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{{Short description|Rajput General Of Marwar Kingdom (1638-1718)}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} | ||
{{Redirect|Durgadas|the novel|Durgadas (novel)}} | |||
{{Infobox military person | {{Infobox military person | ||
| honorific_prefix = ''[[Sardar]]'' | | honorific_prefix = ''[[Sardar]]'' | ||
| name = | | name = Durgadas Rathore | ||
| honorific_suffix = Rajya Sanghrakshak | | honorific_suffix = Rajya Sanghrakshak | ||
| image = | | image = Durgadas Rathore painting.jpg | ||
| caption = | | caption = Painting of Durgadas Rathore by [[Archibald Herman Müller|A.H. Müller]] in [[Mehrangarh Fort]] museum | ||
| birth_date = 13 August 1638 | | birth_date = 13 August 1638 | ||
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1718|11|22|1638|8|13|df=yes}} | | death_date = {{Death date and age|1718|11|22|1638|8|13|df=yes}} | ||
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| relations = | | relations = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Durgadas Rathore''' (13 August 1638 – 22 November 1718) is credited with having preserved the rule of the [[Rathor Dynasty|Rathore dynasty]] over [[Marwar]], India, following the death of [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]] in the 17th century. In doing so he had to defy [[Aurangzeb]], a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor. He played a major role in the [[Rajput Rebellion | '''Durgadas Rathore''' (13 August 1638 – 22 November 1718) was the [[Rathore]] [[Rajput]] General of [[Jodhpur State| Kingdom of Marwar]]. He is credited with having preserved the rule of the [[Rathor Dynasty|Rathore dynasty]] over [[Marwar]], India, following the death of Maharaja [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]] in the 17th century. In doing so he had to defy [[Aurangzeb]], a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor. He commanded the Rathore forces during the [[Rajput War (1679–1707)]] and played a major role in the [[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)]] which became one of the main reason of decline of [[Mughal Empire]]. He was elected as the leader of the revolt along with Raja [[Jai Singh II]] of Jaipur.<ref name=RZ>{{Cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=A History of Jaipur: C.1503-1938|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1994|pages=162|isbn=9788125003335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=bahadur+shah+was+absent}}</ref> He won a number of victories against the Mughals<ref name=SC>{{Cite book|first=Satish|last=Chandra|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II|publisher=Har Anand Publications|year=2005|pages=312|isbn=9788124110669|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&q=satish+chandra+medieval+india|quote=With the return of Durgadas to Marwar in 1686 and with the appearance of [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] in person to head the resistance, the Rathores gained a number of victories.}}</ref> and forced many Mughal officers to pay tribute to him in the form of [[chauth]].<ref name=RC>{{Cite book|first=R.C.|last=Majumdar|title=An Advanced History of India|publisher=Trinity Press|year=2020|pages=494–497|url=|quote=Under the able leadership of Durgadas, the Rathors ceaselessly carried on a guerrilla warfare and harassed the Mughal outposts so that the Mughal officers were compelled to pay chauth}}</ref> | ||
== Early life == | == Early life == | ||
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Soon after Jaswant Singh's death two of his ranis (queens) each gave birth to male children. One of these sons died soon after his birth, leaving the other – [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] – as sole heir.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=189}}</ref> This news reached Aurangzeb by February 1679 but he chose not to recognise the child as the legitimate heir. He imposed [[jizya]], a tax on non-Muslims, and soon after sold the kingdom to another chieftain, Indra Singh. Aurangzeb had moved his base from [[Delhi]] to [[Ajmer]] to oversee the subjugation but in April 1679 returned to his capital, leaving administrative and military support in Marwar for the unpopular new ruler.<ref name=CHIp247 /> | Soon after Jaswant Singh's death two of his ranis (queens) each gave birth to male children. One of these sons died soon after his birth, leaving the other – [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] – as sole heir.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=189}}</ref> This news reached Aurangzeb by February 1679 but he chose not to recognise the child as the legitimate heir. He imposed [[jizya]], a tax on non-Muslims, and soon after sold the kingdom to another chieftain, Indra Singh. Aurangzeb had moved his base from [[Delhi]] to [[Ajmer]] to oversee the subjugation but in April 1679 returned to his capital, leaving administrative and military support in Marwar for the unpopular new ruler.<ref name=CHIp247 /> | ||
Prominent grandees of Marwar, including Durgadas, went to Delhi to plead the recognition of Ajit Singh as heir. Aurangzeb refused their request, although he did offer to bestow a title and a grant when the child attained the age of majority. Aurangzeb required that the child be raised in the imperial [[harem]] and that the ranis live there also. According to one contemporary source, Aurangzeb also offered to give Ajit Singh the throne of Jodhpur in the future if it was agreed that the child was raised in the Muslim faith.<ref name=CHIp247 /> | Prominent grandees of Marwar, including Durgadas& Rajguru Akheraj Singh, went to Delhi to plead the recognition of Ajit Singh as heir. Aurangzeb refused their request, although he did offer to bestow a title and a grant when the child attained the age of majority. Aurangzeb required that the child be raised in the imperial [[harem]] and that the ranis live there also. According to one contemporary source, Aurangzeb also offered to give Ajit Singh the throne of Jodhpur in the future if it was agreed that the child was raised in the Muslim faith.<ref name=CHIp247 /> | ||
The attitude of Aurangzeb was not acceptable to the Rathore delegation, who resolved upon rescuing Ajit Singh and the ranis from Delhi. They were aware that many of them were likely to die in the process and this proved to be the case: as they retreated from the city on 25 June 1679 they were pursued by Mughal guards and fought several desperate and deadly rearguard actions in order to protect Durgadas, who had the ranis and child with him. The pursuit continued till the evening, when the Mughals finally tired.<ref name=CHIp248>{{cite book|author=Henry Herbert Dodwell|title=The Cambridge History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ|year=1928|publisher=CUP Archive|page=248}}</ref> | The attitude of Aurangzeb was not acceptable to the Rathore delegation, who resolved upon rescuing Ajit Singh and the ranis from Delhi. They were aware that many of them were likely to die in the process and this proved to be the case: as they retreated from the city on 25 June 1679 they were pursued by Mughal guards and fought several desperate and deadly rearguard actions in order to protect Durgadas, who had the ranis and child with him. The pursuit continued till the evening, when the Mughals finally tired.<ref name=CHIp248>{{cite book|author=Henry Herbert Dodwell|title=The Cambridge History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ|year=1928|publisher=CUP Archive|page=248}}</ref> | ||
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== Opposition to the Mughals == | == Opposition to the Mughals == | ||
[[File:Durgadas Rathore | [[File:Veer Durgadas Rathore.jpg |250px|thumb|Durgadas Rathore's painting by [[Har Bilas Sarda|H.B. Sarda]]]] | ||
Aurangzeb reacted to these events by deposing the incompetent puppet ruler of Marwar, Indra Singh, and placing it under direct Mughal rule. His forces moved in to occupy the region and "anarchy and slaughter were let loose on the doomed state; all the great towns in the plain were pillaged; the temples were thrown down." He also substituted the son of a milkman for Ajit Singh, raised the child as if he was the rightful heir to Jaswant Singh and denounced the real heir as an imposter.<ref name=CHIp248 /> | Aurangzeb reacted to these events by deposing the incompetent puppet ruler of Marwar, Indra Singh, and placing it under direct Mughal rule. His forces moved in to occupy the region and "anarchy and slaughter were let loose on the doomed state; all the great towns in the plain were pillaged; the temples were thrown down." He also substituted the son of a milkman for Ajit Singh, raised the child as if he was the rightful heir to Jaswant Singh and denounced the real heir as an imposter.<ref name=CHIp248 /> | ||
During the period that followed, when the Mughals controlled Marwar, Durgadas | During the period that followed, when the Mughals controlled Marwar, Durgadas and Akheraj were among those who carried out a relentless struggle against the occupying forces. The capabilities of the Mughal forces were over-extended when Aurangzeb decided to attempt the over-running of [[Mewar]] also, and this provided opportunities for Rajputs of various communities, including the Rathores and the [[Sisodia]]s, to use [[guerrilla]] tactics. The Rajput successes were, however, limited in Marwar: the campaign in Mewar was abandoned by the Mughals but Marwar remained in a state of war for nearly three decades.<ref name=CHIp248-252>{{cite book|author=Henry Herbert Dodwell|title=The Cambridge History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ|year=1928|publisher=CUP Archive|pages=248–252}}</ref> | ||
The cause of the Mughal withdrawal from Mewar had been a rebellion by a son of Aurangzeb, [[Sultan Muhammad Akbar|Akbar]], who had proved to be incompetent when placed in charge of various forces in Mewar and Marwar. He eventually rebelled against his father and allied himself with the Rajputs. In June 1681 Durgadas assisted Akbar as the rebellion collapsed in disarray, aiding his flight to the court of the recently installed [[Maratha]] king [[Sambhaji]]. The rebellion diverted resources and Aurangzeb was forced to make peace in Mewar when on the cusp of winning his campaign.<ref>{{cite book|author=Henry Herbert Dodwell|title=The Cambridge History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ|year=1928|publisher=CUP Archive|pages=248–252, 281}}</ref> | The cause of the Mughal withdrawal from Mewar had been a rebellion by a son of Aurangzeb, [[Sultan Muhammad Akbar|Akbar]], who had proved to be incompetent when placed in charge of various forces in Mewar and Marwar. He eventually rebelled against his father and allied himself with the Rajputs. In June 1681 Durgadas assisted Akbar as the rebellion collapsed in disarray, aiding his flight to the court of the recently installed [[Maratha]] king [[Sambhaji]]. The rebellion diverted resources and Aurangzeb was forced to make peace in Mewar when on the cusp of winning his campaign.<ref>{{cite book|author=Henry Herbert Dodwell|title=The Cambridge History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ|year=1928|publisher=CUP Archive|pages=248–252, 281}}</ref> | ||
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== Recognition == | == Recognition == | ||
* Historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]] sums up his legacy by commenting: | |||
<Blockquote>'' A soul of honour, he kept the deserted daughter of Akbar free from every stain and provided her with every facility for Islamic religious training in the wilderness of Marwar. Fighting against terrible odds and a host of enemies on every side, with distrust and wavering among his own country-men, he kept the cause of his chieftain triumphant. Mughal gold could not seduce, Mughal arms could not daunt that constant heart. Almost alone among the Rathors he displayed the rare combination of the dash and reckless valour of a Rajput soldier with the tact, diplomacy and organizing power of a Mughal minister of State. No wonder that the Rathor bard should pray that every Rajput mother should have a son like Durgadas.<ref>{{Citation|work=History of Aurangzeb Vol 3|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|year=1971|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.242801/page/n231/mode/1up?view=theater|page=|editor-last1=Sarkar|editor-first1=Jadunath|title=''Durgadas''}}</ref> </Blockquote> | |||
* The government of India [[List of postage stamps of India|released a stamp]] (in 1988) and various coins (on 25 August 2003) in his honour. | * The government of India [[List of postage stamps of India|released a stamp]] (in 1988) and various coins (on 25 August 2003) in his honour. | ||
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[[File:Stamp of India - 1988 - Colnect 165262 - Durgadas Rathore.jpeg|200px|thumb|Durgadas Rathore dak ticket (stamps) of Rs. 0.60 also released on 16 August 1988]] | [[File:Stamp of India - 1988 - Colnect 165262 - Durgadas Rathore.jpeg|200px|thumb|Durgadas Rathore dak ticket (stamps) of Rs. 0.60 also released on 16 August 1988]] | ||
*The government of India also introduced commemorative coins in 2003 in the name of Durgadas Rathore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 Rupee, India |url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces15794.html |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=en.numista.com |language=en}}</ref> | |||
==In popular culture== | |||
* Paintings of Durgadas by painter [[Archibald Herman Müller]] (1893) at [[Mehrangarh Museum]], Jodhpur and the [[Government Museum, Bikaner]]. | * Paintings of Durgadas by painter [[Archibald Herman Müller]] (1893) at [[Mehrangarh Museum]], Jodhpur and the [[Government Museum, Bikaner]]. | ||
* ''[[Durgadas (novel)|Durgadas]]'' is a [[children's literature]] novel written by [[Premchand]] based on his struggle. | |||
* A play depicting the life of Durgadas was conducted in Jodhpur in October 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JOD-HMU-MAT-latest-jodhpur-news-052004-258180-NOR.html|title=दुर्ग गाथा {{!}} 400 से अधिक कलाकारों ने 17वीं शताब्दी के दृश्यों को जीवंत किया|date=2017-10-13|work=dainikbhaskar|access-date=2017-10-15|language=hi}}</ref> | * A play depicting the life of Durgadas was conducted in Jodhpur in October 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JOD-HMU-MAT-latest-jodhpur-news-052004-258180-NOR.html|title=दुर्ग गाथा {{!}} 400 से अधिक कलाकारों ने 17वीं शताब्दी के दृश्यों को जीवंत किया|date=2017-10-13|work=dainikbhaskar|access-date=2017-10-15|language=hi}}</ref> | ||
*Indian films based on his life include the [[Indian silent film|silent feature]] ''Veer Durgadas'' (1924) by Bhagwati Prasad Mishra and the 1960 biographical film ''[[Veer Durgadas]]'' by Ramchandra Thakur, starring [[Paidi Jairaj]] in the titular role.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|publisher=British Film Institute|year=1999|access-date=12 August 2012|url-access=registration}}</ref> | *Indian films based on his life include the [[Indian silent film|silent feature]] ''Veer Durgadas'' (1924) by Bhagwati Prasad Mishra and the 1960 biographical film ''[[Veer Durgadas]]'' by Ramchandra Thakur, starring [[Paidi Jairaj]] in the titular role.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|publisher=British Film Institute|year=1999|access-date=12 August 2012|url-access=registration}}</ref> | ||
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== See also == | == See also == | ||
* [[List of Rajputs]] | * [[List of Rajputs]] | ||
* [[Maharana Pratap]] | |||
== References == | == References == | ||