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Simla Agreement: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|1972 peace treaty between India and Pakistan}} | {{short description|1972 peace treaty between India and Pakistan}} | ||
{{ | {{About|the 1972 India-Pakistan peace treaty|the 1945 Indian self-government meeting|Simla Conference|the 1914 Tibetan-British-Chinese convention|Simla Convention|the 1906 deputation of Indian Muslim leaders for greater political representation|Simla Deputation|}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}} | {{EngvarB|date=July 2016}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox treaty | {{Infobox treaty | ||
| name =Simla | | name =Simla or Shimla Agreement | ||
| long_name =Agreement on Bilateral Relations Between The Government of India and The Government of Pakistan<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 July 2012|title=Public Diplomacy – Simla Agreement July 2, 1972|url=https://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?19005/Simla+Agreement+July+2+1972|url-status=live|access-date=1 August 2021|website=Ministry of External Affairs (Government of India)}}</ref> | | long_name =Agreement on Bilateral Relations Between The Government of India and The Government of Pakistan<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 July 2012|title=Public Diplomacy – Simla Agreement July 2, 1972|url=https://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?19005/Simla+Agreement+July+2+1972|url-status=live|access-date=1 August 2021|website=Ministry of External Affairs (Government of India)}}</ref> | ||
| image_alt = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] --> | | image_alt = <!-- alt-text here for accessibility; see [[MOS:ACCESS]] --> | ||
| caption = | | caption = | ||
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| date_drafted =28 June 1972 | | date_drafted =28 June 1972 | ||
| date_signed ={{Start date and age|df=yes|1972|07|02}} | | date_signed ={{Start date and age|df=yes|1972|07|02}} | ||
| location_signed =Barnes | | location_signed =Barnes Court ([[Raj Bhavan, Shimla|Raj Bhavan]]),<ref name="HPRajBhavan">{{cite web|title=History of Raj Bhavan Building (Barnes Court) Emergence of an Edifice|url=http://himachalrajbhavan.nic.in/history.html|publisher=Government of India|access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India | ||
| date_sealed =7 August 1972 | | date_sealed =7 August 1972 | ||
| Line 20: | Line 19: | ||
| date_expiry = | | date_expiry = | ||
| mediators = | | mediators = | ||
| negotiators =[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs of India]] | | negotiators = | ||
| signatories =[[Indira Gandhi]] ([[Prime Minister of India]]) | * [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs of India]] | ||
| parties ={{nowrap|{{flagdeco|India}} [[India|Republic of India]]}} | * [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan]] | ||
| ratifiers = [[Parliament of India]] | | signatories = | ||
* [[Indira Gandhi]] ([[Prime Minister of India]]) | |||
* [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] ([[President of Pakistan]]) | |||
| parties = | |||
* {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|India}} [[India|Republic of India]]}} | |||
* {{nowrap|{{flagdeco|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan|Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]}} | |||
| ratifiers = | |||
* [[Parliament of India]] | |||
* [[Parliament of Pakistan]] | |||
| depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | | depositories = <!-- format this as a bullet list --> | ||
| language =<!-- format this as a bullet list --> | | language =<!-- format this as a bullet list --> | ||
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[[File:Baba Chamliyal Mela at Indo-Pak international Border, near Jammu.jpg|thumb|Pakistan ranger stands near the flags of India and Pakistan at zero line international border]] | [[File:Baba Chamliyal Mela at Indo-Pak international Border, near Jammu.jpg|thumb|Pakistan ranger stands near the flags of India and Pakistan at zero line international border]] | ||
The '''Simla Agreement''', also spelled '''Shimla Agreement''', was a [[peace treaty]] signed between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] on | The '''Simla Agreement''', also spelled '''Shimla Agreement''', was a [[peace treaty]] signed between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] on 2 July 1972 in [[Shimla]], the capital city of the Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=MEA_site>{{cite web|title=Simla Agreement|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5541/Simla+Agreement|work=Bilateral/Multilateral Documents|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> It followed the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], which began after India intervened in [[East Pakistan]] as an ally of [[Mukti Bahini|Bengali rebels]] who were fighting against [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani state forces]] in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name=ZEE>{{cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/what-is-shimla-agreement-2221323.html |title=What is Shimla Agreement |work=Zee News |author=Tanweer Azam |date=23 July 2019|access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref> The Indian intervention proved decisive in the war and led to East Pakistan's breakaway from its union with [[West Pakistan]] and the emergence of the independent state of [[Bangladesh]]. | ||
The treaty's official purpose was stated to serve as a way for both countries to "put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have hitherto marred their relations" and to conceive the steps to be taken for further normalization of [[India–Pakistan relations]] while also laying down the principles that should govern their future interactions.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/751253 |title=A leaf from history: Simla Agreement, at last|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|date=23 September 2012|access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=IBN_40>{{cite news |title=Indo-Pak Shimla Agreement: 40 years later |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indopak-shimla-agreement-40-years-later/268913-3.html|work=IBN Live|access-date=27 September 2013|date=2 July 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130927205707/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indopak-shimla-agreement-40-years-later/268913-3.html |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=ZEE/> | The treaty's official purpose was stated to serve as a way for both countries to "put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have hitherto marred their relations" and to conceive the steps to be taken for further normalization of [[India–Pakistan relations]] while also laying down the principles that should govern their future interactions.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/751253 |title=A leaf from history: Simla Agreement, at last|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|date=23 September 2012|access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=IBN_40>{{cite news |title=Indo-Pak Shimla Agreement: 40 years later |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indopak-shimla-agreement-40-years-later/268913-3.html|work=IBN Live|access-date=27 September 2013|date=2 July 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130927205707/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indopak-shimla-agreement-40-years-later/268913-3.html |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref name=ZEE/> | ||
== Details of the Simla agreement == | == Details of the Simla agreement == | ||
The treaty was signed in [[Shimla|Simla]] (also spelt "Shimla") in India by [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]], the [[President of Pakistan]], and [[Indira Gandhi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref name=Dawn/> The agreement also paved the way for diplomatic recognition of [[Bangladesh]] by [[Pakistan]]. Technically the document was signed at 0040 hours in the night of 3 July; despite this official documents are dated 2 July 1972.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=IBN_40 /><ref name=KSG>{{cite web|title=Relevance of Simla Agreement|url=http://ksgindia.com/study-material/editorial-series/3885-relevance-of-simla-agreement.html|work=Editorial Series|publisher=Khan Study Group|access-date=20 July 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002132702/http://ksgindia.com/study-material/editorial-series/3885-relevance-of-simla-agreement.html|archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> Some of the major outcomes of the Simla Agreement are: | The treaty was signed in [[Shimla|Simla]] (also spelt "Shimla") in India by [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]], the [[President of Pakistan]], and [[Indira Gandhi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref name=Dawn/> The agreement also paved the way for diplomatic recognition of [[Bangladesh]] by [[Pakistan]]. Technically, the document was signed at 0040 hours in the night of 3 July; despite this official documents are dated 2 July 1972.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=IBN_40 /><ref name=KSG>{{cite web|title=Relevance of Simla Agreement|url=http://ksgindia.com/study-material/editorial-series/3885-relevance-of-simla-agreement.html|work=Editorial Series|publisher=Khan Study Group|access-date=20 July 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002132702/http://ksgindia.com/study-material/editorial-series/3885-relevance-of-simla-agreement.html|archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> Some of the major outcomes of the Simla Agreement are: | ||
* Both countries will "settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations".<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=MEA_site /><ref name=Pradhanmantri>{{cite episode |title=1971 Indo-Pak War |series=Pradhanmantri |date=21 September 2013 |url=http://www.newsbullet.in/video/india/45558-watch-pradhanmantri-episode-11-about-1971-indo-pak-war |network=ABP News |season=1 |number=11 |last=Kapur |first=Shekhar (Narrator)}}</ref> India has, many a times, maintained that Kashmir dispute is a bilateral issue and must be settled through bilateral negotiations as per Simla Agreement, 1972 and thus, had denied any third party intervention even that of United Nations.<ref name=IE>{{cite news |title=India spikes Pak call for third party mediation, says Simla Agreement tops all agendas|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-spikes-pak-call-for-third-party-mediation-says-simla-agreement-tops-all-agendas/1063018/0|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=20 July 2020|date=22 January 2013}}</ref> | * Both countries will "settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations".<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=MEA_site /><ref name=Pradhanmantri>{{cite episode |title=1971 Indo-Pak War |series=Pradhanmantri |date=21 September 2013 |url=http://www.newsbullet.in/video/india/45558-watch-pradhanmantri-episode-11-about-1971-indo-pak-war |network=ABP News |season=1 |number=11 |last=Kapur |first=Shekhar (Narrator)}}</ref> India has, many a times, maintained that Kashmir dispute is a bilateral issue and must be settled through bilateral negotiations as per Simla Agreement, 1972 and thus, had denied any third party intervention even that of United Nations.<ref name=IE>{{cite news |title=India spikes Pak call for third party mediation, says Simla Agreement tops all agendas|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-spikes-pak-call-for-third-party-mediation-says-simla-agreement-tops-all-agendas/1063018/0|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=20 July 2020|date=22 January 2013}}</ref> | ||
* The agreement converted the cease-fire line of 17 December 1971 into the [[Line of Control]] (LOC) between India and Pakistan and it was agreed that "neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=MEA_site /><ref name=KSG /> Many Indian bureaucrats have later argued that a tacit agreement, to convert this LOC into international border, was reached during a one-on-one meeting between the two heads of government. However, Pakistani bureaucrats have denied any such thing.<ref name=IBN_40/><ref name=KSG/> This identification of a new "cease-fire line" by both the states has been argued by India as making [[United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan]] insignificant. As according to India, the purpose of UNMOGIP was to monitor the cease-fire line as identified in [[Karachi Agreement|Karachi agreement of 1949]] which no longer exists. However, Pakistan have a different take on this issue and both countries still host the UN mission.<ref name=IE/> | * The agreement converted the cease-fire line of 17 December 1971 into the [[Line of Control]] (LOC) between India and Pakistan and it was agreed that "neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=MEA_site /><ref name=KSG /> Many Indian bureaucrats have later argued that a tacit agreement, to convert this LOC into international border, was reached during a one-on-one meeting between the two heads of government. However, Pakistani bureaucrats have denied any such thing.<ref name=IBN_40/><ref name=KSG/> This identification of a new "cease-fire line" by both the states has been argued by India as making [[United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan]] insignificant. As according to India, the purpose of UNMOGIP was to monitor the cease-fire line as identified in [[Karachi Agreement|Karachi agreement of 1949]] which no longer exists. However, Pakistan have a different take on this issue and both countries still host the UN mission.<ref name=IE/> | ||
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==Delhi Agreement == | ==Delhi Agreement == | ||
{{Main|Delhi Agreement}} | {{Main|Delhi Agreement}} | ||
The Delhi Agreement on the Repatriation of War and Civilian Internees is a tripartite agreement among the aforementioned states, signed on 28 August 1973. The agreement was signed by [[Kamal Hossain]], the Foreign Minister of the Government of Bangladesh, [[Sardar Swaran Singh]], Minister of External Affairs of India and [[Aziz Ahmed]], the Minister of State for Defense and Foreign Affairs of the Government of Pakistan.<ref name="CuttsRefugees2000">{{cite book|author1=Mark Cutts|author2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA73|access-date=20 July 2020|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-924104-0|pages=73–}}</ref><ref name="Singh2009">{{cite book|author=Sukhwant Singh|title=India's Wars Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1VawuyUS-cC&pg=PA538|access-date=20 July 2020|date=19 July 2009|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-935501-13-8|pages=538–}}</ref><ref name="Delhi_agreement1974">{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/tri.html|title=The text of the Tripartite agreement at Delhi|publisher=Virtualbangladesh|access-date=20 July 2020|author=The office of the Foreign Minister, Government of Bangladesh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514224550/http://virtualbangladesh.com/history/tri.html|archive-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | The Delhi Agreement on the Repatriation of War and Civilian Internees is a tripartite agreement among the aforementioned states, signed on 28 August 1973. The agreement was signed by [[Kamal Hossain]], the Foreign Minister of the Government of Bangladesh, [[Sardar Swaran Singh]], Minister of External Affairs of India and [[Aziz Ahmed (civil servant)|Aziz Ahmed]], the Minister of State for Defense and Foreign Affairs of the Government of Pakistan.<ref name="CuttsRefugees2000">{{cite book|author1=Mark Cutts|author2=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|title=The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54Oe1WTfBfAC&pg=PA73|access-date=20 July 2020|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-924104-0|pages=73–}}</ref><ref name="Singh2009">{{cite book|author=Sukhwant Singh|title=India's Wars Since Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1VawuyUS-cC&pg=PA538|access-date=20 July 2020|date=19 July 2009|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-1-935501-13-8|pages=538–}}</ref><ref name="Delhi_agreement1974">{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/tri.html|title=The text of the Tripartite agreement at Delhi|publisher=Virtualbangladesh|access-date=20 July 2020|author=The office of the Foreign Minister, Government of Bangladesh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514224550/http://virtualbangladesh.com/history/tri.html|archive-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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[[Category:1974 in Pakistan]] | [[Category:1974 in Pakistan]] | ||
[[Category:Government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] | [[Category:Government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]] | ||
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]] | [[Category:India–Pakistan relations]] | ||
[[Category:India–Pakistan treaties]] | [[Category:India–Pakistan treaties]] | ||