HAL Rudra: Difference between revisions

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}}{{Infobox aircraft type
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
| type = [[Armed helicopter]]
| type = [[Armed helicopter]]
| national origin = India
| national origin = [[India]]
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| designer = <!--Only appropriate for single designers, not project leaders-->
| designer = <!--Only appropriate for single designers, not project leaders-->
| design group = Rotary Wing Research and Design Center<ref>{{cite news |title=Rotary Wing |url=https://hal-india.co.in/Rotary%20Wing/M__326 |access-date=9 October 2021 |agency=Hindustan Aeronautics Limited}}</ref>
| design group = Rotary Wing Research and Design Centre<ref>{{cite news |title = Rotary Wing |url = https://hal-india.co.in/Rotary%20Wing/M__326 |access-date = 9 October 2021 |agency = Hindustan Aeronautics Limited}}</ref>
| first flight = 16 August 2007
| first flight = 16 August 2007
| introduced = 2012
| introduced = 2012
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| more users = [[Indian Air Force]]
| more users = [[Indian Air Force]]
| produced = 2007-present
| produced = 2007-present
| number built = 91 (25 on order)
| number built = 91 (75 on order)
| developed from = [[HAL Dhruv]]
| developed from = [[HAL Dhruv]]
| variants with their own articles =  
| variants with their own articles =  
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|}
|}


The '''HAL Rudra''', also known as '''ALH-WSI''', is an armed version of [[HAL Dhruv]] which is designed and manufactured by [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL). Rudra is equipped with [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) and Thermal Imaging Sights Interface, a 20&nbsp;mm turret gun, 70&nbsp;mm rocket pods, [[anti-tank guided missile]]s and [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref name=PiB>{{cite news|title=YEAR-END REVIEW – 2010  DRDO|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=68740|access-date=31 July 2012|newspaper=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
The '''HAL Rudra''', also known as '''ALH-WSI''', is an armed version of the [[HAL Dhruv]] utility helicopter which is designed and produced by the Indian aerospace manufacturer [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL).  
 
The Rudra was developed in parallel to the [[HAL Light Combat Helicopter]] (LCH), a more extensive attack helicopter developed from the Dhruv. Extensive changes from the Dhruv were avoided to produce the Rudra with the express purpose of providing an indigenous armed helicopter faster than the LCH programme could do so. The Mark III variant features the sensors and mission equipment, but lacked weaponry; the Rudra Mark IV is provisioned with various armaments. The Rudra is equipped with [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR), day-and-night optical cameras, and a Thermal Imaging Sights Interface; armed models feature a 20&nbsp;mm turret gun, 70&nbsp;mm rocket pods, [[anti-tank guided missile]]s and [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref name=PiB>{{cite news |title = Year-End Review – 2010  DRDO |url = http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=68740 |access-date = 31 July 2012 |newspaper = Press Information Bureau}}</ref> Work on the programme started in December 1998, and the prototype Rudra conducted its [[maiden flight]] on 16 August 2007.
 
Between 2011 and 2013, extensive flight testing of the Rudra took place, during which it was proved to have largely fulfilled or surpassed set requirements. Its primary customer is the [[Indian Army]], who took delivery of the first pair of Rudra helicopters in February 2013, the same month in which the type attained Initial Operational Clearance (IOC).<ref name = "firstdel 2013"/> In addition to the Indian Army, both the [[Indian Air Force]] and [[Indian Navy]] have taken interest in the type.


==Design and development==
==Design and development==
While flight testing the [[HAL Light Combat Helicopter|Light Combat Helicopter]], a modified version of [[HAL Dhruv]], the [[Indian Army]] came to the conclusion that without making any major modifications to the Dhruv airframe, an armed variant could also be developed and delivered to the Army quickly. This variant was named ''Rudra''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Certified and ready, Indian Army to receive 1st weaponised Dhruv|url=http://www.spslandforces.com/exclusive/?id=55&h=Certified-and-ready-Indian-Army-to-receive-1st-weaponised-Dhruv|publisher=SP's Land Forces|access-date=19 May 2014}}</ref>
Amid the development of the more comprehensive [[HAL Light Combat Helicopter|Light Combat Helicopter]], an attack-orientated derivative of the [[HAL Dhruv]] utility helicopter, [[Indian Army]] officials concluded that there was value in procuring an armed model of the Dhruv.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-24/bangalore/28317274_1_lch-light-combat-helicopter-pilot |title= Indigenous combat copter takes to skies |date= 24 May 2010 |access-date= 22 August 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160411224457/http://hal-india.com/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=63 |archive-date= 11 April 2016 |work= [[The Times of India]] |url-status= live }}</ref> By intentionally avoiding any non-essential major modification to the original airframe, this armed Dhruv could be developed and delivered relatively quickly. The concept was initially referred to as the ''Dhruv-WSI'' (Weapons System Integrated).<ref>{{cite news |url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/army-to-soon-get-indigenous-weaponised-chopper-advanced-light-helicopter-rudra/articleshow/9857201.cms |title= Army to soon get indigenous weaponised chopper Advanced Light Helicopter 'Rudra' |work= The Times of India |date= 5 September 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171009040717/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/army-to-soon-get-indigenous-weaponised-chopper-advanced-light-helicopter-rudra/articleshow/9857201.cms |archive-date= 9 October 2022}}</ref> Thereafter, the name ''Rudra'' was adopted.<ref name = "firstdel 2013">{{cite web |title = Certified and ready, Indian Army to receive 1st weaponised Dhruv |url = http://www.spslandforces.com/exclusive/?id=55&h=Certified-and-ready-Indian-Army-to-receive-1st-weaponised-Dhruv |publisher = SP's Land Forces |date = 28 January 2013 |access-date = 19 May 2022}}</ref> Development of the Rudra was officially sanctioned during December 1998.<ref name = "standing 45">Standing Committee of Defence 2007, p. 45.</ref>
 
[[File:Rudra attack helicopter.jpg|thumb|Head-on view of a Rudra]]
The Rudra features integrated sensors, weapons and an [[electronic warfare]] suite; it is also furnished with an upgraded version of the [[glass cockpit]] used in the HAL Dhruv Mk III. These sensors include stabilised day and night cameras, infrared imaging, as well as laser ranging and designation.<ref name=tsm8f>{{cite news |title = India developing Agni VI |url = http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=442704&catid=36 |access-date = 18 February 2013 |newspaper = The Statesman |date = 8 February 2022}}</ref> It has an Integrated Defensive Aids Suite (IDAS) from [[Saab AB]], with an electronic warfare self-protection system that is fully integrated into the glass cockpit. Onboard self-defence systems include radar and missile detectors, IR jammer, chaff and flare dispensers. The helicopter can be used in both unarmed and armed roles that include [[aerial reconnaissance]], [[troop transport]], [[anti-tank warfare]] and [[close air support]].<ref name="HAL website">{{cite news |title = Armed Dhruv |url = http://www.hal-india.com/helicopter/armed%20role.pdf |access-date = 31 July 2012 |publisher = Hindustan Aeronautics Limited}}</ref>
 
During July 2005, the project was rescoped to include integration of additional systems along with the integration of a higher powered model of the [[HAL/Turbomeca Shakti]] [[turboshaft]] engine. Post-revision, the cost of the Rudra programme was reported to be Rs 710.29 Cr in April 2007; at this point, the scheduled completion date was stated to be July 2008.<ref name = "standing 45"/> On 16 August 2007, the prototype Rudra conducted its [[maiden flight]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081762311700.htm |title = Weaponised version of Dhruv makes maiden flight |date = 17 August 2007 |location = Chennai, India |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121110125818/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081762311700.htm |work = [[The Hindu]] |archive-date = 10 November 2022}}</ref>
 
In September 2011, the Rudra underwent integration trials of its armaments and electro-optical systems, which included a final round of weapon firing trials, such as of its 20&nbsp;mm turret gun. Both 70&nbsp;mm rockets and [[MBDA Mistral]] air-to-air missiles were also test fired during November 2011.<ref name=DN>{{cite news |title = Indian Army to Induct Weaponized Advanced Light Helicopter "Rudra" Soon |url = http://www.defencenow.com/news/291/indian-army-to-induct-weaponized-advanced-light-helicopter-rudra-soon.html |access-date = 31 July 2012 |newspaper = Defence News |archive-date = 11 May 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120511031702/http://defencenow.com/news/291/indian-army-to-induct-weaponized-advanced-light-helicopter-rudra-soon.html |url-status = dead}}</ref> The helicopter reportedly exceeded both the payload and performance requirements while flying at an altitude of 6&nbsp;km.<ref name=tsm8f/>  


The Rudra underwent integration trial for armament and electro-optical systems and a final round of weapon firing trials in September 2011, which included testing of the 20-mm turret gun. The 70&nbsp;mm rockets and [[MBDA Mistral]] air-to-air missiles were tested in November 2011.<ref name=DN>{{cite news|title=Indian Army to Induct Weaponized Advanced Light Helicopter "Rudra" Soon|url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/291/indian-army-to-induct-weaponized-advanced-light-helicopter-rudra-soon.html|access-date=31 July 2012|newspaper=Defence News}}</ref> The helicopter exceeded the payload and performance requirements at the height of 6&nbsp;km. It has integrated sensors, weapons and [[electronic warfare]] suite, and uses an upgraded version of the glass cockpit used in the HAL Dhruv Mk.3. The sensors include stabilised day and night cameras, infrared imaging as well as laser ranging and designation.<ref name=tsm8f>{{cite news|title=India developing Agni VI|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=442704&catid=36|access-date=18 February 2013|newspaper=The Statesman|date=8 February 2013}}</ref> It has an Integrated Defensive Aids Suite (IDAS) from [[Saab AB]], with electronic warfare self-protection which is fully integrated into the glass cockpit. On-board self-defence systems include radar & missile detectors, IR jammer, chaff and flare dispensers. The helicopter can be used in both unarmed and armed roles that include [[reconnaissance]], [[troop transport]], [[anti-tank warfare]] and close air support.<ref name="HAL website">{{cite news|title=Armed dhruv|url=http://www.hal-india.com/helicopter/armed%20role.pdf|access-date=31 July 2012|newspaper=HAL}}</ref>
[[File:HAL Rudra Mark 4 WSI.jpg|thumb|Formation flight of three Indian Air Force Rudras]]
[[File:HAL Rudra Mark 4 WSI.jpg|thumb|ALH Rudra of Indian Air Force]]
During September 2012, ground tests were completed using the first production Rudra. It was armed with a [[Gun turret|turret gun]], [[rockets]], [[air-to-air missiles]] and could carry [[air-to-ground missiles]] like the anti-tank helicopter-launched [[Nag (missile)#Advanced variants|Nag]]. Accordingly, HAL was awarded with a combined order for 76 ''Rudra''s, these were destined for the Indian Army, who were the type's primary customer, as well as the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF).
In September 2012, ground tests for the first production Rudra were completed. It featured a [[Gun turret|turret gun]], [[rockets]], [[air-to-air missiles]] and could carry [[air-to-ground missiles]] like the anti-tank helicopter-launched [[Nag (missile)#Advanced variants|Nag]]. HAL was awarded with a combined order of 76 ''Rudra''s for the Indian Army, the primary customer, and the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF).


The [[Indian Navy]] conducted flight trials in 2012-13, and found the helicopter suitable for coastal surveillance operations. It was impressed with the capability of the Rudra's sensors to track ships at 12 and 14&nbsp;km. The image quality of the sensors was described as good enough to even read the name of ships at those ranges, and the Navy was keen to order at least 20 helicopters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Navy keen on weaponised Dhruv|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/navy-keen-on-weaponised-dhruv/article4401783.ece|access-date=19 May 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 February 2013}}</ref>
Between 2012 and 2013, the Rudra underwent a series of flight trials on behalf of the [[Indian Navy]]; it was found that the helicopter was suitable for conducting coastal surveillance operations. The service was reportedly impressed with the capability of the Rudra's sensors to track ships at up to 14&nbsp;km away. The image quality of the sensors was described as good enough to even read the name of ships at those ranges, and the Navy was keen to order at least 20 helicopters for its own purposes.<ref>{{cite news |title = Navy keen on weaponised Dhruv |url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/navy-keen-on-weaponised-dhruv/article4401783.ece |access-date = 19 May 2014 |newspaper = The Hindu |date = 11 February 2022}}</ref> Prior to this round of testing, the Rudra had been evaluated for the [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) mission, weapons tests had included the firing of both torpedoes and [[depth charge]]s, which had reportedly been completed successfully.<ref name = "standing 46">Standing Committee of Defence 2007, p. 46.</ref>


==Operational history==
==Operational history==
Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) was expected by late 2012 and deliveries of production helicopters were to start by 2013.<ref name=EW>{{cite news|title=Electronic Warfare self-protection suites ordered for 'Dhruv'|url=http://vijainder.sawfnews.com/news/55672.aspx|access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref> On 4 February 2013 during [[Aero India]], the HAL Rudra Mk-IV achieved IOC,<ref>[http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/142334/india%E2%80%99s-armed-helicopter-wins-ioc.html HAL Receives IOC for ALH Rudra] - Defense-Aerospace.com, February 4, 2013</ref> and two helicopters were handed over to the army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/growing-indigenous-presence-at-air-show-113020700275_1.html|title=Growing indigenous presence at air show|author=Ajai Shukla|date=7 February 2013|access-date=6 February 2015}}</ref>
The Rudra was expected to attained Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) by late 2012, while deliveries of production helicopters were set to commence by 2013.<ref name=EW>{{cite news |title = Electronic Warfare self-protection suites ordered for 'Dhruv' |url = http://vijainder.sawfnews.com/news/55672.aspx |publisher = vijainder.sawfnews.com |access-date = 31 July 2022}}</ref> On 4 February 2013, at the [[Aero India]] trade show, it was announced that the HAL Rudra Mk IV had achieved IOC,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/142334/india%E2%80%99s-armed-helicopter-wins-ioc.html |title = HAL Receives IOC for ALH Rudra |publisher = Defense-Aerospace.com |date = 4 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/aero-india-hal-rudra-makes-air-show-debut/108706.article |title = AERO INDIA: HAL Rudra makes air show debut |publisher = Flight International |date = 7 February 2022}}</ref> and that a pair of helicopters had been handed over to the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/growing-indigenous-presence-at-air-show-113020700275_1.html |title = Growing indigenous presence at air show |first = Ajai |last = Shukla |publisher = business-standard.com |date = 7 February 2013 |access-date = 6 February 2022}}</ref><ref name = "firstdel 2013"/> The Indian Army continued to take deliveries of the type; by 2017, 22 armed Rudras had reportedly been delivered to the service.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories2087_Indian_Army_inducts_Rudras_Air_wing.htm |title = Indian Army inducts 'Rudras' into its Air Wing |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170304065203/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories2087_Indian_Army_inducts_Rudras_Air_wing.htm |archive-date = 4 March 2022}}</ref><ref name = "enhanced 2017">{{Cite web |url = https://www.deccanherald.com/content/624373/india-enhance-military-flying-northeast.html |title = India to enhance military flying in Northeast |date = 24 July 2017 |website = Deccan Herald |language = en |access-date = 25 December 2022}}</ref>
 
The Indian Air Force has also received eight armed Rudras by 2017.<ref name = "enhanced 2017"/> By 2021, while the more comprehensive LCH was now available, there was still reportedly demand to continue ordering additional Rudras on account of its comparatively cheaper unit cost.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://delhidefencereview.com/2021/10/27/rudra-or-lch-or-both/ |title = Rudra or LCH or Both? |publisher = delhidefencereview.com |first = Hitesh |last = Adhikari |date = 27 October 2021}}</ref> In April 2022, a planned $1.1 billion procurement of 48 Russian [[Mil Mi-17]]V-5 helicopters intended for the Indian Air Force (IAF), federal interior ministry, and various paramilitaries was scrapped amid an initiative to buy the locally-produced Rudra instead.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/india-scraps-russian-helicopter-buy-and-looks-at-m/ |title = India scraps Russian helicopter buy and looks at more Rudras |publisher = shephardmedia.com |first = Rahul |last = Bedi |date = 28 April 2022}}</ref>


==Variants==
==Variants==
[[File:HAL Rudra at Aero India 2013.JPG|thumb|[[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Army Aviation Corps]] ALH Rudra Mark 4|alt=]]
[[File:Helina_ATGM-Rudra_Helicopter.webm|thumb|[[Nag (missile)#HELINA / Dhruvastra|Helina]] fired from a HAL Rudra]]
Rudra, or ALH-WSI (Weapon Systems Integrated) has two main versions.  
Rudra, or ALH-WSI (Weapon Systems Integrated) has two main versions.  


*'''Mark III''': This version has Electronic Warfare, countermeasures, sensors and targeting systems installed, but does not feature weapons.<ref name ='hirsch 51'>Hirschberg 2011, p. 51.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1200_ALH_touches_20000_feet.htm |title=ALH touches 20,000 feet and Cheetal 23,000 |publisher=Indiastrategic.in |access-date=2012-12-13}}</ref>
* '''Mark III''': This version has Electronic Warfare, countermeasures, sensors and targeting systems installed, but does not feature weapons.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1200_ALH_touches_20000_feet.htm |title = ALH touches 20,000 feet and Cheetal 23,000 |publisher = Indiastrategic.in |access-date = 13 December 2022}}</ref> Utility roles of Defence Services suited for high altitude operations.
*'''Mark IV''': This version is to have a French Nexter 20&nbsp;mm turret gun, Belgian 70&nbsp;mm rockets, and MBDA air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles, such as the anti-tank [[Nag missile|Helina]] missile.<ref name ='hirsch 51'/> All these systems have been tested individually.
* '''Mark IV''': This version has a French Nexter 20&nbsp;mm turret gun, Belgian 70&nbsp;mm rockets, and MBDA air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles, such as the [[Nag missile|Helina]] anti-tank missile.<ref>{{Cite web |title = HAL Dhruv product page |url = https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=24 |publisher = Hindustan Aeronautics Limited |url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = HAL Rudra product page |url = https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=93 |publisher = Hindustan Aeronautics Limited}}</ref> Armed variant for Attack, Close Air Support and High altitude operations.


==Operators==
==Operators==
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;{{IND}}
;{{IND}}
*[[Indian Air Force]] – 16 aircraft in service. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories2087_Indian_Army_inducts_Rudras_Air_wing.htm|title=Indian Army inducts 'Rudras' into its Air Wing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304065203/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories2087_Indian_Army_inducts_Rudras_Air_wing.htm|archive-date=2017-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/624373/india-enhance-military-flying-northeast.html|title=India to enhance military flying in Northeast|date=2017-07-24|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-12-25}}</ref>
* [[Indian Air Force]] – 16 helicopters are in service. 50 more on order.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://defenceaviationpost.com/about-50-rudra-attack-helicopters-to-be-acquired-by-the-indian-air-force/ |title = About 50 Rudra Attack Helicopters To Be Acquired By The Indian Air Force |language = en |access-date = 16 April 2022}}</ref>
*[[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Indian Army]] – 75 aircraft in service as of June 2020 with 25 more on order.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://idrw.org/despite-shortages-army-aviation-raises-tempo-in-operations-along-lac/ </ref>
* [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Indian Army]] – 75 helicopters are in service as of June 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/despite-shortages-army-aviation-raises-tempo-in-operations-along-lac/article34988379.ece |title = Despite shortages, Army Aviation raises tempo in operations along LAC |publisher = thehindu.com |first = Dinakar |last = Peri |date = 26 June 2021}}</ref> 25 more on order.{{CN|date=June 2022}}


== Specifications (Dhruv) ==
== Specifications ==
[[File:Turbomeca Ardiden P1220827.jpg|thumb|[[HAL/Turbomeca Shakti]] engine|alt=]]
[[File:Turbomeca Ardiden P1220827.jpg|thumb|[[HAL/Turbomeca Shakti]] engine|alt=]]
{{Aircraft specs
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Jane's All the World's Aircraft<ref name="jawa-1617">{{cite book|editor1-last=Jackson|editor1-first=Paul|editor2-last=Peacock|editor2-first=Lindsay|editor3-last=Bushell|editor3-first=Susan|editor4-last=Willis|editor4-first=David|editor5-last=Winchester|editor5-first=Jim|title=IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production|date=2016–2017|location=Couldson|isbn=978-0710631770|page=308|chapter=India}}</ref> ''and'' HAL<ref>{{cite web |title=DHRUV |url=http://www.hal-india.com/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=24 |website=Hindustan Aeronautics Limited |access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref>
|ref = ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft'',<ref name="jawa-1617">{{cite book |editor1-last = Jackson |editor1-first = Paul |editor2-last = Peacock |editor2-first = Lindsay |editor3-last = Bushell |editor3-first = Susan |editor4-last = Willis |editor4-first = David |editor5-last = Winchester |editor5-first = Jim |title = IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production |date = 2016–2017 |location = Couldson |isbn = 978-0710631770 |page = 308 |chapter = India}}</ref> ''HAL''<ref>{{cite web |title = DHRUV |url = http://www.hal-india.com/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=24 |website = Hindustan Aeronautics Limited |access-date = 22 February 2022}}</ref>
|prime units?=met
|prime units? = met
<!--
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|genhide=
|genhide=


|crew=Two pilots
|crew = Two pilots
|capacity=12 passengers (14 passengers in high density seating)
|capacity = 12 passengers (14 passengers in high density seating)
|length m=15.87
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|length ft=
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|length note=
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|width m = 3.15
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|max takeoff weight kg = 5,800
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|max takeoff weight note=for Mk IV
|max takeoff weight note = for Mk IV
|fuel capacity={{cvt|1055|kg|lb}}
|fuel capacity = {{cvt|1055|kg|lb}}
|more general=
|more general =
<!--
<!--
         Powerplant
         Powerplant
-->
-->
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 number = 2
|eng1 name=[[HAL/Turbomeca Shakti]]-1H
|eng1 name = [[HAL/Turbomeca Shakti]]-1H
|eng1 type=[[turboshaft]]
|eng1 type = [[turboshaft]]
|eng1 kw=
|eng1 kw =
|eng1 hp=
|eng1 hp =
|eng1 shp=1432
|eng1 shp = 1,432
|eng1 note=
|eng1 note =
|power original=
|power original =
|thrust original=
|thrust original =
|more power=
|more power =


|rot number=1
|rot number = 1
|rot dia m=13.2
|rot dia m = 13.2
|rot dia ft=<!-- helicopters -->
|rot dia ft = <!-- helicopters -->
|rot dia in=<!-- helicopters -->
|rot dia in = <!-- helicopters -->
|rot area sqm=136.85
|rot area sqm = 136.85
|rot area sqft=<!-- helicopters -->
|rot area sqft = <!-- helicopters -->
|rot area note=
|rot area note =
<!--
<!--
         Performance
         Performance
-->
-->
|perfhide=
|perfhide =


|max speed kmh= 280
|max speed kmh = 280
|max speed mph= 175
|max speed mph = 175
|max speed kts= 151
|max speed kts = 151
|max speed note=
|max speed note =
|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|max speed mach = <!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|cruise speed kmh= 245
|cruise speed kmh = 245
|cruise speed mph= 153
|cruise speed mph = 153
|cruise speed kts= 132
|cruise speed kts = 132
|cruise speed note=
|cruise speed note =
|never exceed speed kmh=292
|never exceed speed kmh = 292
|never exceed speed mph= 182
|never exceed speed mph = 182
|never exceed speed kts= 157
|never exceed speed kts = 157
|never exceed speed note=for Mk IV
|never exceed speed note = for Mk IV
|range km=590
|range km = 590
|range miles= 368
|range miles = 368
|range nmi= 318
|range nmi = 318
|range note=for Mk IV
|range note = for Mk IV
|combat range km=
|combat range km =
|combat range miles=
|combat range miles =
|combat range nmi=
|combat range nmi =
|combat range note=
|combat range note =
|ferry range km= 630
|ferry range km = 630
|ferry range miles= 394
|ferry range miles = 394
|ferry range nmi= 340
|ferry range nmi = 340
|ferry range note=
|ferry range note =
|endurance=3.8 hours
|endurance = 3.8 hours
|ceiling m= 6100
|ceiling m = 6,100
|ceiling ft=20000
|ceiling ft = 20,000
|ceiling note=<ref>{{cite web|last1=Luthra|first1=Gulshan|last2=Rai|first2=Ranjit|url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1200_ALH_touches_20000_feet.htm|title=IAF: ALH touches 20,000 feet and Cheetal 23,000|website=India Strategic|date=September 2011}}</ref>
|ceiling note=<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Luthra |first1 = Gulshan |last2 = Rai |first2 = Ranjit |url = http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1200_ALH_touches_20000_feet.htm |title = IAF: ALH touches 20,000 feet and Cheetal 23,000 |website = India Strategic |date = September 2022}}</ref>
|climb rate ms=10.33
|climb rate ms = 10.33
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate ftmin =
|climb rate note=
|climb rate note =
|time to altitude=
|time to altitude =
|lift to drag=
|lift to drag =
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading kg/m2 =
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading lb/sqft =
|wing loading note=
|wing loading note =
|disk loading kg/m2=40.19
|disk loading kg/m2 = 40.19
|disk loading lb/sqft=
|disk loading lb/sqft =
|disk loading note=
|disk loading note =
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|fuel consumption kg/km =
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|fuel consumption lb/mi =
|power/mass=
|power/mass =
|thrust/weight=
|thrust/weight =


|more performance=
|more performance =
<!--
<!--
         Armament
         Armament
-->
-->
|armament=
|armament =
*1 × 20 mm [[M621 cannon]] on [[Nexter]] THL-20 turret
* 1 × 20 mm [[M621 cannon]] on [[Nexter]] THL-20 turret
*1 × 7.62&nbsp;mm cabin-mounted machine gun (Navy and Coast Guard version)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=KP Sanjeev |title=Indian Navy issues RFI for lease of 24 light helicopters |url=https://verticalmag.com/news/indian-navy-issues-rfi-for-lease-of-24-light-helicopters/ |access-date=26 October 2021 |publisher=Vertical |date=10 May 2021}}</ref>
* 4 × [[Mistral (missile)|Mistral]]<ref>{{cite news |title = Proud moment for us, says MBDA which supplied anti-ship missiles for INS Khanderi |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/proud-moment-for-us-says-mbda-which-supplied-anti-ship-missiles-for-ins-khanderi/articleshow/71352098.cms |access-date = 24 October 2021 |agency = PTI |publisher = The Times of India |date = 28 September 2022}}</ref>
*2 × 2 [[Mistral (missile)|Mistral]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Proud moment for us, says MBDA which supplied anti-ship missiles for INS Khanderi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/proud-moment-for-us-says-mbda-which-supplied-anti-ship-missiles-for-ins-khanderi/articleshow/71352098.cms |access-date=24 October 2021 |agency=PTI |publisher=The Times of India |date=28 September 2019}}</ref>
* 48 × [[FZ275 LGR]]<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Bedi |first1 = Rahul |title = Aero India 2019: Thales to supply rocket launchers for HAL combat helos |url = https://www.janes.com/article/86756/aero-india-2019-thales-to-supply-rocket-launchers-for-hal-combat-helos |work = Jane's Defence Weekly |issue = 21 February 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190222124917/https://www.janes.com/article/86756/aero-india-2019-thales-to-supply-rocket-launchers-for-hal-combat-helos |archive-date = 22 February 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref>
*4 × 12 [[FZ275 LGR]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bedi |first1=Rahul |title=Aero India 2019: Thales to supply rocket launchers for HAL combat helos |url=https://www.janes.com/article/86756/aero-india-2019-thales-to-supply-rocket-launchers-for-hal-combat-helos |work=Jane's Defence Weekly |issue=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222124917/https://www.janes.com/article/86756/aero-india-2019-thales-to-supply-rocket-launchers-for-hal-combat-helos |archive-date=22 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 8 × [[Nag (missile)#HELINA / Dhruvastra|Dhruvastra]] (User trials completed, induction soon.)
*4 × 2 [[Nag (missile)#HELINA / Dhruvastra|Dhruvastra]] (User trials completed, induction soon.)
 
*2 × torpedoes or depth charges
|avionics =
*4 × anti-ship missiles (planned for navy version)
* [[Elbit Systems|Elbit]] CoMPASS optoelectronic suite for reconnaissance and target acquisition
|avionics=
* RWS-300 radar warning system or LWS-310 laser warning system
*[[Elbit Systems|Elbit]] CoMPASS optoelectronic suite for reconnaissance and target acquisition
* MAW-300 missile approach warning system
*RWS-300 radar warning system or LWS-310 laser warning system
* [[Saab AB]] IDAS-3 self-protection suite
*MAW-300 missile approach warning system
* BOP-L ECM dispenser
*[[Saab AB]] IDAS-3 self-protection suite
*BOP-L ECM dispenser
}}
}}


Line 181: Line 191:
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
{{aircontent
|see also=
|see also =
|related=
|related =
* [[HAL Dhruv]]
* [[HAL Dhruv]]
* [[HAL Light Combat Helicopter]]
* [[HAL Light Combat Helicopter]]
|similar aircraft=
|similar aircraft =
* [[AgustaWestland AW169]]
* [[AgustaWestland AW169]]
* [[Bell 412]]
* [[Bell 412]]
* [[Eurocopter EC145]]
* [[Eurocopter EC145]]
* [[IAR 330 SOCAT]]
* [[KAI LAH]]
* [[KAI LAH]]
|sequence=
* [[PZL_W-3_Sokół#Military versions|W-3PL Głuszec]]
|lists=
|sequence =
|lists =
* [[List of rotorcraft]]
* [[List of rotorcraft]]
}}
}}


==References==
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* {{cite web |author = Standing Committee on Defence |url = http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Defence/17threport.pdf |title = In-Depth Study and Critical Review of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) |publisher = Ministry of Defence |date = April 2022}}


==External links==
==External links==

Revision as of 10:57, 1 November 2022


Rudra
ALH Rudra of Indian Army in flight
Role Armed helicopter
National origin India
Manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
Design group Rotary Wing Research and Design Centre[1]
First flight 16 August 2007
Introduction 2012
Status In service
Primary users Indian Army
Indian Air Force
Produced 2007-present
Number built 91 (75 on order)
Developed from HAL Dhruv

The HAL Rudra, also known as ALH-WSI, is an armed version of the HAL Dhruv utility helicopter which is designed and produced by the Indian aerospace manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).

The Rudra was developed in parallel to the HAL Light Combat Helicopter (LCH), a more extensive attack helicopter developed from the Dhruv. Extensive changes from the Dhruv were avoided to produce the Rudra with the express purpose of providing an indigenous armed helicopter faster than the LCH programme could do so. The Mark III variant features the sensors and mission equipment, but lacked weaponry; the Rudra Mark IV is provisioned with various armaments. The Rudra is equipped with forward looking infrared (FLIR), day-and-night optical cameras, and a Thermal Imaging Sights Interface; armed models feature a 20 mm turret gun, 70 mm rocket pods, anti-tank guided missiles and air-to-air missiles.[2] Work on the programme started in December 1998, and the prototype Rudra conducted its maiden flight on 16 August 2007.

Between 2011 and 2013, extensive flight testing of the Rudra took place, during which it was proved to have largely fulfilled or surpassed set requirements. Its primary customer is the Indian Army, who took delivery of the first pair of Rudra helicopters in February 2013, the same month in which the type attained Initial Operational Clearance (IOC).[3] In addition to the Indian Army, both the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy have taken interest in the type.

Design and development

Amid the development of the more comprehensive Light Combat Helicopter, an attack-orientated derivative of the HAL Dhruv utility helicopter, Indian Army officials concluded that there was value in procuring an armed model of the Dhruv.[4] By intentionally avoiding any non-essential major modification to the original airframe, this armed Dhruv could be developed and delivered relatively quickly. The concept was initially referred to as the Dhruv-WSI (Weapons System Integrated).[5] Thereafter, the name Rudra was adopted.[3] Development of the Rudra was officially sanctioned during December 1998.[6]

Head-on view of a Rudra

The Rudra features integrated sensors, weapons and an electronic warfare suite; it is also furnished with an upgraded version of the glass cockpit used in the HAL Dhruv Mk III. These sensors include stabilised day and night cameras, infrared imaging, as well as laser ranging and designation.[7] It has an Integrated Defensive Aids Suite (IDAS) from Saab AB, with an electronic warfare self-protection system that is fully integrated into the glass cockpit. Onboard self-defence systems include radar and missile detectors, IR jammer, chaff and flare dispensers. The helicopter can be used in both unarmed and armed roles that include aerial reconnaissance, troop transport, anti-tank warfare and close air support.[8]

During July 2005, the project was rescoped to include integration of additional systems along with the integration of a higher powered model of the HAL/Turbomeca Shakti turboshaft engine. Post-revision, the cost of the Rudra programme was reported to be Rs 710.29 Cr in April 2007; at this point, the scheduled completion date was stated to be July 2008.[6] On 16 August 2007, the prototype Rudra conducted its maiden flight.[9]

In September 2011, the Rudra underwent integration trials of its armaments and electro-optical systems, which included a final round of weapon firing trials, such as of its 20 mm turret gun. Both 70 mm rockets and MBDA Mistral air-to-air missiles were also test fired during November 2011.[10] The helicopter reportedly exceeded both the payload and performance requirements while flying at an altitude of 6 km.[7]

Formation flight of three Indian Air Force Rudras

During September 2012, ground tests were completed using the first production Rudra. It was armed with a turret gun, rockets, air-to-air missiles and could carry air-to-ground missiles like the anti-tank helicopter-launched Nag. Accordingly, HAL was awarded with a combined order for 76 Rudras, these were destined for the Indian Army, who were the type's primary customer, as well as the Indian Air Force (IAF).

Between 2012 and 2013, the Rudra underwent a series of flight trials on behalf of the Indian Navy; it was found that the helicopter was suitable for conducting coastal surveillance operations. The service was reportedly impressed with the capability of the Rudra's sensors to track ships at up to 14 km away. The image quality of the sensors was described as good enough to even read the name of ships at those ranges, and the Navy was keen to order at least 20 helicopters for its own purposes.[11] Prior to this round of testing, the Rudra had been evaluated for the anti-submarine warfare (ASW) mission, weapons tests had included the firing of both torpedoes and depth charges, which had reportedly been completed successfully.[12]

Operational history

The Rudra was expected to attained Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) by late 2012, while deliveries of production helicopters were set to commence by 2013.[13] On 4 February 2013, at the Aero India trade show, it was announced that the HAL Rudra Mk IV had achieved IOC,[14][15] and that a pair of helicopters had been handed over to the Indian Army.[16][3] The Indian Army continued to take deliveries of the type; by 2017, 22 armed Rudras had reportedly been delivered to the service.[17][18]

The Indian Air Force has also received eight armed Rudras by 2017.[18] By 2021, while the more comprehensive LCH was now available, there was still reportedly demand to continue ordering additional Rudras on account of its comparatively cheaper unit cost.[19] In April 2022, a planned $1.1 billion procurement of 48 Russian Mil Mi-17V-5 helicopters intended for the Indian Air Force (IAF), federal interior ministry, and various paramilitaries was scrapped amid an initiative to buy the locally-produced Rudra instead.[20]

Variants

Helina fired from a HAL Rudra

Rudra, or ALH-WSI (Weapon Systems Integrated) has two main versions.

  • Mark III: This version has Electronic Warfare, countermeasures, sensors and targeting systems installed, but does not feature weapons.[21] Utility roles of Defence Services suited for high altitude operations.
  • Mark IV: This version has a French Nexter 20 mm turret gun, Belgian 70 mm rockets, and MBDA air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles, such as the Helina anti-tank missile.[22][23] Armed variant for Attack, Close Air Support and High altitude operations.

Operators

 India

Specifications

HAL/Turbomeca Shakti engine

Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft,[26] HAL[27]

General characteristics

  • Crew: Two pilots
  • Capacity: 12 passengers (14 passengers in high density seating)
  • Length: 15.87 m (52 ft 1 in)
  • Width: 3.15 m (10 ft 4 in)
  • Height: 4.98 m (16 ft 4 in)
  • Gross weight: 4,445 kg (9,800 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 5,800 kg (12,787 lb) for Mk IV
  • Fuel capacity: 1,055 kg (2,326 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × HAL/Turbomeca Shakti-1H turboshaft, 1,068 kW (1,432 shp) each
  • Main rotor diameter: 13.2 m (43 ft 4 in)
  • Main rotor area: 136.85 m2 (1,473.0 sq ft)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 280 km/h (175 mph, 151 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 245 km/h (153 mph, 132 kn)
  • Never exceed speed: 292 km/h (182 mph, 157 kn) for Mk IV
  • Range: 590 km (368 mi, 318 nmi) for Mk IV
  • Ferry range: 630 km (394 mi, 340 nmi)
  • Endurance: 3.8 hours
  • Service ceiling: 6,100 m (20,000 ft) [28]
  • Rate of climb: 10.33 m/s (2,033 ft/min)
  • Disk loading: 40.19 kg/m2 (8.23 lb/sq ft)

Armament

Avionics

  • Elbit CoMPASS optoelectronic suite for reconnaissance and target acquisition
  • RWS-300 radar warning system or LWS-310 laser warning system
  • MAW-300 missile approach warning system
  • Saab AB IDAS-3 self-protection suite
  • BOP-L ECM dispenser

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Rotary Wing". Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  2. ↑ "Year-End Review – 2010 DRDO". Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Certified and ready, Indian Army to receive 1st weaponised Dhruv". SP's Land Forces. 28 January 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  4. ↑ "Indigenous combat copter takes to skies". The Times of India. 24 May 2010. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  5. ↑ "Army to soon get indigenous weaponised chopper Advanced Light Helicopter 'Rudra'". The Times of India. 5 September 2011. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 9 October 2017 suggested (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Standing Committee of Defence 2007, p. 45.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "India developing Agni VI". The Statesman. 8 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  8. ↑ "Armed Dhruv" (PDF). Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  9. ↑ "Weaponised version of Dhruv makes maiden flight". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 17 August 2007. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 10 November 2012 suggested (help)
  10. ↑ "Indian Army to Induct Weaponized Advanced Light Helicopter "Rudra" Soon". Defence News. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  11. ↑ "Navy keen on weaponised Dhruv". The Hindu. 11 February 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  12. ↑ Standing Committee of Defence 2007, p. 46.
  13. ↑ "Electronic Warfare self-protection suites ordered for 'Dhruv'". vijainder.sawfnews.com. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  14. ↑ "HAL Receives IOC for ALH Rudra". Defense-Aerospace.com. 4 February 2022.
  15. ↑ "AERO INDIA: HAL Rudra makes air show debut". Flight International. 7 February 2022.
  16. ↑ Shukla, Ajai (7 February 2013). "Growing indigenous presence at air show". business-standard.com. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  17. ↑ "Indian Army inducts 'Rudras' into its Air Wing". Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 4 March 2017 suggested (help)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "India to enhance military flying in Northeast". Deccan Herald. 24 July 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  19. ↑ Adhikari, Hitesh (27 October 2021). "Rudra or LCH or Both?". delhidefencereview.com.
  20. ↑ Bedi, Rahul (28 April 2022). "India scraps Russian helicopter buy and looks at more Rudras". shephardmedia.com.
  21. ↑ "ALH touches 20,000 feet and Cheetal 23,000". Indiastrategic.in. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  22. ↑ "HAL Dhruv product page". Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ↑ "HAL Rudra product page". Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.
  24. ↑ "About 50 Rudra Attack Helicopters To Be Acquired By The Indian Air Force". Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  25. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (26 June 2021). "Despite shortages, Army Aviation raises tempo in operations along LAC". thehindu.com.
  26. ↑ Jackson, Paul; Peacock, Lindsay; Bushell, Susan; Willis, David; Winchester, Jim, eds. (2016–2017). "India". IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production. Couldson. p. 308. ISBN 978-0710631770.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  27. ↑ "DHRUV". Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  28. ↑ Luthra, Gulshan; Rai, Ranjit (September 2022). "IAF: ALH touches 20,000 feet and Cheetal 23,000". India Strategic.
  29. ↑ "Proud moment for us, says MBDA which supplied anti-ship missiles for INS Khanderi". The Times of India. PTI. 28 September 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  30. ↑ Bedi, Rahul. "Aero India 2019: Thales to supply rocket launchers for HAL combat helos". Jane's Defence Weekly. No. 21 February 2019. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019.

Bibliography

External links

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