Bhai Parmanand: Difference between revisions

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Bhai Parmanand (4 November 1876 – 8 December 1947) was an Indian nationalist and a prominent leader of the Hindu Mahasabha.

Early life

Parmanand was born into a prominent family of the Punjab, Mohyal Brahmins.^[1] His father, Tara Chand Mohyal, came from Kariala, Jhelum District and was an active religious missionary with the Arya Samaj movement.

Views on partition

While reading letters of Lala Lajpat Rai to him in 1909, he had jotted an idea that 'the territory beyond Sindh could be united with North-West Frontier Province into a great Musulman Kingdom. The Hindus of the region should come away, while at the same time the Musulmans in the rest of the country should go and settle in this territory'.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Overseas missions

In October 1905, Parmanand visited South Africa and stayed with Mahatma Gandhi as a Vedic missionary.^[5] Parmanand visited Guyana in 1910 which was the centre of the Arya Samaj movement in the Caribbean.^[6] His lectures increased their following there. In 1911, he visited Lala Hardayal when he was on retreat in Martinique. Parmanand persuaded Hardayal to go to the United States to found a centre for the propagation of the ancient culture of the Aryan people. Hardayal left for America, but soon located himself in Hawaii, where he again went on retreat on Waikiki Beach. A letter from Parmanand prompted his departure for San Francisco where he became an activist in the anarchist movement.

Parmanand toured several British colonies in South America before re-joining Hardayal in San Francisco. He was a founder member of the Ghadar Party. He accompanied Hardayal on a speaking tour to Portland in 1914 and wrote a book for the Ghadar Party called Tarikh-I-Hind. He returned to India as part of the Ghadar Conspiracy claiming he was accompanied by 5,000 Ghadarites. He was part of the leadership of the revolt, and was sent to promote the revolt in Peshawar. He was arrested in connection with the First Lahore Conspiracy Case and was sentenced to death in 1915. The sentence was later commuted to one of transportation for life: he was imprisoned in the Andaman Islands until 1920 and subjected to hard labour. In protest against such harsh treatment of political prisoners, Bhai Parmanand went on hunger strike for two months. The King-Emperor, George V, released him in 1920 as the result of a general amnesty order.^[7]

Death

Parmanand died on 8 December 1947 of a heart attack. He was survived by his son Dr. Bhai Mahavir, a prominent member of the Jana Sangh and BJP.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

An Institute of Business Studies was named after him in New Delhi,^[8] a Public School in East Delhi and a hospital also in Delhi.^[9]

References

↑ Singh, Fauja (1972). Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab. Punjabi University, Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies.
↑ Parmanand, Bhai. The Story of my Life. pp. 41–.
↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2009). Hindu Nationalism: A Reader. Princeton University Press. pp. 193–. ISBN 978-1-4008-2803-6.
↑ "Hindus- Muslims in 1857 & Emergence of 2 Nation Theory". Shamsul Islam. Retrieved 19 May 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑ "Pakistan : Past Future Solutions Policy: 1". Hindustan Network. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 27 September 2007 suggested (help)
↑ Lal, Prita (1 May 2005). "Arya Spiritual Center". Hinduism Here. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2008. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 14 February 2006 suggested (help)
↑ Singh, Jaspal. "Historical Sikh Events: History of the Ghadar Movement part 3 – Return to India". All About Sikhs. Retrieved 5 August 2022. ^{[dead link]}
↑ Bhai Parmanand. Institute of Business Studies
↑ "Bhai Parmanand Vidya Mandir". www.bvmschool.in. Retrieved 30 March 2021.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
-{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
+{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
 [[File:Bhai Parmanand 1979 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Bhai Parmanand on a 1979 stamp of India]]
 '''Bhai Parmanand''' (4 November 1876 – 8 December 1947) was an [[indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] and a prominent leader of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]].
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 ==Views on partition==
-While reading letters of Lala Lajpat Rai to him in 1909, he had jotted an idea that 'the territory beyond [[Sindh]] could be united with North-West Frontier Province into a great [[Musulman]] Kingdom. The [[Hindu]]s of the region should come away, while at the same time the [[Muslim|Musulmans]] in the rest of the country should go and settle in this territory'.<ref>{{cite book|author=Parmanand, Bhai |title=The Story of my Life|url=https://archive.org/details/bhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life/page/n73 41]–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jaffrelot, Christophe |title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC&pg=PA193|date= 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1-4008-2803-1|pages=193–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/4819117/Hindus-_Muslims_in_1857_and_Emergence_of_2_Nation_Theory!|title=Hindus- Muslims in 1857 & Emergence of 2 Nation Theory|access-date=19 May 2007|publisher=Shamsul Islam}}</ref>
+While reading letters of Lala Lajpat Rai to him in 1909, he had jotted an idea that 'the territory beyond [[Sindh]] could be united with North-West Frontier Province into a great [[Musulman]] Kingdom. The [[Hindu]]s of the region should come away, while at the same time the [[Muslim|Musulmans]] in the rest of the country should go and settle in this territory'.<ref>{{cite book|author=Parmanand, Bhai |title=The Story of my Life|url=https://archive.org/details/bhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bhai.parmanand.story.of.my.life/page/n73 41]–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jaffrelot, Christophe |title=Hindu Nationalism: A Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC&pg=PA193|date= 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-2803-6|pages=193–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/4819117|title=Hindus- Muslims in 1857 & Emergence of 2 Nation Theory|access-date=19 May 2007|publisher=Shamsul Islam}}</ref>
 ==Overseas missions==
-In October 1905, Parmanand visited South Africa and stayed with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as a [[Vedas|Vedic]] missionary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindustan.net/discus/messages/59/7813.html?940177813|title=Pakistan : Past Future Solutions Policy: 1|publisher=Hindustan Network|access-date=5 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927033550/http://hindustan.net/discus/messages/59/7813.html?940177813|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> Parmanand visited [[Guyana]] in 1910 which was the centre of the Arya Samaj movement in the [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barnard.columbia.edu/religion/hinduismhere/Lal-article.html|title=Arya Spiritual Center|last=Lal|first=Prita|date=1 May 2005|publisher=Hinduism Here|access-date=30 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214081924/http://www.barnard.columbia.edu/religion/hinduismhere/Lal-article.html|archive-date=14 February 2006}}</ref> His lectures increased their following there. In 1911, he visited [[Lala Hardayal]] when he was on retreat in [[Martinique]]. Parmanand persuaded Hardayal to go to the United States to found a centre for the propagation of the ancient culture of the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan people]]. Hardayal left for America, but soon located himself in Hawaii, where he again went on retreat on [[Waikiki Beach]]. A letter from Parmanand prompted his departure for San Francisco where he became an activist in the [[Anarchism|anarchist movement]].
+In October 1905, Parmanand visited South Africa and stayed with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as a [[Vedas|Vedic]] missionary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindustan.net/discus/messages/59/7813.html?940177813|title=Pakistan : Past Future Solutions Policy: 1|publisher=Hindustan Network|access-date=5 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927033550/http://hindustan.net/discus/messages/59/7813.html?940177813|archive-date=27 September 2022}}</ref> Parmanand visited [[Guyana]] in 1910 which was the centre of the Arya Samaj movement in the [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barnard.columbia.edu/religion/hinduismhere/Lal-article.html|title=Arya Spiritual Center|last=Lal|first=Prita|date=1 May 2005|publisher=Hinduism Here|access-date=30 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214081924/http://www.barnard.columbia.edu/religion/hinduismhere/Lal-article.html|archive-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> His lectures increased their following there. In 1911, he visited [[Lala Hardayal]] when he was on retreat in [[Martinique]]. Parmanand persuaded Hardayal to go to the United States to found a centre for the propagation of the ancient culture of the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryan people]]. Hardayal left for America, but soon located himself in Hawaii, where he again went on retreat on [[Waikiki Beach]]. A letter from Parmanand prompted his departure for San Francisco where he became an activist in the [[Anarchism|anarchist movement]].
-Parmanand toured several [[British Empire|British]] colonies in South America before re-joining Hardayal in San Francisco. He was a founder member of the [[Ghadar Party]]. He accompanied Hardayal on a speaking tour to [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] in 1914 and wrote a book for the Ghadar Party called ''Tarikh-I-Hind''. He returned to India as part of the [[Ghadar Conspiracy]] claiming he was accompanied by 5,000 [[Ghadar Party|Ghadarites]]. He was part of the leadership of the revolt, and was sent to promote the revolt in [[Peshawar]]. He was arrested in connection with the [[First Lahore Conspiracy Case]] and was sentenced to death in 1915. The sentence was later commuted to one of transportation for life: he was imprisoned in the [[Andaman Islands]] until 1920 and subjected to hard labour. In protest against such harsh treatment of political prisoners, Bhai Parmanand went on hunger strike for two months. The King-Emperor, [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]], released him in 1920 as the result of a general amnesty order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/historical-sikh-events-history-of-the-ghadar-movement-part-32.html |title=Historical Sikh Events: History of the Ghadar Movement part 3 – Return to India |last=Singh |first=Jaspal |publisher=All About Sikhs |access-date=5 August 2008}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
+Parmanand toured several [[British Empire|British]] colonies in South America before re-joining Hardayal in San Francisco. He was a founder member of the [[Ghadar Party]]. He accompanied Hardayal on a speaking tour to [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] in 1914 and wrote a book for the Ghadar Party called ''Tarikh-I-Hind''. He returned to India as part of the [[Ghadar Conspiracy]] claiming he was accompanied by 5,000 [[Ghadar Party|Ghadarites]]. He was part of the leadership of the revolt, and was sent to promote the revolt in [[Peshawar]]. He was arrested in connection with the [[First Lahore Conspiracy Case]] and was sentenced to death in 1915. The sentence was later commuted to one of transportation for life: he was imprisoned in the [[Andaman Islands]] until 1920 and subjected to hard labour. In protest against such harsh treatment of political prisoners, Bhai Parmanand went on hunger strike for two months. The King-Emperor, [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]], released him in 1920 as the result of a general amnesty order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/historical-sikh-events-history-of-the-ghadar-movement-part-32.html |title=Historical Sikh Events: History of the Ghadar Movement part 3 – Return to India |last=Singh |first=Jaspal |publisher=All About Sikhs |access-date=5 August 2022}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
 ==Death==
-Parmanand died on 8 December 1947 of a heart attack. He was survived by his son Dr. [[Bhai Mahavir]], a prominent member of the [[Jana Sangh]] and BJP.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}
+Parmanand died on 8 December 1947 of a heart attack. He was survived by his son Dr. [[Bhai Mahavir]], a prominent member of the [[Jana Sangh]] and BJP.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}
 ==Legacy==
@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 [[Category:Arya Samajis]]
 [[Category:Ghadar Party]]
-[[Category:Members of Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
+[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
 [[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
 [[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
 [[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to death]]
 [[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

v t e Hindu–German Conspiracy
Background	Indian independence movement (militant) Shyamji Krishna Varma Bhikaiji Cama India House Anushilan Samiti Jugantar Alipore Bomb Case Delhi Conspiracy More
Ghadar	Hardayal Sohan Singh Pandurang Khankhoje Hindustan Ghadar Ghadar di gunj Ghadar Party Tarak Nath Guran Ditt Baba Gurdit Singh Komagata Maru Bhagwan Singh Bhai Parmanand Ram Chandra Kartar Singh Ganesh Pingle Kanshi Ram Agnes Smedley More
Berlin Committee	Chatto Champak A. R. Pillai M. P. T. Acharya Barkatullah Bhupendranath Datta Abhinash Bhattacharya Mahendra Pratap Herambalal Gupta More
Indian figures	Bagha Jatin Rash Behari Sachin Sanyal Bhavabhushan Mitra M. N. Roy Pritam Singh Amarendranath Chatterjee Atulkrishna Ghosh Deobandi Mahmud al-Hasan Ubaidullah Sindhi Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Sufi Amba Prasad More
German figures	Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg Zimmermann Intelligence Bureau for the East Max von Oppenheim Papen von Bernstorff George Rodiek Hentig Niedermayer More
Conspiracy	Annie Larsen SS Maverick February plot Singapore mutiny Lahore Conspiracy Case trial Christmas Day Plot Silk Letter Conspiracy Kabul Mission Provisional Government of India Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial More
Counter-intelligence	W. C. Hopkinson John Wallinger Indian Political Intelligence Basil Thomson MI5(g) Vernon Kell Robert Nathan Kirpal Singh Oren Vincent Kraft William Wiseman Charles Tegart Guy Gaunt W. Somerset Maugham East Persia Cordon
Related topics	Lawrence of Arabia Defence of India Act 1915 Ingress into India Ordinance Sidney Rowlatt Rowlatt Committee Jallianwala Bagh massacre Pan-Asianism Tōyama Mitsuru