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{{Short description| English military engineer and astronomer}}
{{Short description| English military engineer and astronomer}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
{{Infobox military person
|name          = John Herschel
|name          = John Herschel
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==Biography==
==Biography==
Herschel was born in [[Claremont, Cape Town|Claremont]], a suburb of [[Cape Town]] in the British [[Cape Colony]] of South Africa, the third son and the sixth child (of twelve) of Sir John Herschel and his wife Margaret Brodie (née Stewart). His family had travelled to the Cape in late 1833, so that has father could work on an astronomical survey of the [[Southern Celestial Hemisphere|southern skies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, 1792–1871, astronomer |url=http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html |work=[[NAHSTE]] project |publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510211707/http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html |archivedate=10 May 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The family returned to England in 1838, where Herschel was later educated at Clapham Grammar School, and then attended the [[East India Company Military Seminary]] at [[Addiscombe]].<ref name="NMMC">{{cite web |url=http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections.html?_escaped_fragment_=csearch;authority%3Dagent-119558;agentFacetLetter%3DC;browseBy%3Dperson#!csearch;authority=agent-119558 |title=Colonel John Herschel |work=National Maritime Museum Collections |year=2015 |accessdate=28 December 2022}}</ref>
Herschel was born in [[Claremont, Cape Town|Claremont]], a suburb of [[Cape Town]] in the British [[Cape Colony]] of South Africa, the third son and the sixth child (of twelve) of Sir John Herschel and his wife Margaret Brodie (née Stewart). His family had travelled to the Cape in late 1833, so that has father could work on an astronomical survey of the [[Southern Celestial Hemisphere|southern skies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, 1792–1871, astronomer |url=http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html |work=[[NAHSTE]] project |publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510211707/http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html |archivedate=10 May 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The family returned to England in 1838, where Herschel was later educated at Clapham Grammar School, and then attended the [[East India Company Military Seminary]] at [[Addiscombe]].<ref name="NMMC">{{cite web |url=http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections.html?_escaped_fragment_=csearch;authority%3Dagent-119558;agentFacetLetter%3DC;browseBy%3Dperson#!csearch;authority=agent-119558 |title=Colonel John Herschel |work=National Maritime Museum Collections |year=2015 |accessdate=28 December 2015}}</ref>


Herschel entered the [[East India Company]]'s service as a cadet to serve in the [[Bengal Engineers]], and on 26 December 1856 was made a local and temporary [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]] while under the command of Colonel Sandham, at the [[Royal School of Military Engineering|Royal Engineer Establishment]] at [[Chatham, Kent|Chatham]], for instruction in the art of [[sapping]] and [[Mining (military)|mining]].<ref>{{London Gazette |date=26 December 1856 |issue=21953 |page=4327 |nolink=yes}}</ref> He was promoted to the local and temporary rank of lieutenant, while still studying at Chatham on 13 August 1858.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=13 August 1858 |issue=22173 |page=3789 |nolink=yes}}</ref> However, shortly afterwards, on 27 August 1858, with the end of [[company rule in India]], and the assumption of direct administration by the British government, Herschel's regiment was transferred ''en masse'' to the [[Royal Engineers]].<ref>{{London Gazette |date=29 April 1862 |issue=22621 |page=2239 |nolink=yes}}</ref>
Herschel entered the [[East India Company]]'s service as a cadet to serve in the [[Bengal Engineers]], and on 26 December 1856 was made a local and temporary [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]] while under the command of Colonel Sandham, at the [[Royal School of Military Engineering|Royal Engineer Establishment]] at [[Chatham, Kent|Chatham]], for instruction in the art of [[sapping]] and [[Mining (military)|mining]].<ref>{{London Gazette |date=26 December 1856 |issue=21953 |page=4327 |nolink=yes}}</ref> He was promoted to the local and temporary rank of lieutenant, while still studying at Chatham on 13 August 1858.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=13 August 1858 |issue=22173 |page=3789 |nolink=yes}}</ref> However, shortly afterwards, on 27 August 1858, with the end of [[company rule in India]], and the assumption of direct administration by the British government, Herschel's regiment was transferred ''en masse'' to the [[Royal Engineers]].<ref>{{London Gazette |date=29 April 1862 |issue=22621 |page=2239 |nolink=yes}}</ref>


Herschel travelled out to India, where he joined the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]] and spent the years 1864–1872 engaged in a survey of various parts of Southern India.<ref name="Shylaja">{{cite journal |title=John Herschel's astronomical observations from Bangalore |first=B. S. |last=Shylaja |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=90 |number=2 |date=25 January 2006 |pages=259–260 |publisher=Current Science Association |location=Bangalore |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jan252006/259.pdf |accessdate=28 December 2022}}</ref> He married Mary Cornwallis Power (née Lipscomb) in 1867,<ref name="NMMC"/> the daughter of the Reverend F. Lipscomb, Rector of [[Welbury]], Yorkshire, and the widow of D. Power, QC.<ref name="DixPeek">{{cite web |url= http://peek-01.livejournal.com/97543.html |title=My Military Research: Colonel John Herschel, Royal Engineers, 1837–1921 (Cape Town) |first=Ross |last=Dix-Peek |work=The Southern African History Musings of Ross Dix-Peek |year=2015 |accessdate=28 December 2022}}</ref> He was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|second captain]] on 10 November 1869.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=9 November 1869 |issue=23553 |page=5976 |nolink=yes}}</ref>
Herschel travelled out to India, where he joined the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]] and spent the years 1864–1872 engaged in a survey of various parts of Southern India.<ref name="Shylaja">{{cite journal |title=John Herschel's astronomical observations from Bangalore |first=B. S. |last=Shylaja |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=90 |number=2 |date=25 January 2006 |pages=259–260 |publisher=Current Science Association |location=Bangalore |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jan252006/259.pdf |accessdate=28 December 2015}}</ref> He married Mary Cornwallis Power (née Lipscomb) in 1867,<ref name="NMMC"/> the daughter of the Reverend F. Lipscomb, Rector of [[Welbury]], Yorkshire, and the widow of D. Power, QC.<ref name="DixPeek">{{cite web |url= http://peek-01.livejournal.com/97543.html |title=My Military Research: Colonel John Herschel, Royal Engineers, 1837–1921 (Cape Town) |first=Ross |last=Dix-Peek |work=The Southern African History Musings of Ross Dix-Peek |year=2015 |accessdate=28 December 2015}}</ref> He was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|second captain]] on 10 November 1869.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=9 November 1869 |issue=23553 |page=5976 |nolink=yes}}</ref>


Apart from his surveying work he also carried out numerous independent astronomical observations. He made [[Spectroscopy|spectroscopic]] observations of the [[solar corona|corona]] of the sun during the [[solar eclipse of August 18, 1868|total solar eclipse]] of 18 August 1868, and studied the [[Carina Nebula]] in November, being one of the first to observe the sudden brightening of [[Eta Carinae]].<ref name="Shylaja"/> He also conducted a series of experiments with the [[Cavendish experiment|Cavendish pendulum]] to calculate the density of the Earth.<ref name="NMMC"/>
Apart from his surveying work he also carried out numerous independent astronomical observations. He made [[Spectroscopy|spectroscopic]] observations of the [[solar corona|corona]] of the sun during the [[solar eclipse of August 18, 1868|total solar eclipse]] of 18 August 1868, and studied the [[Carina Nebula]] in November, being one of the first to observe the sudden brightening of [[Eta Carinae]].<ref name="Shylaja"/> He also conducted a series of experiments with the [[Cavendish experiment|Cavendish pendulum]] to calculate the density of the Earth.<ref name="NMMC"/>
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John Herschel was married to Mary Cornwallis Herschel, whose memoir of John's great aunt [[Caroline Herschel]] was published in 1876.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/memoircorrespond00hers/page/n7|title=Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel|last=Herschel|first=Mary|website=Archive.org|year=1876|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref>
John Herschel was married to Mary Cornwallis Herschel, whose memoir of John's great aunt [[Caroline Herschel]] was published in 1876.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/memoircorrespond00hers/page/n7|title=Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel|last=Herschel|first=Mary|website=Archive.org|year=1876|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref>


Herschel returned to England on [[furlough]] in late 1873,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk/letters/transcriptName.php?bcode=Hers-JC&pageNumber=0&pageTotal=5&referringPage=0 |title=Letter from Captain John Herschel |work=The Correspondence of William Henry Fox Talbot Project |date=6 December 1873 |accessdate=28 December 2022}}</ref> where he worked on collecting his late father's letters into mid–1874.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk/letters/name.php?bcode=Hers-JC&pageNo=0 |title=Letters of Captain John Herschel to William Henry Fox Talbot |work=The Correspondence of William Henry Fox Talbot Project |year=2015 |accessdate=28 December 2022}}</ref> He was promoted to major on 10 March 1876.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=23 May 1876 |issue=24329 |page=3110 |nolink=yes}}</ref>
Herschel returned to England on [[furlough]] in late 1873,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk/letters/transcriptName.php?bcode=Hers-JC&pageNumber=0&pageTotal=5&referringPage=0 |title=Letter from Captain John Herschel |work=The Correspondence of William Henry Fox Talbot Project |date=6 December 1873 |accessdate=28 December 2015}}</ref> where he worked on collecting his late father's letters into mid–1874.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://foxtalbot.dmu.ac.uk/letters/name.php?bcode=Hers-JC&pageNo=0 |title=Letters of Captain John Herschel to William Henry Fox Talbot |work=The Correspondence of William Henry Fox Talbot Project |year=2015 |accessdate=28 December 2015}}</ref> He was promoted to major on 10 March 1876.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=23 May 1876 |issue=24329 |page=3110 |nolink=yes}}</ref>


In April 1882 he arrived in the United States, where he spent a year working with [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] on the construction of pendulums to conduct [[Gravimetry|gravimetric]] and [[Geodesy|geodesic]] surveys on behalf of the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]].<ref name="PeirceProject">{{cite web |url=http://www.iupui.edu/%7Epeirce/writings/v4/v4introx.htm |title=Introduction to Volume 4 (1879–1884) |work=Peirce Edition Project: The Writings of Charles S. Peirce |year=2010 |accessdate=28 December 2022}}</ref>
In April 1882 he arrived in the United States, where he spent a year working with [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] on the construction of pendulums to conduct [[Gravimetry|gravimetric]] and [[Geodesy|geodesic]] surveys on behalf of the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]].<ref name="PeirceProject">{{cite web |url=http://www.iupui.edu/%7Epeirce/writings/v4/v4introx.htm |title=Introduction to Volume 4 (1879–1884) |work=Peirce Edition Project: The Writings of Charles S. Peirce |year=2010 |accessdate=28 December 2015}}</ref>


Herschel eventually became the Deputy Superintendent of Trigonometrical Survey,<ref name="NMMC"/> before eventually retiring from the army on 10 March 1886 as a major and [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] lieutenant-colonel, with the [[honorary rank]] of colonel.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=20 April 1886 |issue=25579 |page=1899 |nolink=yes}}</ref>
Herschel eventually became the Deputy Superintendent of Trigonometrical Survey,<ref name="NMMC"/> before eventually retiring from the army on 10 March 1886 as a major and [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] lieutenant-colonel, with the [[honorary rank]] of colonel.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=20 April 1886 |issue=25579 |page=1899 |nolink=yes}}</ref>

Revision as of 03:52, 1 January 2022


John Herschel
Born(1837-10-29)29 October 1837
Claremont, Cape Town, Cape Colony
Died31 May 1921(1921-05-31) (aged 83)
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Service/branchBengal Army
British Army
Years of service1856–1886
RankColonel
UnitBengal Engineers
Royal Engineers
Spouse(s)
Mary Cornwallis Lipscomb
​
(
m. 1867; died 1876)

Colonel John Herschel FRS, FRAS (29 October 1837 – 31 May 1921) was an English military engineer, surveyor and astronomer. He was the son of Sir John Herschel, 1st Baronet, and grandson of William Herschel.[1]

Biography

Herschel was born in Claremont, a suburb of Cape Town in the British Cape Colony of South Africa, the third son and the sixth child (of twelve) of Sir John Herschel and his wife Margaret Brodie (née Stewart). His family had travelled to the Cape in late 1833, so that has father could work on an astronomical survey of the southern skies.[2] The family returned to England in 1838, where Herschel was later educated at Clapham Grammar School, and then attended the East India Company Military Seminary at Addiscombe.[3]

Herschel entered the East India Company's service as a cadet to serve in the Bengal Engineers, and on 26 December 1856 was made a local and temporary ensign while under the command of Colonel Sandham, at the Royal Engineer Establishment at Chatham, for instruction in the art of sapping and mining.[4] He was promoted to the local and temporary rank of lieutenant, while still studying at Chatham on 13 August 1858.[5] However, shortly afterwards, on 27 August 1858, with the end of company rule in India, and the assumption of direct administration by the British government, Herschel's regiment was transferred en masse to the Royal Engineers.[6]

Herschel travelled out to India, where he joined the Great Trigonometrical Survey and spent the years 1864–1872 engaged in a survey of various parts of Southern India.[7] He married Mary Cornwallis Power (née Lipscomb) in 1867,[3] the daughter of the Reverend F. Lipscomb, Rector of Welbury, Yorkshire, and the widow of D. Power, QC.[8] He was promoted to second captain on 10 November 1869.[9]

Apart from his surveying work he also carried out numerous independent astronomical observations. He made spectroscopic observations of the corona of the sun during the total solar eclipse of 18 August 1868, and studied the Carina Nebula in November, being one of the first to observe the sudden brightening of Eta Carinae.[7] He also conducted a series of experiments with the Cavendish pendulum to calculate the density of the Earth.[3]

John Herschel was married to Mary Cornwallis Herschel, whose memoir of John's great aunt Caroline Herschel was published in 1876.[10]

Herschel returned to England on furlough in late 1873,[11] where he worked on collecting his late father's letters into mid–1874.[12] He was promoted to major on 10 March 1876.[13]

In April 1882 he arrived in the United States, where he spent a year working with Charles Sanders Peirce on the construction of pendulums to conduct gravimetric and geodesic surveys on behalf of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.[14]

Herschel eventually became the Deputy Superintendent of Trigonometrical Survey,[3] before eventually retiring from the army on 10 March 1886 as a major and brevet lieutenant-colonel, with the honorary rank of colonel.[15]

He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1871 and of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1872.[3] Herschel died, aged 83, in 1921.[3]

References

  1. ↑ "Colonel John Herschel". Obituaries. The Times. No. 42736. London. 2 June 1921. col E, p. 12.
  2. ↑ "Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, 1792–1871, astronomer". NAHSTE project. University of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 10 May 2007.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "Colonel John Herschel". National Maritime Museum Collections. 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  4. ↑ "No. 21953". The London Gazette. 26 December 1856. p. 4327.
  5. ↑ "No. 22173". The London Gazette. 13 August 1858. p. 3789.
  6. ↑ "No. 22621". The London Gazette. 29 April 1862. p. 2239.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Shylaja, B. S. (25 January 2006). "John Herschel's astronomical observations from Bangalore" (PDF). Current Science. 90 (2). Bangalore: Current Science Association: 259–260. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  8. ↑ Dix-Peek, Ross (2015). "My Military Research: Colonel John Herschel, Royal Engineers, 1837–1921 (Cape Town)". The Southern African History Musings of Ross Dix-Peek. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  9. ↑ "No. 23553". The London Gazette. 9 November 1869. p. 5976.
  10. ↑ Herschel, Mary (1876). "Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel". Archive.org.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ↑ "Letter from Captain John Herschel". The Correspondence of William Henry Fox Talbot Project. 6 December 1873. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  12. ↑ "Letters of Captain John Herschel to William Henry Fox Talbot". The Correspondence of William Henry Fox Talbot Project. 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  13. ↑ "No. 24329". The London Gazette. 23 May 1876. p. 3110.
  14. ↑ "Introduction to Volume 4 (1879–1884)". Peirce Edition Project: The Writings of Charles S. Peirce. 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  15. ↑ "No. 25579". The London Gazette. 20 April 1886. p. 1899.
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