Begum Hazrat Mahal: Difference between revisions

From Bharatpedia, an open encyclopedia
No edit summary
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Regent of Awadh, 1857–1858}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
|  
|  
| title = [[Begum]] of [[Nawab of Awadh ]]
| title = [[Begum]] of [[Nawab of Awadh]]
|birth_name = Muhammadi Khanum
|birth_name = Muhammadi Khanum
| image = Begum hazrat mahal.jpg
| image = Begum hazrat mahal.jpg
Line 16: Line 16:
| birth_place = [[Faizabad]], [[Oudh State|Awadh]]
| birth_place = [[Faizabad]], [[Oudh State|Awadh]]
| death_date  = 7 April 1879 (aged 59)
| death_date  = 7 April 1879 (aged 59)
| death_place = [[Kathmandu]], Nepal
| death_place = [[Kathmandu]], [[Kingdom of Nepal]]
| religion    = [[Shia Islam]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/history/begum-hazrat-mahal.html | title=Begum Hazrat Mahal Biography, History and Facts| date=2018-02-03}}</ref>
| religion    = [[Shia Islam]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/history/begum-hazrat-mahal.html | title=Begum Hazrat Mahal Biography, History and Facts| date=2018-02-03}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''Begum Hazrat Mahal'''  (c. 1820{{snd}}7 April 1879), also known as the [[Begum]] of [[Awadh]], was the second wife of [[Nawab of Awadh ]] [[Wajid Ali Shah]], and the regent of Awadh in 1857–1858. She is known for the leading role she had in the rebellion against the British East India Company during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].  
'''Begum Hazrat Mahal'''  (c. 1820{{snd}}7 April 1879), also known as the [[Begum]] of [[Awadh]], was the second wife of [[Nawab of Awadh]] [[Wajid Ali Shah]], and the regent of Awadh in 1857–1858. She is known for the leading role she had in the rebellion against the British East India Company during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].


After her husband had been exiled to Calcutta and the Indian Rebellion broke out, she made her son, Prince [[Birjis Qadr]], the ''Wali'' (ruler) of Awadh, with herself as regent during his minority. However, she was forced to abandon this role after a short reign.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=8 April 2014 |title=A link to Indian freedom movement in Nepal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/a-link-to-indian-freedom-movement-in-nepal/article5884467.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> She finally found asylum in Nepal onto [[Hallaur]], she died in 1879 [[Nepal]]. Her role in the rebellion has given her a heroine status.
After her husband had been exiled to Calcutta and the Indian Rebellion broke out, she made her son, Prince [[Birjis Qadr]], the ''Wali'' (ruler) of Awadh, with herself as regent during his minority. However, she was forced to abandon this role after a short reign.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=8 April 2014 |title=A link to Indian freedom movement in Nepal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/a-link-to-indian-freedom-movement-in-nepal/article5884467.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> By way of [[Hallaur]], she finally found asylum in [[Nepal]], where she died in 1879. Her role in the rebellion has given her a heroine status. (Young's inspired, called her "The Tigress"){{cn|date=November 2022}}


==Biography==
==Biography==
Line 28: Line 28:
===Early life===
===Early life===


Begum Hazrat Mahal's name was Muhammedi Khanum, and she was born in Faizabad, Awadh, India. She was sold by her parents and became a courtesan by profession.  
Begum Hazrat Mahal's name was Muhammedi Khanum, and she was born in Faizabad, Awadh, India. She was sold by her parents and became a courtesan by profession. She entered the royal [[Harem|harem]] as a ''khawasin'' after having been sold to Royal agents, where she was promoted to a ''pari'',<ref name="Michael Edwardes 1975 p. 104">Michael Edwardes (1975) ''Red Year''. London: Sphere Books; p. 104</ref> and was known as Mahek Pari.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
 
She entered the royal harem as a ''khawasin'' after having been sold to Royal agents, where she was promoted to a ''pari'',<ref name=" Michael Edwardes 1975 p. 104">Michael Edwardes (1975) ''Red Year''. London: Sphere Books; p. 104</ref> and was known as Mahak Pari.{{cn|date=June 2020}}
She became a ''Begum'' after being accepted as a royal concubine of the King of Awadh,<ref>[[Christopher Hibbert]] (1980) ''The Great Mutiny'', Harmondsworth: Penguin; p. 371</ref> the last Tajdaar-e-Awadh, [[Wajid Ali Shah]]; became his junior wife<ref>Saul David (2002) ''The Indian Mutiny'', Viking; p. 185</ref> and the title 'Hazrat Mahal' was bestowed on her after the birth of their son, [[Birjis Qadr]].


In 1856, the British annexed Awadh, and Wajid Ali Shah was exiled to [[Calcutta]].  She was eventually to take charge of the affairs of the state of [[Awadh]] despite her divorce from the Nawab,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/history/begum-hazrat-mahal.html |title=Begum Hazrat Mahal |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=a scholarly source for history would be better|date=May 2015}}
She became a ''Begum'' after being accepted as a royal concubine of the King of Awadh,<ref>[[Christopher Hibbert]] (1980) ''The Great Mutiny'', Harmondsworth: Penguin; p. 371</ref> the last Tajdaar-e-Awadh, [[Wajid Ali Shah]]; became his junior wife<ref>Saul David (2002) ''The Indian Mutiny'', Viking; p. 185</ref> and the title 'Hazrat Mahal' was bestowed on her after the birth of their son, [[Birjis Qadr]].  In 1856, the British annexed Awadh, and Wajid Ali Shah was exiled to [[Calcutta]].  Begum Hazrat Mahal remained in Lucknow with her son<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/history/begum-hazrat-mahal.html |title=Begum Hazrat Mahal |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Begum Hazrat Mahal: The Revolutionary Queen of Awadh |website=Indian Culture Portal |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Indira Gandhi National Open University |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/stories/begum-hazrat-mahal-revolutionary-queen-awadh |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> and soon took charge of the affairs of the rebel state of [[Awadh]] as it entered armed struggle with the British East India Company.<ref>{{cite book |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers |volume=37 |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |date=March 1959 |last=Sharma |first=Vinod Chandra |pages=56–57 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/uttar-pradesh-district-gazetteers-lucknow-vol-xxxvii |access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref>


===Indian Rebellion of 1857===
===Indian Rebellion of 1857===


During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Begum Hazrat Mahal's band of supporters rebelled against the forces of the British under the leadership of Raja Jalal Singh; they seized control of [[Lucknow]], and she took power as the guardian of her minor son, Prince Birjis Qadr, whom she had declared as the ruler (''Wali'') of Awadh.<ref name="Michael Edwardes 1975 p. 104" />  As regent, she automatically came to have a leadership role in the rebellion against the British.  
During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], Begum Hazrat Mahal's band of supporters rebelled against the forces of the British under the leadership of Raja Jalal Singh; they seized control of [[Lucknow]], and she took power as the guardian of her minor son, Prince Birjis Qadr, whom she had declared as the ruler (''Wali'') of Awadh.<ref name="Michael Edwardes 1975 p. 104" />  As regent, she automatically came to have a leadership role in the rebellion against the British.
 
One of the principal complaints of Begum Hazrat Mahal was that the [[East India Company]] had casually demolished [[Temple]]s and mosques just to make way for roads.<ref name="Dalrymple">William Dalrymple ''The Last Mughal; the fall of a dynasty: Delhi, 1857'', Viking Penguin, 2006, p. 69</ref> In a proclamation issued during the final days of the revolt, she mocked the British claim to allow freedom of worship:<ref name="Dalrymple"/>
{{quote|text=To eat pigs and drink wine, to bite greased cartridges and to mix pig's fat with sweetmeats, to destroy Hindu and Mussalman temples on the pretense of making roads, to build churches, to send clergymen into the streets to preach the Christian religion, to institute English schools, and pay people a monthly stipend for learning the English sciences, while the places of worship of Hindus and Mussalmans are to this day entirely neglected; with all this, how can people believe that religion will not be interfered with?<ref name="Dalrymple"/>|sign=|source=}}


Hazrat Mahal worked in association with [[Nana Sahib|Nana Saheb]], but later joined the Maulavi of [[Faizabad]] in the attack on [[Shahjahanpur]].
One of the principal complaints of Begum Hazrat Mahal was that the [[English East India Company]] had casually demolished [[Temple]]s and mosques just to make way for roads.<ref name="Dalrymple">William Dalrymple ''The Last Mughal; the fall of a dynasty: Delhi, 1857'', Viking Penguin, 2006, p. 69</ref> In a proclamation issued during the final days of the revolt, she mocked the British claim to allow freedom of worship:<ref name="Dalrymple"/>
{{blockquote|text=To eat pigs and drink wine, to bite greased cartridges and to mix pig's fat with sweetmeats, to destroy Hindu and Mussalman temples on the pretense of making roads, to build churches, to send clergymen into the streets to preach the Christian religion, to institute English schools, and pay people a monthly stipend for learning the English sciences, while the places of worship of Hindus and Mussalmans are to this day entirely neglected; with all this, how can people believe that religion will not be interfered with?<ref name="Dalrymple"/>|sign=|source=}}


When the forces under the command of the British [[Capture of Lucknow|re-captured Lucknow]] and most of Oudh, she was forced to retreat.  
Hazrat Mahal worked in association with [[Nana Sahib|Nana Saheb]], but later joined the Maulavi of [[Faizabad]] in the attack on [[Shahjahanpur]]. When the forces under the command of the British [[Capture of Lucknow|re-captured Lucknow]] and most of Oudh, she was forced to retreat.


===Later life===
===Later life===


Ultimately, she had to retreat to [[Nepal]], where she was initially refused asylum by the Rana prime minister [[Jang Bahadur]],<ref>Hibbert (1980); pp. 374–375</ref> but was later allowed to stay.<ref>Hibbert (1980); pp. 386–387</ref>  
Ultimately, she had to retreat to [[Nepal]], where she was initially refused asylum by the Rana prime minister [[Jang Bahadur]],<ref>Hibbert (1980); pp. 374–375</ref> but was later allowed to stay.<ref>Hibbert (1980); pp. 386–387</ref>


She died there in 1879 and was buried in a nameless grave in the grounds of Kathmandu's Jama Masjid.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishna|first=Sharmila|title=Far from the madding crowd she lies, forlorn & forgotten|url=http://oudh.tripod.com/bhm/bhmfar.htm|access-date=3 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express|The Indian Express - LUCKNOW]]|date=11 June 2002}}</ref>  
She died there in 1879 and was buried in a nameless grave in the grounds of [[Kathmandu]]'s Jama Masjid.<ref>{{cite news|last=Krishna|first=Sharmila|title=Far from the madding crowd she lies, forlorn & forgotten|url=http://oudh.tripod.com/bhm/bhmfar.htm|access-date=3 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express|The Indian Express - LUCKNOW]]|date=11 June 2002}}</ref>


After her death, on the occasion of the jubilee of Queen Victoria (1887), the British Government pardoned [[Birjis Qadr]] and he was allowed to return home.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harcourt|first1=E.S|title=Lucknow the Last Phase of an Oriental Culture|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-563375-7|page=76|edition=seventh}}</ref>
After her death, on the occasion of the jubilee of Queen Victoria (1887), the British Government pardoned [[Birjis Qadr]] and he was allowed to return home.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harcourt|first1=E.S|title=Lucknow the Last Phase of an Oriental Culture|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-563375-7|page=76|edition=seventh}}</ref>
Line 58: Line 53:
Begum Hazrat Mahal's tomb is located in the central part of Kathmandu near Jama Masjid, Ghantaghar, not far away from the famous Darbar Marg. It is looked after by the Jama Masjid Central Committee.<ref name=":0" />
Begum Hazrat Mahal's tomb is located in the central part of Kathmandu near Jama Masjid, Ghantaghar, not far away from the famous Darbar Marg. It is looked after by the Jama Masjid Central Committee.<ref name=":0" />


On 15 August 1962, Mahal was honoured at the Old Victoria Park in [[Hazratganj]], Lucknow for her role in the Great Revolt.<ref name="milligazette1">{{cite news|title=Little known, little remembered: Begum Hazrat Mahal|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/14143-little-known-little-remembered-begum-hazrat-mahal|access-date=14 September 2016|work=milligazette.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ruggles |first1=D. Fairchild |author-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles |title=Woman's Eye, Woman's Hand: Making Art and Architecture in Modern India|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=9789383074785|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUqoDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Yecurī|first1=Sītārāma|title=The great revolt, a left appraisal|publisher=People's Democracy|isbn=9788190621809|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k30MAQAAMAAJ|year=2008}}</ref> Along with the renaming of the park, a marble memorial was constructed, which includes a marble tablet with four round brass plaques bearing the Coat of Arms of the Awadh royal family. The park has been used for [[Ramlila]]s and bonfires during [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]], as well as Lucknow Mahotsava (Lucknow Exposition).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/travel/the-famous-memorial-of-begum-hazrat-mahal-in-lucknow |title=Begum Hazrat Mahal in Lucknow &#124; My India |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |date= 2013-08-27|access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=a scholarly or news source for recent history would be better|date=May 2015}}
On 15 August 1962, Mahal was honoured at the Old Victoria Park in [[Hazratganj]], Lucknow for her role in the Great Revolt.<ref name="milligazette1">{{cite news|title=Little known, little remembered: Begum Hazrat Mahal|url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/14143-little-known-little-remembered-begum-hazrat-mahal|access-date=14 September 2016|work=milligazette.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ruggles |first1=D. Fairchild |author-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles |title=Woman's Eye, Woman's Hand: Making Art and Architecture in Modern India|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=9789383074785|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kUqoDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|year=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Yecurī|first1=Sītārāma|title=The great revolt, a left appraisal|publisher=People's Democracy|isbn=9788190621809|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k30MAQAAMAAJ|year=2008}}</ref> Along with the renaming of the park, a marble memorial was constructed, which includes a marble tablet with four round brass plaques bearing the Coat of Arms of the Awadh royal family. The park has been used for [[Ramlila]]s and bonfires during [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]], as well as Lucknow Mahotsava (Lucknow Exposition).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/travel/the-famous-memorial-of-begum-hazrat-mahal-in-lucknow |title=Begum Hazrat Mahal in Lucknow &#124; My India |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |date= 2013-08-27|access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=a scholarly or news source for recent history would be better|date=May 2015}}


On 10 May 1984, the [[Government of India]] issued a commemorative stamp in honour of Mahal. The first day cover was designed by C.R. Pakrashi, and the cancellation was done by Alka Sharma. 15,00,000 stamps were issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Currency/Paisa/Alpha/B/BEGUM%20HAZRAT%20MAHAL |title=Begum Hazrat Mahal |publisher=Indianpost.com |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="milligazette1"/>
On 10 May 1984, the [[Government of India]] issued a commemorative stamp in honour of Mahal. The first day cover was designed by C.R. Pakrashi, and the cancellation was done by Alka Sharma. 15,00,000 stamps were issued.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Currency/Paisa/Alpha/B/BEGUM%20HAZRAT%20MAHAL |title=Begum Hazrat Mahal |publisher=Indianpost.com |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="milligazette1"/>
Line 65: Line 60:


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery widths=180px heights=130px>
<gallery widths="180px" heights="130px">
 
File: Hazrat Mahal's Tomb in Kathmandu.jpg|The tomb of Begum Hazrat Mahal near Jama Masjid in Kathmandu
File: Hazrat Mahal's Tomb in Kathmandu.jpg|The tomb of Begum Hazrat Mahal near Jama Masjid in Kathmandu
File: Begum Hazrat Mahal Park Lucknow.jpg|Memorial of Begum Hazrat Mahal in Begum Hazrat Mahal Park, [[Lucknow]].
File: Begum Hazrat Mahal Park Lucknow.jpg|Memorial of Begum Hazrat Mahal in Begum Hazrat Mahal Park, [[Lucknow]].
File:Victoria Memorial - Begum Hazrat Mahal Park.jpg|A view of Begum Hazrat Mahal Park
</gallery>
</gallery>


Line 99: Line 94:
[[Category:History of Awadh]]
[[Category:History of Awadh]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Women from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category: Burials in Nepal]]
[[Category:Burials in Nepal]]
[[Category:Indian slaves]]
[[Category:Indian slaves]]
[[Category:Slave concubines]]
[[Category:Slave concubines]]

Latest revision as of 20:12, 21 December 2022


Begum Hazrat Mahal
Begum of Nawab of Awadh
Begum hazrat mahal.jpg
Begum Hazrat Mahal
BornMuhammadi Khanum
1820[citation needed]
Faizabad, Awadh
Died7 April 1879 (aged 59)
Kathmandu, Kingdom of Nepal
HusbandNawab Wajid Ali Shah
ReligionShia Islam[1]

Begum Hazrat Mahal (c. 1820 – 7 April 1879), also known as the Begum of Awadh, was the second wife of Nawab of Awadh Wajid Ali Shah, and the regent of Awadh in 1857–1858. She is known for the leading role she had in the rebellion against the British East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

After her husband had been exiled to Calcutta and the Indian Rebellion broke out, she made her son, Prince Birjis Qadr, the Wali (ruler) of Awadh, with herself as regent during his minority. However, she was forced to abandon this role after a short reign.[2] By way of Hallaur, she finally found asylum in Nepal, where she died in 1879. Her role in the rebellion has given her a heroine status. (Young's inspired, called her "The Tigress")[citation needed]

Biography[edit]

Early life[edit]

Begum Hazrat Mahal's name was Muhammedi Khanum, and she was born in Faizabad, Awadh, India. She was sold by her parents and became a courtesan by profession. She entered the royal harem as a khawasin after having been sold to Royal agents, where she was promoted to a pari,[3] and was known as Mahek Pari.[citation needed]

She became a Begum after being accepted as a royal concubine of the King of Awadh,[4] the last Tajdaar-e-Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah; became his junior wife[5] and the title 'Hazrat Mahal' was bestowed on her after the birth of their son, Birjis Qadr. In 1856, the British annexed Awadh, and Wajid Ali Shah was exiled to Calcutta. Begum Hazrat Mahal remained in Lucknow with her son[6][7] and soon took charge of the affairs of the rebel state of Awadh as it entered armed struggle with the British East India Company.[8]

Indian Rebellion of 1857[edit]

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Begum Hazrat Mahal's band of supporters rebelled against the forces of the British under the leadership of Raja Jalal Singh; they seized control of Lucknow, and she took power as the guardian of her minor son, Prince Birjis Qadr, whom she had declared as the ruler (Wali) of Awadh.[3] As regent, she automatically came to have a leadership role in the rebellion against the British.

One of the principal complaints of Begum Hazrat Mahal was that the English East India Company had casually demolished Temples and mosques just to make way for roads.[9] In a proclamation issued during the final days of the revolt, she mocked the British claim to allow freedom of worship:[9]

To eat pigs and drink wine, to bite greased cartridges and to mix pig's fat with sweetmeats, to destroy Hindu and Mussalman temples on the pretense of making roads, to build churches, to send clergymen into the streets to preach the Christian religion, to institute English schools, and pay people a monthly stipend for learning the English sciences, while the places of worship of Hindus and Mussalmans are to this day entirely neglected; with all this, how can people believe that religion will not be interfered with?[9]

Hazrat Mahal worked in association with Nana Saheb, but later joined the Maulavi of Faizabad in the attack on Shahjahanpur. When the forces under the command of the British re-captured Lucknow and most of Oudh, she was forced to retreat.

Later life[edit]

Ultimately, she had to retreat to Nepal, where she was initially refused asylum by the Rana prime minister Jang Bahadur,[10] but was later allowed to stay.[11]

She died there in 1879 and was buried in a nameless grave in the grounds of Kathmandu's Jama Masjid.[12]

After her death, on the occasion of the jubilee of Queen Victoria (1887), the British Government pardoned Birjis Qadr and he was allowed to return home.[13]

Memorials[edit]

Begum Hazrat Mahal's tomb is located in the central part of Kathmandu near Jama Masjid, Ghantaghar, not far away from the famous Darbar Marg. It is looked after by the Jama Masjid Central Committee.[2]

On 15 August 1962, Mahal was honoured at the Old Victoria Park in Hazratganj, Lucknow for her role in the Great Revolt.[14][15][16] Along with the renaming of the park, a marble memorial was constructed, which includes a marble tablet with four round brass plaques bearing the Coat of Arms of the Awadh royal family. The park has been used for Ramlilas and bonfires during Dusshera, as well as Lucknow Mahotsava (Lucknow Exposition).[17][better source needed]

On 10 May 1984, the Government of India issued a commemorative stamp in honour of Mahal. The first day cover was designed by C.R. Pakrashi, and the cancellation was done by Alka Sharma. 15,00,000 stamps were issued.[18][14]

The Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India has started the Begum Hazrat Mahal National Scholarship for Meritorious Girls belonging to minority communities in India. This scholarship is implemented through the Maulana Azad Education Foundation.[19][20]

Gallery[edit]

  • The tomb of Begum Hazrat Mahal near Jama Masjid in Kathmandu

    The tomb of Begum Hazrat Mahal near Jama Masjid in Kathmandu

  • Memorial of Begum Hazrat Mahal in Begum Hazrat Mahal Park, Lucknow.

    Memorial of Begum Hazrat Mahal in Begum Hazrat Mahal Park, Lucknow.

  • A view of Begum Hazrat Mahal Park

    A view of Begum Hazrat Mahal Park

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "Begum Hazrat Mahal Biography, History and Facts". 3 February 2018.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "A link to Indian freedom movement in Nepal". The Hindu. 8 April 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Michael Edwardes (1975) Red Year. London: Sphere Books; p. 104
  4. ↑ Christopher Hibbert (1980) The Great Mutiny, Harmondsworth: Penguin; p. 371
  5. ↑ Saul David (2002) The Indian Mutiny, Viking; p. 185
  6. ↑ "Begum Hazrat Mahal". Mapsofindia.com. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  7. ↑ "Begum Hazrat Mahal: The Revolutionary Queen of Awadh". Indian Culture Portal. Ministry of Culture, Government of India; Indian Institute of Technology Bombay; Indira Gandhi National Open University. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  8. ↑ Sharma, Vinod Chandra (March 1959). Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers. Vol. 37. Government of Uttar Pradesh. pp. 56–57. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 William Dalrymple The Last Mughal; the fall of a dynasty: Delhi, 1857, Viking Penguin, 2006, p. 69
  10. ↑ Hibbert (1980); pp. 374–375
  11. ↑ Hibbert (1980); pp. 386–387
  12. ↑ Krishna, Sharmila (11 June 2002). "Far from the madding crowd she lies, forlorn & forgotten". The Indian Express - LUCKNOW. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  13. ↑ Harcourt, E.S (2012). Lucknow the Last Phase of an Oriental Culture (seventh ed.). Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-19-563375-7.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Little known, little remembered: Begum Hazrat Mahal". milligazette.com. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  15. ↑ Ruggles, D. Fairchild (2014). Woman's Eye, Woman's Hand: Making Art and Architecture in Modern India. Zubaan. ISBN 9789383074785.
  16. ↑ Yecurī, Sītārāma (2008). The great revolt, a left appraisal. People's Democracy. ISBN 9788190621809.
  17. ↑ "Begum Hazrat Mahal in Lucknow | My India". Mapsofindia.com. 27 August 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  18. ↑ "Begum Hazrat Mahal". Indianpost.com. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  19. ↑ "Begum Hazrat Mahal National Scholarship". 18 October 2017. Archived from the original on 1 June 2018.
  20. ↑ "Schemes for Minority Women".

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begum_Hazrat_Mahal&oldid=374131"