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{{Use dmy dates|date=July | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=July | {{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}} | ||
{{ | {{More citations needed|date=September 2022}} | ||
{{Infobox military | {{Infobox military installation | ||
|name = Arnala fort | |name = Arnala fort | ||
|native_name = | |native_name = | ||
|partof = | |partof = [[Portuguese India]] <!-- The Fort was under Portuguese control for 207 years, longer than any other political entitiy --> | ||
|location = | |location = | ||
|image = Arnala killa.jpg | |image = Arnala killa.jpg | ||
|caption = Arnala fort bastion viewed through one of the fort's windows | |caption = Arnala fort bastion viewed through one of the fort's windows | ||
|map_type =India Maharashtra | |map_type = India Maharashtra | ||
|coordinates = {{Coord|19.46577|72.73247|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}} | |coordinates = {{Coord|19.46577|72.73247|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|display=inline,title}} | ||
|map_size = | |map_size = | ||
|map_alt = | |map_alt = | ||
|map_caption = | |map_caption = | ||
|type = | |type = Indo-European style Sea fort | ||
|code = | |code = | ||
|built = | |built = 1516 AD | ||
|builder = | |builder = Sultan Mahmud Begda | ||
|materials = | |materials = | ||
|height = | |height = | ||
|used = | |used = | ||
|demolished = | |demolished = no | ||
|condition = Protected Ruins | |condition = Protected Ruins | ||
|ownership = | |ownership = | ||
|open_to_public = Yes | |open_to_public = Yes | ||
|controlledby = {{noflag}}[[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]]< | |controlledby = | ||
{{noflag}}[[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] (<small>1516-1530</small>)<br> | |||
{{flagcountry|Portugal|1707}} (<small>1530-1737</small>)<br> | |||
{{flagcountry|Maratha Empire}} (<small>1737-1818</small>)<br> | |||
{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | |||
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]] (<small>1818-1857</small>) | * {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]] (<small>1818-1857</small>) | ||
* {{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[British India]] (<small>1857-1947</small>) | * {{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[British India]] (<small>1857-1947</small>) | ||
{{flagcountry|India}} | {{flagcountry|India}} | ||
|garrison = | |garrison = n/a | ||
|current_commander = | |current_commander = none | ||
|commanders = | |commanders = | ||
|occupants = | |occupants = n/a | ||
|battles = | |battles = 4 | ||
|events = | |events = | ||
|image2 = | |image2 = | ||
|caption2 = | |caption2 = | ||
}} | }} | ||
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:arnala top.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A view of Arnala island by plane]] --> | <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:arnala top.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A view of Arnala island by plane]] --> | ||
'''Arnala Fort''' is built on a small island | '''Arnala Fort''' is built on a [[Arnala island|small island]] off the port town of [[Arnala]], located around 13 km (8 miles) north of [[Vasai|Bassein]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name="fof">{{cite web|url=http://www.fortsofsahyadri.friendsofforts.com/list_of_maharashtraforts.htm |title=Friends of Forts |access-date=2009-02-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405125744/http://www.fortsofsahyadri.friendsofforts.com/list_of_maharashtraforts.htm |archive-date=2009-04-05 }}</ref> Being an island fort, it is also called '''Jaldurg''' or '''Janjire-Arnala'''. The [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]], who built the present fort, called the island ''Ilha das Vacas'' (Island of Cows).<ref name="portugal">{{cite book|last=Scholberg|first=Henry|title=Fortress Portugal in India|publisher=NorthStar Publications|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxhuAAAAMAAJ&q=arnala&dq=arnala&lr=&ei=OaSHSf2kFY_GlQTKkvC8Bg&client=firefox-a&pgis=1|access-date=2009-02-02}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
The island of Arnala, which has water on all four sides, belonged to Sultan Mahmud Begda of Gujarat. | |||
The island was conquered by the Portuguese in 1530. | |||
In 1737, after nearly two hundred years of Portuguese rule, the fort came under the control of the Marathas in 1737. | |||
The fort was rebuilt by the first Bajirao. | |||
In the middle of 1817, the fort came under the control of the British | |||
In 1516 a local chieftain in Gujarat, Sultan Mahmud Begda, constructed the fort on the island, strategically located at the mouth of the [[Vaitarna river]]. In the 1530s the Portuguese had established their operations in the coastal area, headquartered at [[Bassein Fort|Fort Bassein]], and soon gained control of the island. The Portuguese captain of Bassein donated the island to a Portuguese nobleman who tore down the old fort and began construction of a {{convert|700|x|700|ft|m|adj=on}} fort. The nobleman never completed the fort. Still, it remained under Portuguese control for two centuries; they used it to control shipping and navigation along the northern [[Konkan]] coast. | In 1516 a local chieftain in Gujarat, Sultan Mahmud Begda, constructed the fort on the island, strategically located at the mouth of the [[Vaitarna river]]. In the 1530s the Portuguese had established their operations in the coastal area, headquartered at [[Bassein Fort|Fort Bassein]], and soon gained control of the island. The Portuguese captain of Bassein donated the island to a Portuguese nobleman who tore down the old fort and began construction of a {{convert|700|x|700|ft|m|adj=on}} fort. The nobleman never completed the fort. Still, it remained under Portuguese control for two centuries; they used it to control shipping and navigation along the northern [[Konkan]] coast. | ||
During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, after a long struggle with the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Maratha Confederacy]] came to dominate the region. In 1737 the then Peshwa [[Baji Rao I]] sent his brother, [[Chimaji Appa]], to take the Bassein Fort from the Portuguese. After winning the [[Battle of Vasai]], his general, | During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, after a long struggle with the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Maratha Confederacy]] came to dominate the region. In 1737 the then Peshwa [[Baji Rao I]] sent his brother, [[Chimaji Appa]], to take the Bassein Fort from the Portuguese. After winning the [[Battle of Vasai]], his general, Shankarji Pant, persuaded Chimaji to launch an assault on Fort Arnala, for its strategic importance to the Maratha navy in assaulting Portuguese interests. Their first assault, coordinated with a Maratha naval force commanded by Govindji kasar & Manaji Agre, was routed by a superior Portuguese naval force. A second assault on the fort on 28 March 1737, caught the Portuguese by surprise and forced them to abandon the fort. The victory was commemorated by a plaque installed on the northern wall of the fort and is still visible today. The Marathas then rebuilt the fort, constructing three bastions Bahirav, Bhavani, and Bava. | ||
The British captured the fort on 18 January 1781 during the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the | The British captured the fort on 18 January 1781 during the [[First Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the honourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=61}}</ref> The [[Treaty of Salbai]] nominally returned the Arnala and Bassien forts to the Marathas. The Marathas controlled the fort until 1817. | ||
During the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], despite painstakingly defending the fort, the Marathas were finally forced to surrender the fort to the superior naval power of the British. The British formally regained the forts under the [[Treaty of Poona]]. | |||
Today the fort is in a state of disrepair.<ref name="coast">{{cite book|last=Naravane|first=A.V.H.|title=The Maritime and Coastal Forts of India|publisher=APH Publishing|year=1998|pages=43–44|isbn=81-7024-910-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k59aVCIlFB8C&pg=PA43&dq=arnala&lr=&ei=O6OHSfaEA4PKkQTV6t3uBQ&client=firefox-a#PPA43,M1|access-date=2009-02-02}}</ref> | |||
== Features == | == Features == | ||
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:arnala buruj.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A watch tower on the outer wall]] --> | <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:arnala buruj.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A watch tower on the outer wall]] --> | ||
=== | === Water Reservoir and Shrines === | ||
There is a large | There is a large octagonal fresh water reservoir inside the fort. | ||
Within its walls, are also the temples of Ambakeshwar, Bhavani and Shiva as well as [[Darga]]s (tombs) of Shah Ali and Hajji Ali. The 'paduka' or sacred sandals of Shrinity Anand are housed in a dome on the eastern face of the fort. | |||
=== The Entrance === | === The Entrance === | ||
| Line 82: | Line 101: | ||
{{commons category|Fort Arnala}} | {{commons category|Fort Arnala}} | ||
* [http://www.funonthenet.in/content/view/150/31/ Arnala Fort Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182933/http://www.funonthenet.in/content/view/150/31/ |date=3 March 2016 }} Pictures of Forts in Maharashtra | * [http://www.funonthenet.in/content/view/150/31/ Arnala Fort Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182933/http://www.funonthenet.in/content/view/150/31/ |date=3 March 2016 }} Pictures of Forts in Maharashtra | ||
* [https:// | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010612161759/http://www.geocities.com/unitedit/places/Arnala/Arnala_fort.htm Arnala Fort Page] A Vasai Cultural Information Website in GeoCities. | ||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060528005146/http://arbit-raj.blogspot.com/2006/04/arnala-fort-trip.html Arnala fort Trip] A Blog Post on Arnala by a blogger. | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060528005146/http://arbit-raj.blogspot.com/2006/04/arnala-fort-trip.html Arnala fort Trip] A Blog Post on Arnala by a blogger. | ||
* [http://www.timetotravel.co.in/2010/01/arnala-fort-jivdani-temple.html Arnala Fort & Jivdani Temple - * How to go, places to visit, things to do] | * [http://www.timetotravel.co.in/2010/01/arnala-fort-jivdani-temple.html Arnala Fort & Jivdani Temple - * How to go, places to visit, things to do] | ||
* [http://trekking95.blogspot.in/2015/01/virar.html Trekking Tourism - Virar - विरार - ویرار] | * [http://trekking95.blogspot.in/2015/01/virar.html Trekking Tourism - Virar - विरार - ویرار] | ||
{{Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire|state=collapsed}} | |||
{{Forts in Maharashtra}} | {{Forts in Maharashtra}} | ||
{{Forts in India}} | {{Forts in India}} | ||
[[Category:Maratha Navy]] | [[Category:Maratha Navy]] | ||
[[Category:Forts in Palghar district|Arnala]] | [[Category:Forts in Palghar district|Arnala]] | ||
Revision as of 13:52, 15 June 2022
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2022) |
| Arnala fort | |
|---|---|
| Part of Portuguese India | |
 Arnala fort bastion viewed through one of the fort's windows | |
  Arnala fort | |
| Coordinates | 19°27′57″N 72°43′57″E / 19.46577°N 72.73247°E |
| Type | Indo-European style Sea fort |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | Bijapur (1516-1530)
 India |
| Open to the public | Yes |
| Condition | Protected Ruins |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1516 AD |
| Built by | Sultan Mahmud Begda |
| Demolished | no |
| Battles/wars | 4 |
| Garrison information | |
| Current commander | none |
| Garrison | n/a |
| Occupants | n/a |
Arnala Fort is built on a small island off the port town of Arnala, located around 13 km (8 miles) north of Bassein, Maharashtra, India.[1] Being an island fort, it is also called Jaldurg or Janjire-Arnala. The Portuguese, who built the present fort, called the island Ilha das Vacas (Island of Cows).[2]
History
The island of Arnala, which has water on all four sides, belonged to Sultan Mahmud Begda of Gujarat.
The island was conquered by the Portuguese in 1530.
In 1737, after nearly two hundred years of Portuguese rule, the fort came under the control of the Marathas in 1737.
The fort was rebuilt by the first Bajirao.
In the middle of 1817, the fort came under the control of the British
In 1516 a local chieftain in Gujarat, Sultan Mahmud Begda, constructed the fort on the island, strategically located at the mouth of the Vaitarna river. In the 1530s the Portuguese had established their operations in the coastal area, headquartered at Fort Bassein, and soon gained control of the island. The Portuguese captain of Bassein donated the island to a Portuguese nobleman who tore down the old fort and began construction of a 700-by-700-foot (210 m × 210 m) fort. The nobleman never completed the fort. Still, it remained under Portuguese control for two centuries; they used it to control shipping and navigation along the northern Konkan coast.
During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, after a long struggle with the Mughal Empire, the Maratha Confederacy came to dominate the region. In 1737 the then Peshwa Baji Rao I sent his brother, Chimaji Appa, to take the Bassein Fort from the Portuguese. After winning the Battle of Vasai, his general, Shankarji Pant, persuaded Chimaji to launch an assault on Fort Arnala, for its strategic importance to the Maratha navy in assaulting Portuguese interests. Their first assault, coordinated with a Maratha naval force commanded by Govindji kasar & Manaji Agre, was routed by a superior Portuguese naval force. A second assault on the fort on 28 March 1737, caught the Portuguese by surprise and forced them to abandon the fort. The victory was commemorated by a plaque installed on the northern wall of the fort and is still visible today. The Marathas then rebuilt the fort, constructing three bastions Bahirav, Bhavani, and Bava.
The British captured the fort on 18 January 1781 during the First Anglo-Maratha War.[3] The Treaty of Salbai nominally returned the Arnala and Bassien forts to the Marathas. The Marathas controlled the fort until 1817.
During the Third Anglo-Maratha War, despite painstakingly defending the fort, the Marathas were finally forced to surrender the fort to the superior naval power of the British. The British formally regained the forts under the Treaty of Poona.
Today the fort is in a state of disrepair.[4]
Features
Water Reservoir and Shrines
There is a large octagonal fresh water reservoir inside the fort. Within its walls, are also the temples of Ambakeshwar, Bhavani and Shiva as well as Dargas (tombs) of Shah Ali and Hajji Ali. The 'paduka' or sacred sandals of Shrinity Anand are housed in a dome on the eastern face of the fort.
The Entrance
The main entrance of the fort faces approximately north.
The solid stone doorway is adorned with pictures of tigers and elephants.
Ramparts and Walls
The external ramparts are in a fairly good condition, and a roughly three-meter-wide path exists along the outer walls. .[5]
Southern Watch Tower
There exists a lone Martello tower about 550 meters from the main fort, on the southern end of the island. This tower has no entrance gate.
See also
References
- ↑ "Friends of Forts". Archived from the original on 5 April 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2009.
- ↑ Scholberg, Henry (1995). Fortress Portugal in India. NorthStar Publications. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
- ↑ Naravane, M.S. (2014). Battles of the honourable East India Company. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 61. ISBN 9788131300343.
- ↑ Naravane, A.V.H. (1998). The Maritime and Coastal Forts of India. APH Publishing. pp. 43–44. ISBN 81-7024-910-4. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
- ↑ Kantak, M.R. (1993). The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774-1783: A Military Study of Major Battles. Popular Prakashan. p. 150. ISBN 81-7154-696-X. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
External links
- Arnala Fort Pictures Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Pictures of Forts in Maharashtra
- Arnala Fort Page A Vasai Cultural Information Website in GeoCities.
- Arnala fort Trip A Blog Post on Arnala by a blogger.
- Arnala Fort & Jivdani Temple - * How to go, places to visit, things to do
- Trekking Tourism - Virar - विरार - ویرار
Template:Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire