform around this tree.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} | ||
Several Bollywood movies have been shot there, using the wada as an exotic location, notably [[Yudh (film)|Yudh]] ([[Jackie Shroff]]/Tina Munim), [[Mrityudand]] (Madhuri Dixit), [[Goonj Uthi Shehnai]], [[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain]] (Govinda), [[Gangaajal]] (Ajay Devgan), Sarja (Ajinkya Deo), and [[Swades]] (Shahrukh Khan, Gayatri Joshi).<ref>{{cite news|title=Meena Iyer tells us about Bollywood's favourite location, Wai. And why Wai locals love Bollywood|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAzLzAxI0FyMDI2MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> The film crew of the movie Swades once camped at the ghat to shoot some footage. The crew cleaned and painted the old stone walls of the ghat and the temples. | Several Bollywood movies have been shot there, using the wada as an exotic location, notably [[Yudh (film)|Yudh]] ([[Jackie Shroff]]/Tina Munim), [[Mrityudand]] (Madhuri Dixit), [[Goonj Uthi Shehnai]], [[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain]] (Govinda), [[Gangaajal]] (Ajay Devgan), Sarja (Ajinkya Deo), and [[Swades]] (Shahrukh Khan, Gayatri Joshi).<ref>{{cite news|title=Meena Iyer tells us about Bollywood's favourite location, Wai. And why Wai locals love Bollywood|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAzLzAxI0FyMDI2MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom|access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> The film crew of the movie Swades once camped at the ghat to shoot some footage. The crew cleaned and painted the old stone walls of the ghat and the temples. | ||
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==In popular culture== | ==In popular culture== | ||
* In the 1994 [[Hindi]] TV series ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', Nana's character was portrayed by Hariom Parashar. | * In the 1994 [[Hindi]] TV series ''[[The Great Maratha]]'', Nana's character was portrayed by Hariom Parashar. | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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:{{EB1911|wstitle=Nana Farnavis|volume=19|page=160}} | :{{EB1911|wstitle=Nana Farnavis|volume=19|page=160}} | ||
==External links== | |||
* [https://books.google.ca/books/about/Nana_Phadnis.html?id=qgo-AAAAMAAJ Nana Phadnis and the External Affairs of the Maratha Empire by YN Deodhar, Popular Book Depot, 1962] | |||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||