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{{Short description|State of the United States}}
{{about|the State of Indiana}}
{{redirect|Hoosier State|the passenger train|Hoosier State (train)}}
{{use American English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Indiana
| name = Indiana
| official_name = State of Indiana
| official_name = State of Indiana
|ElectoralVotes = 11<ref>{{cite web|title=Electoral College Information|url=http://www.in.gov/sos/elections/2979.htm|website=in.gov|access-date=January 12, 2016}}</ref>
|ElectoralVotes = 11<ref>{{cite web|title=Electoral College Information|url=http://www.in.gov/sos/elections/2979.htm|website=in.gov|accessdate=January 12, 2016}}</ref>
| image_flag = Flag of Indiana.svg
| image_flag = Flag of Indiana.svg
| flag_link = Flag of Indiana
| flag_link = Flag of Indiana
Line 21: Line 15:
|LargestCity = capital
|LargestCity = capital
|LargestMetro = [[Indianapolis metropolitan area|Greater Indianapolis]]
|LargestMetro = [[Indianapolis metropolitan area|Greater Indianapolis]]
|Governor = [[Eric Holcomb]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
|Governor = {{nowrap|[[Eric Holcomb]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])}}
|Lieutenant Governor = [[Suzanne Crouch]] (R)
|Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Suzanne Crouch]] (R)}}
|Legislature = [[Indiana General Assembly|General Assembly]]
|Legislature = [[Indiana General Assembly|General Assembly]]
|Upperhouse = [[Indiana Senate]]
|Upperhouse = [[Indiana Senate]]
|Lowerhouse = [[Indiana House of Representatives]]
|Lowerhouse = [[Indiana House of Representatives]]
|Judiciary = [[Indiana Supreme Court]]
|Senators = {{nowrap|[[Todd Young]] (R)}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Mike Braun]] (R)}}
|Senators = {{ubl|{{nowrap|[[Todd Young]] (R)}}|{{nowrap|[[Mike Braun]] (R)}}}}
|Representative = 7 Republicans<br />2 Democrats
|Representative = {{ubl|7 Republicans|2 Democrats}}
| postal_code = IN
| postal_code = IN
|TradAbbreviation = Ind.
|TradAbbreviation = Ind.
Line 40: Line 33:
| area_water_km2 = 1,424
| area_water_km2 = 1,424
| area_water_percent = 1.5
| area_water_percent = 1.5
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_as_of = 2019
| population_rank = 17th
| population_rank = 17th
| 2010Pop = 6,785,528<ref name="2020 U.S. Census">{{cite web |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table02.pdf |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |author=Resident Population Data |title=Resident Population Data – 2020 Census}}</ref>
| 2010Pop = 6,732,219
| population_density_rank = 16th
|2000DensityUS = 183
|2000DensityUS = 183
|2000Density = 70.7
|2000Density = 70.7
|MedianHouseholdIncome = $54,181 (2017)<ref name=kff>{{cite web |url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0 |website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation |title=Median Annual Household Income |access-date=April 8, 2019}}</ref>
|MedianHouseholdIncome = $54,181 (2017)<ref name=kff>{{cite web |url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0 |website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation |title=Median Annual Household Income |accessdate=April 8, 2019}}</ref>
|IncomeRank = 35th
|IncomeRank = 35th
|Total GDP Rank = 16th
|Total GDP Rank = 16th
Line 69: Line 63:
| length_mi = 270
| length_mi = 270
| length_km = 435
| length_km = 435
| elevation_max_point = [[Hoosier Hill]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/Elevations-Distances/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011}}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref>
| elevation_max_point = [[Hoosier Hill]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/Elevations-Distances/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |accessdate=October 21, 2011}}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref>
| elevation_max_ft = 1,257
| elevation_max_ft = 1,257
| elevation_max_m = 383
| elevation_max_m = 383
Line 88: Line 82:
|Butterfly =  
|Butterfly =  
|Crustacean =  
|Crustacean =  
|Fish =  
|Fish = [[Largemouth bass]]
|Flower = [[Peony]]
|Flower = [[Peony]]
|Grass =  
|Grass =  
|Insect = Say's [[Firefly]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wthr.com/article/lightning-bug-becomes-indianas-official-state-insect |title=Lightning bug becomes Indiana's official state insect |date=February 27, 2018 |website=13 WTHR Indianapolis}}</ref>
|Insect = Say's [[Firefly]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wthr.com/article/lightning-bug-becomes-indianas-official-state-insect |title=Lightning bug becomes Indiana's official state insect |date=February 27, 2018 |website=13 WTHR Indianapolis |access-date=January 25, 2019 |archive-date=February 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228022002/https://www.wthr.com/article/lightning-bug-becomes-indianas-official-state-insect |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|Mammal =  
|Mammal =  
|Reptile =  
|Reptile =  
Line 100: Line 94:
|Dinosaur =  
|Dinosaur =  
|Firearm = [[Grouseland|Grouseland Rifle]]
|Firearm = [[Grouseland|Grouseland Rifle]]
|Food = [[Sugar cream pie]]
|Food = [[Sugar pie|Sugar cream pie]]
|Fossil =  
|Fossil =  
|Gemstone =  
|Gemstone =  
Line 111: Line 105:
|Slogan = ''Honest to Goodness Indiana''
|Slogan = ''Honest to Goodness Indiana''
|Soil = [[Miami (soil)|Miami]]
|Soil = [[Miami (soil)|Miami]]
|Sport = [[Basketball]]
|Sport = Basketball
|Tartan =  
|Tartan =  
|Toy =  
|Toy =  
Line 119: Line 113:
|QuarterReleaseDate = 2002
|QuarterReleaseDate = 2002
}}
}}
'''Indiana''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Indiana.ogg|ˌ|ɪ|n|d|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}) is a [[U.S. state]] in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] [[United States]]. It is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|38th-largest by area]] and the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|17th-most populous]] of the [[List of states and territories of the United States|50 United States]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Indianapolis]]. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th state on December 11, 1816. It is bordered by [[Lake Michigan]] to the northwest, [[Michigan]] to the north, [[Ohio]] to the east, the [[Ohio River]] and [[Kentucky]] to the south and southeast, and the [[Wabash River]] and [[Illinois]] to the west.
'''Indiana''' is a [[U.S. state]] in the [[Midwestern United States|midwestern]] and [[Great Lakes]] regions of North America. Its [[Capital (city)|capital]] and largest city is [[Indianapolis, Indiana|Indianapolis]]. Other famous cities and towns include [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]], [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]], [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]], [[Muncie, Indiana|Muncie]], and [[Marion, Indiana|Marion]]. People who live in Indiana are sometimes called '''Hoosiers'''. Indiana's state bird is a '''Cardinal'''. Indiana's state flower is a '''Peony'''. Indiana's state tree is a '''Tulip Tree'''. Indiana has [[border]]s with four other states: [[Illinois]], [[Kentucky]], [[Michigan]], and [[Ohio]]. It also touches [[Lake Michigan]]; which is the only one of the [[Great Lakes]] that is completely inside the United States.
 
Various [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples]] inhabited Indiana for thousands of years, some of whom the U.S. government expelled between 1800 and 1836. Indiana received its name because the state was largely possessed by native tribes even after it was granted statehood. Since then, settlement patterns in Indiana have reflected regional cultural segmentation present in the [[Eastern United States]]; the state's northernmost tier was settled primarily by people from [[New England]] and [[New York (state)|New York]], Central Indiana by migrants from the [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|Mid-Atlantic]] states and adjacent Ohio, and [[Southern Indiana]] by settlers from the [[Upland South]], particularly Kentucky and [[Tennessee]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286017/Indiana/279873/Settlement-patterns-and-demographic-trends |title=Indiana – Settlement patterns and demographic trends |publisher=eb.com |author1=William Vincent D'Antonio |author2=Robert L. Beck |access-date=January 3, 2012}}</ref>
 
Indiana has [[Economy of Indiana|a diverse economy]] with a gross state product of $377.1{{nbs}}billion in 2019.<ref name="bea.gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/248023/us-gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state/ |title=Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the United States in 2019, by state (in billion current U.S. dollars) |publisher=[[Statista]] |year=2019 |access-date=January 24, 2021 }}</ref> It has several metropolitan areas with populations greater than 100,000 and a number of smaller cities and towns. Indiana is home to professional sports teams, including the [[National Football League|NFL]]'s [[Indianapolis Colts]] and the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]'s [[Indiana Pacers]], and hosts several notable competitive events, including the [[Indianapolis 500]].
 
==Etymology==
 
[[File:Welcome to Indiana, Crossroads of America.jpg|thumb]]
 
Indiana's name means "Land of the [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]]", or simply "Indian Land".<ref>An earlier use of the name dates to the 1760s, when it referenced a tract of land under control of the Commonwealth of Virginia, but the area's name was discarded when it became a part of that state. See {{cite journal |last=Hodgin |first=Cyrus |year=1903 |title=The Naming of Indiana |journal=Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–11 |format=PDF transcription |url=http://www.in.gov/history/2805.htm |access-date=January 23, 2014}}</ref> It also stems from Indiana's territorial history. On May 7, 1800, the [[United States Congress]] passed legislation to divide the [[Northwest Territory]] into two areas and named the western section the [[Indiana Territory]]. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a part of this territorial land became the geographic area for the new state.<ref>A portion of the Northwest Territory's eastern section became the state of [[Ohio]] in 1803. The [[Michigan Territory]] was established in 1805 from part of the Indiana Territory's northern lands and four years later, in 1809, the Illinois counties were separated from the Indiana Territory to create the [[Illinois Territory]]. See {{cite book |author1=John D. Barnhart |author2=Dorothy L. Riker |title=Indiana to 1816: The Colonial Period |publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society |series=The History of Indiana |volume=I |year=1971 |location=Indianapolis |pages=311–13, 337, 353, 355, 432 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=George R. |author-link=George R. Stewart |title=Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/namesonlandhisto0000stew |url-access=registration |orig-year=1945 |edition=Sentry edition (3rd) |year=1967 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/namesonlandhisto0000stew/page/191 191]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hodgin |first=Cyrus |year=1903 |url=http://www.in.gov/history/2805.htm |title=The Naming of Indiana |journal=Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–11 |format=PDF transcription |access-date=January 16, 2014}}</ref>
 
Formal use of the word ''Indiana'' dates from 1768, when a [[Philadelphia]]-based trading company gave its land claim in present-day [[West Virginia]] the name "Indiana" in honor of its previous owners, the Iroquois. Later, ownership of the claim was transferred to the [[Indiana Land Company]], the first recorded use of the word ''Indiana''. But the [[Virginia]] colony argued that it was the rightful owner of the land because it fell within its geographic boundaries. The [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] denied the land company's right to the claim in 1798.<ref name="IHBNI">Cyrus Hodgin, "The Naming of Indiana" in {{cite journal|url=http://www.in.gov/history/2805.htm |title=Papers of the Wayne County, Indiana, Historical Society
| volume =1 |issue=1 | year =1903 | pages =3–11
|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>
 
A resident of Indiana is officially known as a [[Hoosier]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Maureen |last=Groppe |title=Finally, the federal government agrees: We're Hoosiers |website=[[The Indianapolis Star]] |url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/12/finally-federal-government-agrees-were-hoosiers/96461534/ |access-date=January 12, 2016}}</ref> The etymology of this word is disputed, but the leading theory, advanced by the Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society, has its origin in Virginia, the Carolinas, and Tennessee (the [[Upland South]]) as a term for a backwoodsman, a rough countryman, or a country bumpkin.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Haller |first=Steve |date=Fall 2008 |title=The Meanings of Hoosier: 175 Years and Counting |journal=Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=5, 6 |issn=1040-788X |url=http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/reference/Hoosier.pdf |access-date=January 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Word Hoosier |author=Graf, Jeffery |publisher=[[Indiana University Bloomington]] |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~librcsd/internet/extra/hoosier.html |access-date=February 27, 2012}}</ref>
 
==History==
 
{{Main|History of Indiana}}
{{See also|Outline of Indiana#History}}
 
===Indigenous inhabitants===
 
[[File:Angel mound with turret HRoe 2008.jpg|thumb|[[Angel Mounds State Historic Site]] was one of the northernmost [[Mississippian culture]] settlements, occupied from 1100 to 1450.]]
 
The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the [[Paleo-Indians]], who arrived about 8000 BCE after the melting of the glaciers at the end of the [[Ice Age]]. Divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were [[nomad]]s who hunted large [[Game (food)|game]] such as [[mastodons]]. They created stone tools made out of [[chert]] by chipping, [[knapping]] and [[Lithic reduction|flaking]].<ref name="HIS">{{cite web| title =Prehistoric Indians of Indiana| publisher =State of Indiana| url =http://in.gov/dnr/historic/files/prehisindians.pdf| access-date =July 5, 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084154/http://in.gov/dnr/historic/files/prehisindians.pdf| archive-date =January 17, 2013| url-status =dead}}</ref>
 
The [[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic period]], which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, an important step in civilization. These new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of [[Nock (arrow)|notches]]. They made ground-stone tools such as stone axes, woodworking tools and grinding stones. During the latter part of the period, they built earthwork [[mound]]s and [[midden]]s, which showed settlements were becoming more permanent. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC.<ref name="HIS"/>
 
The [[Woodland period]] began around 1500 BC when new cultural attributes appeared. The people created ceramics and pottery and extended their cultivation of plants. An early Woodland period group named the [[Adena culture|Adena people]] had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle of the Woodland period, the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell people]] began to develop long-range trade of [[Good (economics)|goods]]. Nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as [[Maize|corn]] and [[Squash (plant)|squash]]. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD.<ref name="HIS"/>
 
The [[Mississippian culture]] emerged, lasting from 1000 AD until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with large mounds and plazas defining ceremonial and public spaces. The concentrated settlements depended on the agricultural surpluses. One such complex was the [[Angel Mounds]]. They had large public areas such as plazas and platform mounds, where leaders lived or conducted rituals. Mississippian civilization collapsed in Indiana during the mid-15th century for reasons that remain unclear.<ref name="HIS"/>
 
The historic Native American tribes in the area at the time of European encounter spoke different languages of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] family. They included the [[Shawnee]], [[Miami people|Miami]], and [[Illiniwek|Illini]]. Refugee tribes from eastern regions, including the Delaware who settled in the White and Whitewater River Valleys, later joined them.
 
===European exploration and sovereignty===
 
{{See also|New France|Louisiana (New France)|Illinois Country|Province of Quebec (1763–1791)}}
[[File:Natives guiding french explorers through indiana.jpg|thumb|Native Americans guide French explorers through Indiana, as depicted by [[Maurice Thompson]] in ''Stories of Indiana''.]]
 
In 1679, French explorer [[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]] was the first European to cross into Indiana after reaching present-day [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]] at the [[St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)|Saint Joseph River]].<ref>Allison, p. 17.</ref> He returned the following year to learn about the region. French-Canadian [[fur trade]]rs soon arrived, bringing blankets, jewelry, tools, whiskey and weapons to trade for skins with the Native Americans.
 
By 1702, [[Louis Juchereau de St. Denis|Sieur Juchereau]] established the first trading post near [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]]. In 1715, [[Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes|Sieur de Vincennes]] built [[Fort Miami (Indiana)|Fort Miami]] at [[Kekionga]], now [[Fort Wayne]]. In 1717, another Canadian, [[Picote de Beletre]], built [[Fort Ouiatenon]] on the [[Wabash River]], to try to control Native American trade routes from [[Lake Erie]] to the [[Mississippi River]].
 
In 1732, Sieur de Vincennes built a second fur trading post at Vincennes. French Canadian settlers, who had left the earlier post because of hostilities, returned in larger numbers. In a period of a few years, British colonists arrived from the East and contended against the Canadians for control of the lucrative fur trade. Fighting between the French and British colonists occurred throughout the 1750s as a result.
 
The Native American tribes of Indiana sided with the French Canadians during the [[French and Indian War]] (also known as the [[Seven Years' War]]). With British victory in 1763, the French were forced to cede to the British crown all their lands in North America east of the Mississippi River and north and west of the [[Thirteen Colonies|colonies]].
 
The tribes in Indiana did not give up: they captured [[Fort Ouiatenon]] and [[Forts of Fort Wayne, Indiana#Fort Miami|Fort Miami]] during [[Pontiac's Rebellion]]. The British royal proclamation of 1763 designated the land west of the Appalachians for Native American use, and excluded British colonists from the area, which the Crown called "Indian Territory".
 
In 1775, the [[American Revolutionary War]] began as the colonists sought self-government and independence from the British. The majority of the fighting took place near the East Coast, but the Patriot military officer [[George Rogers Clark]] called for an army to help fight the British in the west.<ref>Brill, p. 31–32.</ref> Clark's army won significant battles and took over [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] and [[Fort Sackville]] on February 25, 1779.<ref name="NO">{{cite web| title =Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | publisher=State of Indiana| url =http://www.in.gov/history/2695.htm#events| access-date =July 24, 2009 }}</ref>
 
During the war, Clark managed to cut off British troops, who were attacking the eastern colonists from the west. His success is often credited for changing the course of the American Revolutionary War.<ref>Brill, p. 33.</ref> At the end of the war, through the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]], the British crown ceded their claims to the land south of the Great Lakes to the newly formed United States, including Native American lands.
 
===The frontier===
 
{{Main|Northwest Ordinance|Northwest Territory|Organic act#List of organic acts|Indiana Territory}}
{{multiple image | direction = vertical | width = 210
|image1=Indiana Indian treaties.svg
|alt1=A colorful map of Indiana with treaty names
|image2=Indiana, 1817.jpg
|alt2=A crude map of Indiana with only a handful of southern counties delineated
|caption2=Above: a map showing extent of the treaty lands. Below: one of the first maps of Indiana (made 1816, published 1817) showing territories prior to the Treaty of St. Mary's which greatly expanded the region. Note the inaccurate placement of [[Lake Michigan]].
}}
 
In 1787, the US defined the [[Northwest Territory]] which included the area of present-day Indiana. In 1800, Congress separated [[Ohio]] from the Northwest Territory, designating the rest of the land as the [[Indiana Territory]].<ref name="GAC"/> President [[Thomas Jefferson]] chose [[William Henry Harrison]] as the governor of the territory, and [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] was established as the capital.<ref>Brill, p. 35.</ref> After the [[Michigan Territory]] was separated and the [[Illinois Territory]] was formed, Indiana was reduced to its current size and geography.<ref name="GAC">{{cite web| title =Government at Crossroads: An Indiana chronology|website=[[The Herald Bulletin]]| date =January 5, 2008| url =http://www.heraldbulletin.com/news/local_news/government-at-crossroads-an-indiana-chronology/article_3a07aa44-1cd4-5028-82e7-96b907121b31.html?mode=jqm| access-date =July 22, 2009 }}</ref>
 
Starting with the [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] in 1794 and the [[Treaty of Greenville]] in 1795, Native American titles to Indiana lands were extinguished by usurpation, purchase, or war and treaty. About half the state was acquired in the [[Treaty of St. Mary's]] from the Miami in 1818. Purchases were not complete until the [[Treaty of Mississinewas]] in 1826 acquired the last of the reserved Native American lands in the northeast.
 
A portrait of the Indiana frontier about 1810: The frontier was defined by the [[Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)|Treaty of Fort Wayne]] in 1809, adding much of the southwestern lands around Vincennes and southeastern lands adjacent to Cincinnati, to areas along the Ohio River as part of U.S. territory. Settlements were military outposts such as Fort Ouiatenon in the northwest and Fort Miami (later Fort Wayne) in the northeast, Fort Knox and Vincennes settlement on the lower Wabash. Other settlements included Clarksville (across from Louisville), Vevay, and Corydon along the Ohio River, the Quaker Colony in Richmond on the eastern border, and Conner's Post (later Connersville) on the east central frontier. Indianapolis would not be populated for 15 more years, and central and northern Indiana Territory remained wilderness populated primarily by Indigenous communities. Only two counties in the extreme southeast, Clark and Dearborn, had been organized by European settlers. Land titles issued out of Cincinnati were sparse. Settler migration was chiefly via flatboat on the Ohio River westerly, and by wagon trails up the Wabash/White River Valleys (west) and Whitewater River Valleys (east).
 
In 1810, the [[Shawnee]] tribal chief [[Tecumseh]] and his brother [[Tenskwatawa]] encouraged other indigenous tribes in the territory to resist European settlement. Tensions rose and the US authorized Harrison to launch a preemptive expedition against [[Tecumseh's Confederacy]]; the US gained victory at the [[Battle of Tippecanoe]] on November 7, 1811. Tecumseh was killed in 1813 during the [[Battle of Thames]]. After his death, armed resistance to United States control ended in the region. Most Native American tribes in the state were later [[Indian removals in Indiana|removed]] to west of the [[Mississippi River]] in the 1820s and 1830s after US negotiations and the purchase of their lands.<ref>Brill, pp. 36–37.</ref>
 
===Statehood and settlement===
 
[[File:Historic American Buildings Survey Lester Jones, Photographer May 24, 1940. VIEW FROM SOUTHWEST - First State Capitol, Corydon, Harrison County, IN HABS IND,31-CORY,1-2.tif|thumb|Indiana's Capitol Building in [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]] served as the state's seat of government from 1816 until 1825.<ref>{{cite web|title=Corydon Capitol State Historic Site|publisher=Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites|url=https://www.indianamuseum.org/corydon-capitol-state-historic-site|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref>]]
 
[[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]], a town in the far southern part of Indiana, was named the second capital of the Indiana Territory in May 1813 in order to decrease the threat of Native American raids following the Battle of Tippecanoe.<ref name="GAC"/> Two years later, a petition for statehood was approved by the territorial general assembly and sent to Congress. An [[Enabling Act]] was passed to provide an election of delegates to write a [[constitution of Indiana|constitution for Indiana]]. On June 10, 1816, delegates assembled at Corydon to write the constitution, which was completed in 19 days. [[Jonathan Jennings]] was elected the fledgling state's first governor in August 1816. President [[James Madison]] approved Indiana's [[Admission to the Union|admission into the union]] as the [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|nineteenth state]] on December 11, 1816.<ref name="NO"/> In 1825, the state capital was moved from Corydon to [[Indianapolis]].<ref name="GAC"/>
 
Many European [[immigrants]] went west to settle in Indiana in the early 19th century. The largest immigrant group to settle in Indiana were [[German-American|Germans]], as well as many immigrants from Ireland and England. Americans who were primarily [[English American|ethnically English]] migrated from the Northern Tier of New York and New England, as well as from the mid-Atlantic state of Pennsylvania.<ref name="The History of Indiana">{{cite web| title =The History of Indiana| publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History]]| url =http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/indiana| access-date =July 26, 2009 }}</ref><ref>[http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3AWJGw9z2RkkYJ%3Awww.uen.org%2FLessonplan%2FdownloadFile.cgi%3Ffile%3D1041-6-15955-AF_Census_Data.pdf%26filename%3DAF_Census_Data.pdf+49%2C598%2C035&gl=uk&pid=bl]{{dead link|date=July 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The arrival of steamboats on the Ohio River in 1811, and the [[National Road]] at Richmond in 1829, greatly facilitated settlement of northern and western Indiana.


Following statehood, the new government worked to transform Indiana from a [[American frontier|frontier]] into a developed, well-populated, and thriving state, beginning significant demographic and economic changes. In 1836, the state's founders initiated a program, the [[Indiana Mammoth Internal Improvement Act]], that led to the construction of roads, [[canal]]s, railroads and state-funded public schools. The plans bankrupted the state and were a financial disaster, but increased land and produce value more than fourfold.<ref>{{cite web| last =Vanderstel| first =David G| title =The 1851 Indiana Constitution by David G. Vanderstel| publisher=State of Indiana| url =http://www.in.gov/history/2689.htm| access-date =July 24, 2009 }}</ref> In response to the crisis and in order to avert another, in 1851, a second constitution was adopted. Among its provisions were a prohibition on public debt, as well as the extension of [[suffrage]] to African-Americans.
Before it was called Indiana, most people who lived there were [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]]. [[France]] [[colonized]] the area, renaming it [[New France]]. They [[Slavery|enslaved]] the indigenous peoples, and introduced [[black]] slaves too.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/indianaaredempt00dunngoog|title=Indiana: A Redemption from Slavery|last=Jacob Piatt Dunn|date=1888|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin & Co.|others=University of Michigan|language=English}}</ref> In the [[18th century]], the new United States took the area from France, and many slave owners from [[Kentucky]] and [[Virginia]] moved into the area.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgYUAAAAYAAJ|title=Travel Accounts of Indiana, 1679-1961: A Collection of Observations by Wayfaring Foreigners, Itinerants, and Peripatetic Hoosiers|last=McCord|first=Shirley S.|date=1970|publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|isbn=9781885323248 |language=en}}</ref> By 1820, it had become a state called Indiana and the government ordered all slaves to be freed, but black people were still enslaved there into at least the [[1830s]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/collection/BSMngrph/id/3|title=The Politics of Pro-Slavery Sentiment in Indiana 1816-1861|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Morton M.|last2=McClurg|first2=Dennis V.|publisher=Ball State University|year=1968|isbn=|location=|pages=|quote=Some Hoosiers continued to ignore the Lasselle verdict as the Federal Census of 1830 indicated, for three slaves were registered as still residing in Indiana. Moreover, a local census in Vincennes and Knox County revealed thirty-two slaves there.}}</ref>


===Civil War and late 19th century industry===
==Attractions==
One famous attraction of Indiana is the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]], which is where the [[Indy 500]] is held every year. The Indy 500 is one of the most famous car races in the United States. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is not actually in Indianapolis. It is in a town called Speedway, which is completely surrounded by Indianapolis.


{{Main|Indiana in the American Civil War}}
==Sports==
As well as being home to the Indy 500, there are several well known sports teams in Indiana. Professional sports teams include the [[Indianapolis Colts]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL) and the [[Indiana Pacers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA). Colleges and universities in Indiana with well known sports teams include [[Purdue University]], the [[University of Notre Dame]], and [[Indiana University]].


During the [[American Civil War]], Indiana became politically influential and played an important role in the affairs of the nation. Indiana was the first western state to mobilize for the United States in the war, and soldiers from Indiana participated in all the war's major engagements. The state provided 126 infantry regiments, 26 batteries of artillery and 13 regiments of cavalry to the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]].<ref>Funk, pp. 23–24, 163.</ref>
== Related pages ==
* [[List of counties in Indiana]]
* [[List of rivers of Indiana]]


In 1861, Indiana was assigned a [[American Civil War#Mobilization|quota]] of 7,500 men to join the [[Union Army]].<ref>Gray 1995, p. 156.</ref> So many volunteered in the first call that thousands had to be turned away. Before the war ended, Indiana had contributed 208,367 men. Casualties were over 35% among these men: 24,416 lost their lives and over 50,000 more were wounded.<ref>Funk, pp. 3–4.</ref> The only Civil War conflicts fought in Indiana were the [[Newburgh Raid]], a bloodless capture of the city; and the [[Battle of Corydon]], which occurred during [[Morgan's Raid]] leaving 15 dead, 40 wounded, and 355 captured.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Civil War; a Narrative, Red River to Appomattox|author=Foote, Shelby|publisher=Random House|year=1974|pages =343–344}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}


After the war, Indiana remained a largely agricultural state. Post-war industries included mining, including limestone extraction; meatpacking; food processing, such as milling grain, distilling it into alcohol; and the building of wagons, buggies, farm machinery, and hardware.<ref name="INdustry">{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main8.html |title=Indiana History Part 8 – Indiana Industrialization |website=centerforhistory.org |access-date=April 20, 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707154815/http://www.centerforhistory.org/indiana_history_main8.html
== External links ==
|archive-date=July 7, 2010}}</ref> However, the [[Indiana gas boom|discovery of natural gas]] in the 1880s in northern Indiana led to an economic boom: the abundant and cheap fuel attracted [[heavy industry]]; the availability of jobs, in turn, attracted new settlers from other parts of the country as well as from Europe.<ref name="Gray 1995, p. 202">Gray 1995, p. 202.</ref> This led to the rapid expansion of cities such as [[South Bend]], [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], Indianapolis, and [[Fort Wayne]].<ref name="INdustry"/>
{{commonscat|Indiana}}
* [http://www.in.gov/ The Official website of the State of Indiana]
* [http://www.indygov.org/home.htm Official Indianapolis city government website]


===Early 20th century===
{{Indiana}}
 
{{US Midwest}}
[[File:Midnight at the glassworks2b.jpg|left|thumb|Child laborers in glassworks, by [[Lewis Hine]]. Indiana, August 1908.]]
{{United States}}
 
With the onset of the [[industrial revolution]], Indiana's industry began to grow at an accelerated rate across the northern part of the state. With industrialization, workers developed labor unions and suffrage movements arose in relation to the progress of women.<ref name="Gray 1995, p. 202"/> In the early 20th century, Indiana developed into a strong [[Rust Belt|manufacturing state]] with ties to the new auto industry.<ref name="The History of Indiana"/> [[Haynes-Apperson]], the nation's first commercially successful auto company, operated in [[Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo]] until 1925. The construction of the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] and the start of auto-related industries were also related to the auto industry boom.<ref>Brill, p. 47.</ref>
 
During the 1930s, Indiana, like the rest of the nation, was affected by the [[Great Depression]]. The economic downturn had a wide-ranging negative impact on Indiana, such as the decline of urbanization. The [[Dust Bowl]] further to the west led many migrants to flee to the more industrialized Midwest. Governor [[Paul V. McNutt]]'s administration struggled to build a state-funded welfare system to help overwhelmed private charities. During his administration, spending and taxes were both cut drastically in response to the Depression, and the state government was completely reorganized. McNutt ended [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] in the state and enacted the state's first income tax. On several occasions, he declared martial law to put an end to worker strikes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.countyhistory.com/doc.gov/037.htm |title=Paul V. McNutt |publisher=County History Preservation Society |last=Branson |first=Ronald |access-date=July 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204172820/http://www.countyhistory.com/doc.gov/037.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2008 }}</ref> [[World War&nbsp;II]] helped lift the economy in Indiana, as the war required steel, food and other goods that were produced in the state.<ref name="TO">Pell, p. 31.</ref> Roughly ten percent of Indiana's population joined the armed forces, while hundreds of industries earned war production contracts and began making war material.<ref>Gray 1995, p. 350.</ref> Indiana manufactured 4.5 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War{{nbs}}II, ranking eighth among the 48 states.<ref>[[Whiz Kids (Department of Defense)|Peck, Merton J.]] & [[Frederic M. Scherer|Scherer, Frederic M.]] ''The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis'' (1962) [[Harvard Business School]] p.111</ref> The expansion of industry to meet war demands helped end the Great Depression.<ref name="TO"/>
 
===Modern era===
 
With the conclusion of World War{{nbs}}II, Indiana rebounded to pre-Depression levels of production. Industry became the primary employer, a trend that continued into the 1960s. Urbanization during the 1950s and 1960s led to substantial growth in the state's cities. The auto, steel and pharmaceutical industries topped Indiana's major businesses. Indiana's population continued to grow after the war, exceeding five million by the 1970 census.<ref>{{cite book|title=Economic Geography|author1=Haynes, Kingsley E. |author2=Machunda, Zachary B|year=1987|pages =319–333}}</ref> In the 1960s the administration of [[Matthew E. Welsh]] adopted its first sales tax of two percent.<ref>Gray 1995, p. 382.</ref> Indiana schools were [[desegregated]] in 1949. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported Indiana's population as 95.5% white and 4.4% black.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1800 to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 25, 2008 |access-date=December 28, 2012 }}</ref> Governor Welsh also worked with the General Assembly to pass the Indiana [[Civil Rights]] Bill, granting equal protection to minorities in seeking employment.<ref>Gray 1995, pp. 391–392.</ref>
 
On December 8, 1964, a [[Convair B-58]] carrying [[nuclear weapon]]s slid off an icy runway on [[Grissom Air Reserve Base|Bunker Hill Air Force Base]] in [[Bunker Hill, Indiana]] and caught fire during a training drill. The five nuclear weapons on board were burned, including one 9-megaton [[thermonuclear weapon]], causing [[radioactive contamination]] of the crash area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indiana's 'broken arrow' – that time 5 nuclear bombs caught on fire |url=https://eu.indystar.com/story/entertainment/2018/12/13/indianas-broken-arrow-time-5-nuclear-bombs-caught-fire/1831690002/ |work=[[The Indianapolis Star]] |date=December 13, 2018}}</ref>
 
Beginning in 1970, a series of amendments to the state constitution were proposed. With adoption, the [[Indiana Court of Appeals]] was created and the procedure of appointing justices on the courts was adjusted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/2366.htm|title=History and Origins|author=Indiana Historical Bureau| publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|access-date=July 28, 2009}}</ref>
 
The [[1973 oil crisis]] created a recession that hurt the automotive industry in Indiana. Companies such as [[Delco Electronics]] and [[Delphi (auto parts)|Delphi]] began a long series of downsizing that contributed to high unemployment rates in manufacturing in [[Anderson, Indiana|Anderson]], [[Muncie, Indiana|Muncie]], and [[Kokomo, Indiana|Kokomo]]. The restructuring and deindustrialization trend continued until the 1980s when the national and state economy began to diversify and recover.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1992/02/art2full.pdf|title=Auto industry jobs in the 1980s: a decade of transition|last=Singleton|first=Christopher J.|publisher=United States Bureau of Labor Statistics|access-date=July 28, 2009}}</ref>
 
==Geography==
 
{{Main|Geography of Indiana}}
[[File:National-atlas-indiana.PNG|thumb]]<!--[[wp:caption]] "Not every image ..."-->
 
With a total area (land and water) of {{convert|36418|sqmi|km2}}, Indiana ranks as the 38th largest state in size.<ref name="NatAtlasProfile">{{cite web|title=Profile of the People and Land of the United States|publisher=[[National Atlas of the United States]]|url=http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html|access-date=August 17, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915153709/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html|archive-date=September 15, 2012}}</ref> The state has a maximum dimension north to south of {{convert|250|mi|km}} and a maximum east to west dimension of {{convert|145|mi|km}}.<ref>Moore, p. 11.</ref> The state's geographic center (39° 53.7'N, 86° 16.0W) is in [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion County]].<ref name=Netstate/>
 
Located in the [[Midwestern United States]], Indiana is one of eight states that make up the [[Great Lakes region (North America)|Great Lakes Region]].<ref>{{cite web|title =NOAA's Great Lakes Region|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=April 25, 2007|url=http://www.regions.noaa.gov/great-lakes/|access-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref> Indiana is bordered on the north by [[Michigan]], on the east by [[Ohio]], and on the west by [[Illinois]], partially separated by the [[Wabash River]].<ref name="FW"/> [[Lake Michigan]] borders Indiana on the northwest and the [[Ohio River]] separates Indiana from [[Kentucky]] on the south.<ref name=Netstate>{{cite web|title=The Geography of Indiana|publisher=Netstate|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/in_geography.htm|access-date=August 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Meredith|first=Robyn|title=Big-Shouldered River Swamps Indiana Town|work=The New York Times|date=March 7, 1997|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/07/us/big-shouldered-river-swamps-indiana-town.html|access-date=August 19, 2009}}</ref>
 
===Geology and terrain===
 
{{See also|Paleontology in Indiana|List of ecoregions in Indiana|List of wildflowers in Indiana}}
[[File:HickoryRidgeTower-NW.jpg|thumb|left|Rolling hills in the [[Charles C. Deam Wilderness Area]] of [[Hoosier National Forest]], in the [[Indiana Uplands]]]]
 
The average altitude of Indiana is about {{convert|760|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 82</ref> The highest point in the state is [[Hoosier Hill]] in [[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne County]] at {{convert|1257|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name=NatAtlasProfile/><ref>Pell, p. 56.</ref> The lowest point at {{convert|320|ft|m}} above sea level is in [[Posey County, Indiana|Posey County]], where the [[Wabash River]] meets the [[Ohio River]].<ref name= NatAtlasProfile/><ref name=Netstate/> The resulting [[List of U.S. states and territories by elevation|elevation span]], {{convert|937|ft|m}}, is the narrowest of any non-coastal US state. Only {{convert|2850|sqmi|km2}} have an altitude greater than {{convert|1000|ft|m}} and this area is enclosed within 14 counties. About {{convert|4700|sqmi|km2}} have an elevation of less than {{convert|500|ft|m}}, mostly concentrated along the Ohio and lower Wabash Valleys, from [[Tell City, Indiana|Tell City]] and [[Terre Haute, Indiana|Terre Haute]] to [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] and [[Mount Vernon, Indiana|Mount Vernon]].<ref>Moore, p. 13.</ref>
 
The state includes two natural regions of the United States: the Central Lowlands and the [[Interior Low Plateaus]].<ref>Logan, Cumings, Malott, Visher, Tucker & Reeves, p. 70</ref>
The [[till plain]]s make up the northern and central regions of Indiana. Much of its appearance is a result of elements left behind by [[glacier]]s. Central Indiana is mainly flat with some low rolling hills (except where rivers cut deep valleys through the plain, like at the Wabash River and Sugar Creek) and soil composed of glacial sands, gravel and clay, which results in exceptional farmland.<ref name="FW"/> Northern Indiana is similar, except for the presence of higher and hillier [[terminal moraine]]s and hundreds of [[kettle lake]]s. In [[northwest Indiana]] there are various sand ridges and dunes, some reaching nearly 200 feet in height; most of them are at [[Indiana Dunes National Park]]. These are along the Lake Michigan shoreline and also inland to the [[Kankakee Outwash Plain]].
 
Southern Indiana is characterized by valleys and rugged, hilly terrain, contrasting with much of the state. Here, bedrock is exposed at the surface. Because of the prevalent [[Indiana limestone]], the area has many caves, caverns, and quarries.
 
===Hydrology===
 
{{See also|List of Indiana rivers|List of dams and reservoirs in Indiana|List of lakes in Indiana|Watersheds of Indiana}}
[[File:Floods Recede around the Wabash-Ohio Confluence.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Wabash River]] converges with the [[Ohio River]] at [[Posey County, Indiana|Posey County]].]]
 
Major river systems in Indiana include the Whitewater, White, Blue, Wabash, St. Joseph, and Maumee rivers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Indiana Geology|last=Logan|first=William N.|author2=Edgar Roscoe Cumings|author3=Clyde Arnett Malott|author4=Stephen Sargent Visher|year=1922|publisher=Indiana Department of Conservation|page=257|display-authors=etal}}</ref> According to the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, there were 65 rivers, streams, and creeks of environmental interest or scenic beauty, which included only a portion of an estimated 24,000 total river miles within the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Information Bulletin #4 (Second Amendment), Outstanding Rivers List for Indiana|publisher=Natural Resources Commission|date=May 30, 2007|url=http://www.in.gov/legislative/register/20070530-IR-312070287NRA.xml.pdf|access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref>
 
The [[Wabash River]], which is the longest free-flowing river east of the [[Mississippi River]], is the official river of Indiana.<ref>{{cite news|first=Brian|last=Boyce|title=Terre Haute's Top 40: From a trickle in Ohio to the Valley's signature waterway, the Wabash River is forever a part of Terre Haute|work=Tribune-Star|date=August 29, 2009|access-date=September 24, 2009|url=http://www.tribstar.com/local/x46868269/Terre-Hautes-Top-40-From-a-trickle-in-Ohio-to-the-Valley-s-signature-waterway-the-Wabash-River-is-forever-a-part-of-Terre-Haute}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jerse|first=Dorothy|title=Looking Back: Gov. Bayh signs bill making Wabash the official state river in 1996|website=Tribune-Star|date=March 4, 2006|url=http://www.tribstar.com/history/x681765834/Looking-Back-Gov-Bayh-signs-bill-making-Wabash-the-official-state-river-in-1996|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140504130549/http://www.tribstar.com/history/x681765834/Looking-Back-Gov-Bayh-signs-bill-making-Wabash-the-official-state-river-in-1996|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 4, 2014|access-date=September 7, 2009}}</ref> At {{convert|475|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} in length, the river bisects the state from northeast to southwest, forming part of the state's border with Illinois, before converging with the [[Ohio River]]. The river has been the subject of several songs, such as [[On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away|''On the Banks of the Wabash'']], [[Wabash Cannonball|''The Wabash Cannonball'']] and [[Back Home Again in Indiana|''Back Home Again, In Indiana'']].<ref>{{cite news|first=Cynthia|last=Ozick|title=Miracle on Grub street; Stockholm|work=The New York Times|date=November 9, 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Hans|last=Fantel|title=Sound; CDs make their mark on the Wabash Valley|work=The New York Times|date=October 14, 1984}}</ref>
 
There are about 900 lakes listed by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIANA LAKES LISTING|url=http://www.in.gov/dnr/fishwild/files/Indiana_Lakes_Listing_By_County_March_2007.pdf|access-date=January 26, 2015}}</ref> To the northwest, Indiana borders [[Lake Michigan]], one of five lakes comprising the [[Great Lakes]], the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. [[Tippecanoe Lake]], the deepest lake in the state, reaches depths at nearly {{convert|120|ft|m}}, while [[Lake Wawasee]] is the largest natural lake in Indiana.<ref>{{cite web |last=Leider |first=Polly |title=A Town With Backbone: Warsaw, Ind |publisher=CBS News |date=January 26, 2006 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/a-town-with-backbone-warsaw-ind/ |access-date=September 29, 2009}}</ref> At 10,750 acres (summer pool level), [[Lake Monroe (Indiana)|Lake Monroe]] is the largest lake in Indiana.
 
===Climate===
 
[[File:Indiana Köppen.svg|thumb|upright|Indiana map of [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] climate classification, now showing half the state as humid subtropical]]
 
In the past, almost all of Indiana had a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Dfb]]), with cold winters and hot, wet summers;<ref>{{cite news|last=Bridges |first=David |title=Life in Indiana – Telegraph Mentor |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |date=November 28, 2007 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/mentorsforexpats/4211551/Life-in-Indiana---Telegraph-Mentor.html |access-date=July 4, 2009}}{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> only the extreme southern portion of the state lay within the [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Cfb]]), which receives more precipitation than other parts of Indiana.<ref name="FW">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Indiana |encyclopedia=Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Funk & Wagnalls]]}}</ref> But as of the 2016 update, about half the state is now classified as humid subtropical. Temperatures generally diverge from the north and south sections of the state. In midwinter, average high/low temperatures range from around 30{{nbs}}°F/15{{nbs}}°F (−1{{nbs}}°C/−10{{nbs}}°C) in the far north to 41{{nbs}}°F/24{{nbs}}°F (5{{nbs}}°C/−4{{nbs}}°C) in the far south.<ref name="weather.gov">{{cite web |title=NWS Climate Data |publisher=NWS |url=http://www.weather.gov/climate/ |access-date=December 23, 2010}}</ref>
 
In midsummer there is generally a little less variation across the state, as average high/low temperatures range from around 84{{nbs}}°F/64{{nbs}}°F (29{{nbs}}°C/18{{nbs}}°C) in the far north to 90{{nbs}}°F/69{{nbs}}°F (32{{nbs}}°C/21{{nbs}}°C) in the far south.<ref name="weather.gov"/> Indiana's record high temperature was 116{{nbs}}°F (47{{nbs}}°C) set on July 14, 1936, at [[Collegeville, Indiana|Collegeville]]. The record low was −36{{nbs}}°F (−38{{nbs}}°C) on [[1994 North American cold wave|January 19, 1994]] at [[New Whiteland, Indiana|New Whiteland]]. The [[growing season]] typically spans from 155 days in the north to 185 days in the south.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}
 
While droughts occasionally occur in the state, rainfall totals are distributed relatively equally throughout the year. Precipitation totals range from {{convert|35|in|cm}} near Lake Michigan in northwest Indiana to {{convert|45|in|cm}} along the Ohio River in the south, while the state's average is {{convert|40|in|cm}}. Annual snowfall in Indiana varies widely across the state, ranging from {{convert|80|in|cm}} in the northwest along Lake Michigan to {{convert|14|in|cm}} in the far south. [[Lake effect snow]] accounts for roughly half the snowfall in northwest and north central Indiana due to the effects of the moisture and relative warmth of Lake Michigan upwind. The mean wind speed is {{convert|8|mph|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indiana – Climate |publisher=City-Data.com |url=http://www.city-data.com/states/Indiana-Climate.html |access-date=July 4, 2009}}</ref>
 
In a 2012 report, Indiana was ranked eighth in a list of the top 20 tornado-prone states based on [[National Weather Service]] data from 1950 through 2011.<ref>{{cite web |author=Engineering Analysis Inc. |title=Mississippi Remains #1 Among Top Twenty Tornado-Prone States |publisher=mindspring.com |date=April 12, 2012 |url=http://eai.home.mindspring.com/EAIprs94.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084151/http://eai.home.mindspring.com/EAIprs94.html |archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> A 2011 report ranked [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]] 15th among the top 20 tornado-prone U.S. cities,<ref>{{cite web|author=Engineering Analysis Inc. |title=Six States Contain Twelve of the Top Twenty Tornado-Prone Cities (revised version) |publisher=mindspring.com |date=October 28, 2011 |url=http://www.mindspring.com/~eai/EAIprs01.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084146/http://www.mindspring.com/~eai/EAIprs01.html |archive-date=January 17, 2013}}</ref> while another report from 2011 ranked [[Indianapolis]] eighth.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kellogg |first=Becky |title=Tornado Expert Ranks Top Tornado Cities |publisher=The Weather Channel |date=March 8, 2011 |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/severe-weather/articles/top-tornado-cities_2011-03-08?page=2 |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108002946/http://www.weather.com/outlook/weather-news/severe-weather/articles/top-tornado-cities_2011-03-08?page=2 |archive-date=November 8, 2012}}</ref><ref>In a 2008 report, Indiana was listed as one of the most tornado-prone states, ranking sixth, while South Bend was ranked the 14th most tornado-prone U.S. city, ahead of cities such as [[Houston]], Texas, and [[Wichita, Kansas]]. See {{cite web |last=Mecklenburg |first=Rick |title=Is Indiana the new Tornado Alley? |publisher=SouthBendTribune.com |date=May 1, 2008 |url=http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2008-05-01/news/26911876_1_tornado-track-damaging-winds-and-tornadoes-indiana |access-date=August 13, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084147/http://articles.southbendtribune.com/2008-05-01/news/26911876_1_tornado-track-damaging-winds-and-tornadoes-indiana |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>In a published list of the most tornado-prone states and cities in April 2008, Indiana came in first and South Bend ranked 16th. See {{cite web |last=Henderson |first=Mark |title=Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced |publisher=[[WIFR]] |date=May 2, 2008 |url=http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |access-date=August 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109034652/http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |archive-date=November 9, 2008}}</ref> Despite its vulnerability, Indiana is not part of [[tornado alley]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Henderson |first=Mark |title=Top 20 Tornado Prone Cities and States Announced |publisher=[[WIFR]] |date=May 2, 2008 |url=http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |access-date=August 17, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109034652/http://www.wifr.com/weather/headlines/17036536.html |archive-date=November 9, 2008}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|
| colspan="13" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;"|Average Precipitation in Indiana<ref name="Indiana Climate Norms">{{cite web |url=http://www.agry.purdue.edu/climate/facts.aspgif |publisher=Indiana State Climate Office |title=Climate Facts |access-date=May 29, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609122559/http://www.agry.purdue.edu/climate/facts.aspgif |archive-date=June 9, 2011 }}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Jan
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Feb
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Mar
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Apr
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| May
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Jun
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Jul
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Aug
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Sep
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Oct
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Nov
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Dec
! style="background:#efefef; color:#000;"| Annum
|-
| 2.48
| 2.27
| 3.36
| 3.89
| 4.46
| 4.19
| 4.22
| 3.91
| 3.12
| 3.02
| 3.44
| 3.13
|41.49
|}
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Indiana<ref name="Indiana climate averages">{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=IN&statename=Indiana-United-States-of-America |title=Indiana climate averages |publisher=Weatherbase |access-date=November 12, 2015}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!July (°F)
!July (°C)
!January (°F)
!January (°C)
|-
|[[Indianapolis, Indiana|Indianapolis]] || 85/66 || 29/19 || 35/20 || 2/−6
|-
|[[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]] || 84/62 || 29/17 || 32/17 || 0/−8
|-
|[[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] || 88/67 || 31/19 || 41/24 || 5/−4
|-
|[[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]] || 83/63 || 28/17 || 32/18 || 0/−8
|-
|[[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]] || 87/65 || 30/18 || 39/21 || 4/−6
|-
|[[Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette]] || 84/62 || 29/17 || 31/14 || 0/−10
|-
|[[Muncie, Indiana|Muncie]] || 85/64 || 29/18 || 34/19 || 1/−7
|}
 
===Time zones===
 
{{Main|Time in Indiana}}
 
Indiana is one of 13 U.S. states that are divided into more than one time zone. Indiana's [[time zone]]s have fluctuated over the past century. At present most of the state observes [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Time]]; six counties near Chicago and six near Evansville observe [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central Time]]. Debate continues on the matter.
 
Before 2006, most of Indiana did not observe [[daylight saving time]] (DST). Some counties within this area, particularly [[Floyd County, Indiana|Floyd]], [[Clark County, Indiana|Clark]], and [[Harrison County, Indiana|Harrison]] counties near [[Louisville, Kentucky]], and [[Ohio County, Indiana|Ohio]] and [[Dearborn County, Indiana|Dearborn]] counties near [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, unofficially observed DST by local custom. Since April 2006 the entire state observes DST.
 
==Indiana counties and statistical areas==
 
{{See also|List of counties in Indiana|Indiana statistical areas}}
 
Indiana is divided into 92 [[List of counties in Indiana|counties]]. {{as of|2010}}, the state includes 16 [[metropolitan statistical area|metropolitan]] and 25 [[micropolitan statistical area]]s, 117 incorporated cities, 450 towns, and several other smaller divisions and statistical areas.<ref name=GeoCensus/><ref>A 2008 news report indicated there were 13 metropolitan areas in Indiana. See {{cite web| last =Dresang| first =Joel| title =Automaking down, unemployment up|website=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]| date =July 30, 2008| url =http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/business/52021282.html| access-date =August 14, 2009 }}</ref> [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion County]] and Indianapolis have a [[Unigov|consolidated city-county government]].<ref name=GeoCensus/>
 
===Major cities===
 
{{See also|List of cities in Indiana|List of towns in Indiana}}
 
Indianapolis is the capital of Indiana and its largest city.<ref name=GeoCensus>{{cite web|title=Guide to 2010 Census State and Local Geography – Indiana | publisher=U.S. Census Bureau | date =April 21, 2014 | url=https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/guidestloc/st18_in.html | access-date=August 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>Indiana's territorial capitals were [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]] and later [[Corydon, Indiana|Corydon]], which also became Indiana's first [[list of current and former capital cities within U.S. states|state capital]] when it became a state.</ref> Indiana's four largest metropolitan areas are [[Indianapolis]], [[Fort Wayne]], [[Evansville]], and [[South Bend]].<ref name=STATSIN>{{cite web|title=Indiana | publisher = Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business | url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp?scope_choice=a&county_changer=18000&button1=Get+Profile&id=2&page_path=Area+Profiles&path_id=11&panel_number=1 | access-date=August 14, 2012}}</ref> The table below lists the state's twenty largest municipalities based on the 2019 United States Census Estimate.<ref name="census.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|title=U.S. Census website|website=census.gov|access-date=September 22, 2019}}</ref>
 
{{Largest cities
| name = Indiana's largest cities
| country = Indiana
| stat_ref = Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/usa/indiana/ |title=City Population – Indiana |date=July 28, 2020 |publisher=Indiana – 2019 Populations |access-date=July 28, 2020}}</ref>
| list_by_pop =
| class = nav
| div_name =
| div_link = Counties of Indiana{{!}}County
| city_1 = Indianapolis, Indiana{{!}}Indianapolis
| div_1 = Marion County, Indiana{{!}}Marion
| pop_1 = 876,384
| img_1 = Indianapolis-1872528.jpg
| city_2 = Fort Wayne, Indiana{{!}}Fort Wayne
| div_2 = Allen County, Indiana{{!}}Allen
| pop_2 = 270,402
| img_2 = Downtown Fort Wayne, Indiana Skyline from Old Fort, May 2014.jpg
| city_3 = Evansville, Indiana{{!}}Evansville
| div_3 = Vanderburgh County, Indiana{{!}}Vanderburgh
| pop_3 = 117,979
| img_3 = Evilleriverfront.jpg
| city_4 = South Bend, Indiana{{!}}South Bend
| div_4 = St. Joseph County, Indiana{{!}}St. Joseph
| pop_4 = 102,026
| img_4 = South-bend-indiana-courthouse.jpg
| city_5 = Carmel, Indiana{{!}}Carmel
| div_5 = Hamilton County, Indiana{{!}}Hamilton
| pop_5 = 101,068
| img_5 =
| city_6 = Fishers, Indiana{{!}}Fishers
| div_6 = Hamilton County, Indiana{{!}}Hamilton
| pop_6 = 95,310
| img_6 =
| city_7 = Bloomington, Indiana{{!}}Bloomington
| div_7 = Monroe County, Indiana{{!}}Monroe
| pop_7 = 85,755
| img_7 =
| city_8 = Hammond, Indiana{{!}}Hammond
| div_8 = Lake County, Indiana{{!}}Lake
| pop_8 = 75,522
| img_8 =
| city_9 = Gary, Indiana{{!}}Gary
| div_9 = Lake County, Indiana{{!}}Lake
| pop_9 = 74,879
| img_9 =
| city_10 = Lafayette, Indiana{{!}}Lafayette
| div_10 = Tippecanoe County, Indiana{{!}}Tippecanoe
| pop_10 = 71,721
| img_10 =
| city_11 = Muncie, Indiana{{!}}Muncie
| div_11 = Delaware County, Indiana{{!}}Delaware
| pop_11 = 67,999
| img_11 =
| city_12 = Noblesville, Indiana{{!}}Noblesville
| div_12 = Hamilton County, Indiana{{!}}Hamilton
| pop_12 = 64,668
| img_12 =
| city_13 = Terre Haute, Indiana{{!}}Terre Haute
| div_13 = Vigo County, Indiana{{!}}Vigo
| pop_13 = 60,622
| img_13 =
| city_14 = Greenwood, Indiana{{!}}Greenwood
| div_14 = Johnson County, Indiana{{!}}Johnson
| pop_14 = 59,458
| img_14 =
| city_15 = Kokomo, Indiana{{!}}Kokomo
| div_15 = Howard County, Indiana{{!}}Howard
| pop_15 = 58,020
| img_15 =
| city_16 = Anderson, Indiana{{!}}Anderson
| div_16 = Madison County, Indiana{{!}}Madison
| pop_16 = 54,765
| img_16 =
| city_17 = Elkhart, Indiana{{!}}Elkhart
| div_17 = Elkhart County, Indiana{{!}}Elkhart
| pop_17 = 52,358
| img_17 =
| city_18 = West Lafayette, Indiana{{!}}West Lafayette
| div_18 = Tippecanoe County, Indiana{{!}}Tippecanoe
| pop_18 = 50,996
| img_18 =
| city_19 = Mishawaka, Indiana{{!}}Mishawaka
| div_19 = St. Joseph County, Indiana{{!}}St. Joseph
| pop_19 = 50,363
| img_19 =
| city_20 = Lawrence, Indiana{{!}}Lawrence
| div_20 = Marion County, Indiana{{!}}Marion
| pop_20 = 49,462
| img_20 =
}}
 
==Demographics==
===Population===
 
{{US Census population
|1800= 2632
|1810= 24520
|1820= 147178
|1830= 343031
|1840= 685866
|1850= 988416
|1860= 1350428
|1870= 1680637
|1880= 1978301
|1890= 2192404
|1900= 2516462
|1910= 2700876
|1920= 2930390
|1930= 3238503
|1940= 3427796
|1950= 3934224
|1960= 4662498
|1970= 5193669
|1980= 5490224
|1990= 5544159
|2000= 6080485
|2010= 6483802
|2020= 6785528
|align-fn=center
|footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
 
Indiana recorded a population of 6,785,528 in the [[2020 United States census]], a 4.65% increase since the [[2010 United States Census]].<ref name="2020 U.S. Census"/>
 
The state's population density was 181.0 persons per square mile, the 16th-highest in the United States.<ref name="GeoCensus"/> As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Indiana's population center is northwest of Sheridan, in [[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton County]] (+40.149246, −086.259514).<ref name=GeoCensus/><ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Census Centers of Population by state |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/2010census/centerpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt |access-date=August 15, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429025307/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/2010census/centerpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt |archive-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref><ref>Over the previous decade, Indiana's population center has shifted slightly to the northwest. In the 2000 U.S. Census, Indiana's [[center of population]] was located in [[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton County]], in the town of [[Sheridan, Indiana|Sheridan]]. See {{cite web |title=Population and Population Centers by State |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |access-date=November 21, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508041813/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date=May 8, 2013}}</ref>
 
In 2005, 77.7% of Indiana residents lived in metropolitan counties, 16.5% lived in micropolitan counties and 5.9% lived in non-core counties.<ref>{{cite web |title=Metro and Nonmetro Counties in Indiana |publisher=Rural Policy Research Institute |url=http://www.rupri.org/Forms/Indiana.pdf |access-date=October 10, 2009 |archive-date=March 4, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304144932/http://www.rupri.org/Forms/Indiana.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
===Ancestry===
 
The racial makeup of the state (based on the 2019 population estimate) was:
* 84.8% [[White (U.S. Census)|White American]] (78.4% [[non-Hispanic white]])
* 9.9% [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black or African American]]
* 2.6% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]]
* 2.2% biracial or multi-racial
* 0.4% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]]
* 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islanders.<ref name="CAT"/>
 
[[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race made up 7.3% of the population.<ref name="CAT">{{cite web |title=Indiana QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423094054/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |archive-date=April 23, 2012 }}</ref> The Hispanic population is Indiana's fastest-growing ethnic minority.<ref name="POP">{{cite web |last=Greninger |first=Howard |title=Vigo County's population on the rise |website=Tribune-Star |date=May 19, 2007 |url=http://www.tribstar.com/local/local_story_139235811.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208231449/http://www.tribstar.com/local/local_story_139235811.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 8, 2012 |access-date=October 10, 2009}}</ref> 28.2% of Indiana's children under the age of{{nbs}}1 belonged to minority groups (note: children born to [[white hispanic]]s are counted as minority group).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot |last=Exner |first=Rich |date=June 3, 2012 |work=[[The Plain Dealer]]}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ '''Indiana Racial Breakdown of Population'''
|-
! Racial composition !! 1990<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |date=July 25, 2008 |access-date=September 2, 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=July 25, 2008}}</ref> !! 2000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusviewer.com/state/IN |title=Population of Indiana – Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts – CensusViewer |website=censusviewer.com |access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=2010 Census Data |website=census.gov |access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 90.6% || 87.5% || 84.3%
|-
| [[African American|Black]] || 7.8% || 8.4% || 9.1%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 0.7% || 1.0% || 1.6%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] || 0.2% || 0.3% || 0.3%
|-
| [[Native Hawaiian]] and{{break}}[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || – || – || –
|-
| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 0.7% || 1.6% || 2.7%
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – || 1.2% || 2.0%
|}
 
[[German-American|German]] is the largest ancestry reported in Indiana, with 22.7% of the population reporting that ancestry in the Census. Persons citing [[American ancestry|American]] (12.0%) and [[English-American|English]] ancestry (8.9%) are also numerous, as are [[Irish American|Irish]] (10.8%) and [[Poland|Polish]] (3.0%).<ref>{{cite web |title=DP-2. Profile of Selected Social Characteristics: 2000 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US18&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP2&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-redoLog=false |access-date=October 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212042132/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US18&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_DP2&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-redoLog=false |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most of those citing American ancestry are actually of [[English-American|English]] descent, but have family that has been in North America for so long, in many cases since the early [[British America|colonial era]], that they identify simply as American.<ref>{{cite book |url={{Google books|SVoAXh-dNuYC|page=PA57|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America |first=Dominic J. |last=Pulera |year=2004 |location=New York |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-1643-8 |page=57}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Reynolds |last=Farley |title=The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us? |journal=Demography |volume=28 |issue=3 |year=1991 |pages=411–429 |doi=10.2307/2061465 |pmid=1936376 |jstor=2061465|s2cid=41503995 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Stanley |last1=Lieberson |first2=Lawrence |last2=Santi |title=The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns |journal=Social Science Research |volume=14 |issue=1 |year=1985 |pages=31–56 [pp. 44–46] |doi=10.1016/0049-089X(85)90011-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Stanley |last1=Lieberson |first2=Mary C. |last2=Waters |title=Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites |journal=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=487 |issue=79 |year=1986 |pages=79–91 [pp. 82–86] |doi=10.1177/0002716286487001004|s2cid=60711423 }}</ref> In the 1980 census 1,776,144 people claimed German ancestry, 1,356,135 claimed English ancestry and 1,017,944 claimed Irish ancestry out of a total population of 4,241,975 making the state 42% German, 32% English and 24% Irish.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |title=Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3 |access-date=December 10, 2011}}</ref>
 
===Population growth===
 
[[File:Indiana population map.png|thumb]]<!--[[wp:caption]] "Not every image ..." (It already has one.)-->
 
Population growth since 1990 has been concentrated in the counties surrounding Indianapolis, with four of the five fastest-growing counties in that area: [[Hamilton County, Indiana|Hamilton]], [[Hendricks County, Indiana|Hendricks]], [[Johnson County, Indiana|Johnson]], and [[Hancock County, Indiana|Hancock]]. The other county is [[Dearborn County, Indiana|Dearborn County]], which is near [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]]. Hamilton County has also grown faster than any county in the states bordering Indiana ([[Illinois]], [[Michigan]], [[Ohio]] and [[Kentucky]]), and is the 20th-fastest growing county in the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rainey |first=Joan P |title=Hamilton and Other Suburban Counties Lead the State in Population Growth |publisher=Indiana University |year=2000 |url=http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2000/summer00/01.pdf |access-date=October 17, 2009}}</ref>
 
With a population of 829,817, [[Indianapolis]] is the largest city in Indiana and the 12th-largest in the United States, according to the 2010 Census. Three other cities in Indiana have a population greater than 100,000: [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]] (253,617), [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] (117,429) and [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]] (101,168).<ref>{{cite web |title=IU Kelley School: Indiana's largest cities continue to see strong population growth |url=http://news.iu.edu/releases/iu/2015/05/indiana-city-populations-2014.shtml |website=IU Newsroom |access-date=January 9, 2016 }}</ref> Since 2000, [[Fishers, Indiana|Fishers]] has seen the largest population rise amongst the state's twenty largest cities with an increase of 100 percent.<ref name="Nevers">{{cite web |last=Nevers |first=Kevin |title=Duneland population growth rate slows a bit in 2007 Census estimates |website=[[Chesterton Tribune]] |date=July 11, 2008 |url=http://chestertontribune.com/Duneland%20Community%20News/7112%20duneland_population_growth_rate.htm |access-date=August 5, 2009}}</ref> Other cities that have seen extensive growth since 2000 are [[Greenwood, Indiana|Greenwood]] (81 percent), [[Noblesville, Indiana|Noblesville]] (39.4 percent), [[Carmel, Indiana|Carmel]] (21.4 percent), [[Columbus, Indiana|Columbus]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 21, 2021}}</ref> (12.8%) and [[Lawrence, Indiana|Lawrence]] (9.3 percent).
 
[[Gary, Indiana|Gary]] and [[Hammond, Indiana|Hammond]] have seen the largest population declines regarding the twenty largest cities since 2000, with a decrease of 21.0 and 6.8 percent respectively.<ref name="Nevers"/> [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] (−4.2 percent), [[Anderson, Indiana|Anderson]] (−4.0 percent) and [[Muncie, Indiana|Muncie]] (−3.9 percent) have also seen their populations decline.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Indiana sees big gains in population among certain cities and towns |publisher=Indiana University |date=July 10, 2008 |url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page/normal/8512.html |access-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref>
 
Indianapolis has the largest population of the state's [[metropolitan area]]s and the [[Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas|33rd-largest]] in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas |publisher=[[United States Census]] |url=https://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2007/CBSA-EST2007-01.csv |access-date=August 14, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100709020951/http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2007/CBSA-EST2007-01.csv |archive-date=July 9, 2010}}</ref> The [[Indianapolis metropolitan area]] encompasses [[Marion County, Indiana|Marion County]] and nine surrounding counties in central Indiana.
 
''Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Live births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
|-
! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]]
! 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2013|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>
! 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2014|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>
! 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2015|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>
! 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2016|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref>
! 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf|title=Births: Final Data for 2017|website=Cdc.gov|access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref>
! 2018<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref>
! 2019<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=March 29, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[White Americans|White]]:
| 70,166 (84.4%)
| 70,967 (84.4%)
| 70,741 (84.1%)
| ...
| ...
| ...
| ...
|-
| > [[Non-Hispanic whites|Non-Hispanic White]]
| 63,820 (76.8%)
| 64,076 (76.2%)
| 63,472 (75.5%)
| 62,039 (74.7%)
| 60,515 (73.6%)
| 59,520 (72.9%)
| 58,211 (72.0%)
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
| 10,445 (12.6%)
| 10,666 (12.7%)
| 10,656 (12.7%)
| 9,768 (11.8%)
| 9,971 (12.1%)
| 10,242 (12.5%)
| 10,249 (12.7%)
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| 2,364 (2.8%)
| 2,322 (2.8%)
| 2,523 (3.0%)
| 2,426 (2.9%)
| 2,535 (3.1%)
| 2,382 (2.9%)
| 2,285 (2.8%)
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]
| 127 (0.1%)
| 125 (0.1%)
| 120 (0.1%)
| 85 (0.1%)
| 124 (0.2%)
| 132 (0.2%)
| 117 (0.1%)
|-
| ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (of any race)
| ''6,837'' (8.2%)
| ''7,239'' (8.6%)
| ''7,634'' (9.1%)
| ''7,442'' (8.9%)
| ''7,669'' (9.3%)
| ''7,867'' (9.6%)
| ''8,420'' (10.4%)
|-
| '''Total Indiana'''
| '''83,102''' (100%)
| '''84,080''' (100%)
| '''84,040''' (100%)
| '''83,091''' (100%)
| '''82,170''' (100%)
| '''81,646''' (100%)
| '''80,859''' (100%)
|}
* Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
 
Based on population estimates for 2011, 6.6% of the state's population is under the age of five, 24.5% is under the age of 18, and 13.2% is 65 years of age or older.<ref name="CAT"/> From the 2010 U.S. Census demographic data for Indiana, the median age is 37.<ref name=AmFacts>{{cite web|title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010; 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1) for Indiana |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |access-date=August 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423094054/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/18000.html |archive-date=April 23, 2012 }}</ref>
 
===Median income===
 
{{See also|Indiana locations by per capita income}}
[[File:Geo Map of Median Income by County in Indiana.png|thumb]]<!--[[wp:caption]] "Not every image ..." (Clickable, and it already has one.) Map of Indiana depicting the median household income by county. Data from 2014 [[American Community Survey|ACS]] 5-year Estimate report published by the [[United States Census Bureau|US Census Bureau]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/|title=American Community Survey (ACS)|first=US Census|last=Bureau|website=Census.gov|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>-->
 
As of the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]], Indiana's median household income was $44,616, ranking it 36th among the United States and the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |title = Overview for Indiana | publisher=Indiana Business Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School of Business |date =August 1, 2012 |url = http://www.stats.indiana.edu/uspr/a/us_profile_frame.html |access-date =August 14, 2012}}</ref> In 2005, the median household income for Indiana residents was $43,993. Nearly 498,700 Indiana households had incomes between $50,000 and $75,000, accounting for 20% of all households.<ref name="Justis 2006">{{cite web| last =Justis| first =Rachel M| title =Household Income Varies by Region and Race| publisher=Indiana University| year =2006| url =http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2006/fall/article2.html| access-date =October 29, 2009 }}</ref>
 
Hamilton County's median household income is nearly $35,000 higher than the Indiana average. At $78,932, it ranks seventh in the country among counties with fewer than 250,000 people. The next highest median incomes in Indiana are also found in the Indianapolis suburbs; Hendricks County has a median of $57,538, followed by Johnson County at $56,251.<ref name="Justis 2006"/>
{{clear}}
 
===Religion===
 
[[File:Shipshewana-indiana-amish-buggy.jpg|thumb|left|Indiana is home to the [[List of U.S. states by Amish population|third largest population]] of [[Amish]] in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/files/2017/08/Population_Change_2012-2017.pdf|website=Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College|title=Amish Population Change 2012-2017|type=PDF|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>]]
 
Although the largest single religious denomination in the state is Catholic (747,706 members), most of the population are members of various Protestant denominations. The largest Protestant denomination by number of adherents in 2010 was the [[United Methodist Church]] with 355,043.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/18/rcms2010_18_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=November 12, 2013}}</ref> A study by the Graduate Center at the [[City University of New York]] found 20 percent are Catholic, 14 percent belong to different [[Baptist]] churches, 10 percent are other Christians, 9{{nbs}}percent are [[Methodist]], and 6{{nbs}}percent are [[Lutheran]]. The study found 16 percent of Indiana is affiliated with [[Irreligion|no religion]].<ref>{{cite web|title=American Religious Identification Survey |publisher=[[City University of New York]] |url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |access-date=December 25, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219030815/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |archive-date=December 19, 2006 }}</ref>
 
Indiana is home to the [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine]] [[St. Meinrad Archabbey]], one of two Catholic [[archabbey]]s in the United States and one of 11 in the world. The [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]] has one of its two seminaries in [[Concordia Theological Seminary|Fort Wayne]]. Two conservative denominations, the [[Free Methodist Church]] and the [[Wesleyan Church]], have their headquarters in Indianapolis as does the [[Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)|Christian Church]].<ref>Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 696</ref><ref>Bodenhamer, Barrows and Vanderstel, p. 416.</ref>
 
The [[Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches]] maintains offices and publishing work in [[Winona Lake, Indiana|Winona Lake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LC&p_theme=lc&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10307DEBAC918D95&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|title=Forever Young: Lititz pastor retires after 33 years at Grace Brethren|date=June 4, 2004|publisher=[[Lancaster Newspapers, Inc|Lancaster New Era]]|access-date=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref> [[Huntington, Indiana|Huntington]] serves as the home to the [[Church of the United Brethren in Christ]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FW&s_site=fortwayne&p_multi=FW&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10547EC7A86111BF&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|title=Future of the faith, Area church weighs merger as a way to aid denomination|date=September 22, 2004|website=[[The News-Sentinel]]|access-date=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref> [[Anderson, Indiana|Anderson]] is home to the headquarters of the [[Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)|Church of God]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Neff|first=David|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/marchweb-only/113-12.0.html|title=Holiness Without the Legalism|date=March 27, 2006|website=[[Christianity Today]]|access-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref> The headquarters of the [[Missionary Church]] is in Fort Wayne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FW&s_site=fortwayne&p_multi=FW&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FE07B25E8E7E2E5&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D|title=Volunteers add to church, They construct buildings for the Missionary Church|date=October 6, 2003|website=The News-Sentinel|access-date=August 15, 2009}} (Registration needed)</ref>
 
The [[Friends United Meeting]] of the [[Religious Society of Friends]], the largest branch of American Quakerism, is based in [[Richmond, Indiana|Richmond]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earlham.edu/Q/brochure1/#did_you_know|title=Quakers of Richmond and Wayne County, Indiana|publisher=[[Earlham College]]|access-date=August 15, 2009|archive-date=April 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403160459/http://www.earlham.edu/Q/brochure1/#did_you_know|url-status=dead}}</ref> which also houses the oldest Quaker seminary in the United States, the [[Earlham School of Religion]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Amy Lyles|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7780491|title=The Guts to Keep Going|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|access-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref> The [[Islamic Society of North America]] is headquartered in [[Plainfield, Indiana|Plainfield]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2009-02-02-muslims-obama_N.htm|title=Are American Muslims 'under more scrutiny' with Obama?|work=USA Today|date=February 2, 2009|access-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable collapsible" style="text-align:right;"
|+ class="nowrap" style="font-size:100%" | Religious affiliation in Indiana (2014)<ref>{{cite web |author = USA |url = https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/indiana/ |title = Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics &#124; Pew Research Center |publisher = Pewforum.org |access-date = May 29, 2021 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="col"| Affiliation
! scope="col" colspan="2"|% of Indiana population
|-
! scope="row"| [[Christianity]]
| {{bartable|72||2||background:darkblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| [[Protestant]]
| {{bartable|52||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:2em;"| [[Evangelical Protestant]]
| {{bartable|31||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:2em;"| [[Mainline Protestant]]
| {{bartable|16||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:2em;"| [[Black church|Black Protestant]]
| {{bartable|5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| [[Catholic]]
| {{bartable|18||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| [[Mormon]]
| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;;"| [[Orthodox Christianity|Orthodox]]
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-indent:1em;"| Other Christianity
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Judaism]]
| {{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Buddhism]]
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Islam]]
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Hinduism]]
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
! scope="row"| Other faiths
| {{bartable|1||2||background:darkgreen}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]
| {{bartable|26||2||background:purple}}
|-
! scope="row"| Don't know / No answer
| {{bartable|0.5||2||background:darkorange}}
|}
{{clear}}
 
==Law and government==
 
{{Main|Government of Indiana}}
{{See also|United States congressional delegations from Indiana|Indiana's congressional districts}}
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Indiana has a constitutional democratic republican form of government with three branches: the executive, including an elected governor and lieutenant governor; the legislative, consisting of an elected [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] General Assembly; and the judicial, the Supreme Court of Indiana, the Indiana Court of Appeals and circuit courts.
 
The [[Governor of Indiana]] serves as the state's chief executive and has the authority to manage the government as established in the Constitution of Indiana. The governor and the [[Lieutenant Governor of Indiana|lieutenant governor]] are jointly elected to four-year terms, with gubernatorial elections running concurrently with United States presidential elections (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, etc.).<ref name="ST"/> The governor may not serve more than two consecutive terms.<ref name="ST"/> The governor works with the [[Indiana General Assembly]] and the [[Indiana Supreme Court]] to govern the state and has the authority to adjust the other branches. The governor can call special sessions of the General Assembly and select and remove leaders of nearly all state departments, boards and commissions. Other notable powers include calling out the [[Indiana Guard Reserve]] or the [[Indiana National Guard]] in times of emergency or disaster, issuing pardons or commuting the sentence of any criminal offenders except in cases of treason or impeachment and possessing an abundant amount of statutory authority.<ref name="ST">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.in.us/portal/files/WebPageFactsBooklet.pdf|title=Indiana Facts|publisher=State of Indiana|access-date=August 3, 2009|archive-date=March 18, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318110223/http://www.state.in.us/portal/files/WebPageFactsBooklet.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007), p. 10.</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 5| date =February 25, 1999| publisher =Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-5.html| access-date =August 3, 2009| archive-date =March 10, 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090310200401/http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-5.html| url-status =dead}}</ref>
 
The lieutenant governor serves as the President of the Senate and ensures the senate rules are acted in accordance with by its constituents. The lieutenant governor votes only when needed to break ties. If the governor dies in office, becomes permanently incapacitated, resigns or is impeached, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. If both the governor and lieutenant governor positions are unoccupied, the Senate President pro tempore becomes governor.<ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2007), p. 13.</ref>
 
The Indiana General Assembly is composed of a 50-member [[Indiana Senate|Senate]] and 100-member [[Indiana House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. The Senate is the [[upper house]] of the General Assembly and the House of Representatives is the [[lower house]].<ref name="ST" /> The General Assembly has exclusive legislative authority within the state government. Both the Senate and the House can introduce legislation, with the exception that the Senate is not authorized to initiate legislation that will affect revenue. Bills are debated and passed separately in each house, but both houses must pass them before they can be submitted to the Governor.<ref name="For">{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 4| date =February 25, 1999| publisher =Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-4.html| access-date =August 3, 2009| archive-date =August 1, 2018| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180801103208/http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-4.html| url-status =dead}}</ref> The legislature can nullify a veto from the governor with a majority vote of full membership in the Senate and House of Representatives.<ref name="ST" /> Each law passed by the General Assembly must apply without exception to the entire state. The General Assembly has no authority to create legislation that targets a particular community.<ref name="For" /><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005), p. 11</ref> The General Assembly can manage the state's judiciary system by arranging the size of the courts and the bounds of their districts. It also can oversee the activities of the executive branch of the state government, has restricted power to regulate the county governments within the state, and has exclusive power to initiate the method to alter the Indiana Constitution.<ref name="For" /><ref>Indiana State Chamber of Commerce (2005), p. 14.</ref>
 
The [[Indiana Supreme Court]] is made up of five judges with a [[Indiana Court of Appeals|Court of Appeals]] composed of 15 judges. The governor selects judges for the supreme and appeals courts from a group of applicants chosen by a special commission. After serving for two years, the judges must acquire the support of the electorate to serve for a 10-year term.<ref name="ST" /> In nearly all cases, the Supreme Court does not have [[original jurisdiction]] and can hear only cases petitioned to it after being heard in lower courts. Local circuit courts are where most cases begin with a trial and the consequence is decided by the jury. The Supreme Court has original and sole jurisdiction in certain areas including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of Judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the State.<ref name="Fur">{{cite web| title =Indiana Constitution Article 7| date =February 25, 1999| publisher =Indiana University| url =http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-7.html| access-date =August 3, 2009| archive-date =August 2, 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090802221214/http://www.law.indiana.edu/uslawdocs/inconst/art-7.html| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/appellate.html |title=Appellate Process |publisher=State of Indiana |date=February 4, 2009 |access-date=August 3, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723101408/http://www.in.gov/judiciary/supreme/appellate.html |archive-date=July 23, 2009 }}</ref>
 
The state is divided into 92 [[County (United States)|counties]], which are led by a board of county commissioners. 90 counties in Indiana have their own [[circuit court]] with a judge elected for a six-year term. The remaining two counties, Dearborn and Ohio, are combined into one circuit. Many counties operate [[superior court]]s in addition to the circuit court. In densely populated counties where the caseload is traditionally greater, separate courts have been established to solely hear either juvenile, criminal, probate or small claims cases. The establishment, frequency and jurisdiction of these additional courts vary greatly from county to county. There are 85 city and town courts in Indiana municipalities, created by local ordinance, typically handling minor offenses and not considered [[courts of record]]. County officials elected to four-year terms include an auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner and clerk of the circuit court. All incorporated cities in Indiana have a mayor and council form of municipal government. Towns are governed by a town council and townships are governed by a township trustee and advisory board.<ref name="ST" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/judiciary/2674.htm|title=Indiana Trial Courts: Types of Courts|publisher=State of Indiana|access-date=May 4, 2014}}</ref>
 
''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Indiana first in the publication's inaugural 2017 Best States for Government listing. Among individual categories, Indiana ranked above average in budget transparency (#1), government digitization (#6), and fiscal stability (#8), and ranked average in state integrity (#25).<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings/government|title=Best States for Government|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=September 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911112135/https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings/government|archive-date=September 11, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
===Politics===
 
{{Main|Politics of Indiana}}
{{See also|Political party strength in Indiana|United States presidential elections in Indiana}}
[[File:130410-Z-9531S-013.jpg|thumb|[[Mike Pence]] at the Indiana State Fair, 2014|alt=An older man in a tan suit reaches across a table to shake a woman's hand.]]
 
From 1880 to 1924, a resident of Indiana was included in all but one presidential election. Indiana Representative [[William Hayden English]] was nominated for vice president and ran with Winfield Scott Hancock in the [[1880 United States presidential election|1880 election]].<ref>Gray 1977, p. 23.</ref> Former Indiana Governor [[Thomas A. Hendricks]] was elected vice president in 1884. He served until his death on November 25, 1885, under President [[Grover Cleveland]].<ref>Gray 1977, p. 82.</ref> In 1888, former Senator from Indiana [[Benjamin Harrison]] was elected president and served one term. He remains the only President from Indiana. Indiana Senator [[Charles W. Fairbanks]] was elected vice president in 1904, serving under President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] until 1909.<ref>Gray 1977, p. 118.</ref> Fairbanks made another run for vice president with [[Charles Evans Hughes]] in 1916, but they both lost to [[Woodrow Wilson]] and former Indiana Governor [[Thomas R. Marshall]], who served as vice president from 1913 until 1921.<ref>Gray 1977, p. 162.</ref> Not until 1988 did another presidential election involve a native of Indiana when Senator [[Dan Quayle]] was elected vice president and served one term with [[George H. W. Bush]].<ref name="FW"/> Governor [[Mike Pence]] was elected vice president in 2016, to serve with [[Donald Trump]].
 
Indiana has long been considered a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] stronghold,<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Indiana poll shows tight race with McCain, Obama |publisher=Fox News Channel |url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2008Oct01/0,4670,Poll2008Indiana,00.html |date=October 1, 2008 |access-date=August 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Purnick |first=Joyce |title=The 2006 Campaign: Struggle for the House; In a G.O.P. Stronghold, 3 Districts in Indiana Are Now Battlegrounds |work=The New York Times |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CEFDA163FF932A15753C1A9609C8B63 |date=October 21, 2006 |access-date=August 10, 2009}}</ref> particularly in Presidential races. The [[Cook Partisan Voting Index]] (CPVI) now rates Indiana as R+9. Indiana was one of only ten states to support Republican [[Wendell Willkie]] in 1940.<ref name="FW"/> On 14 occasions the Republican candidate has defeated the Democrat by a double-digit margin in the state, including six times where a Republican won the state by more than twenty percentage points.<ref name="Atlas"/> In 2000 and 2004 [[George W. Bush]] won the state by a wide margin while the election was much closer overall. The state has supported a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] for president only five times since 1900. In 1912, [[Woodrow Wilson]] became the first Democrat to win the state in the twentieth century, with 43% of the vote. Twenty years later, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] won the state with 55% of the vote over incumbent Republican [[Herbert Hoover]]. Roosevelt won the state again in 1936. In 1964, 56% of voters supported Democrat [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] over Republican [[Barry Goldwater]]. Forty-four years later, Democrat [[Barack Obama]] narrowly won the state against [[John McCain]] 50% to 49%.<ref>{{cite web |last=McPhee |first=Laura |title=Indiana's historic vote for Obama |website=[[NUVO (newspaper)|NUVO]] |url=http://www.nuvo.net/indianapolis/indianas-historic-vote-for-obama/Content?oid=1263801 |date=November 12, 2008 |access-date=August 10, 2009}}</ref> In the [[2012 US presidential election|following election]], Republican [[Mitt Romney]] won back the state for the Republican Party with 54% of the vote over the incumbent President Obama who won 43%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.in.gov/apps/sos/election/general/general2012?page=office&countyID=-1&officeID=36&districtID=-1&candidate= |title=Election Results: Indiana General Election, November 6, 2012 |publisher=State of Indiana |access-date=April 21, 2014}}</ref>
 
While only five Democratic presidential nominees have carried Indiana since 1900, 11 Democrats [[List of Governors of Indiana|were elected governor]] during that time. Before [[Mitch Daniels]] became governor in 2005, Democrats had held the office for 16 consecutive years. Indiana elects two senators and nine representatives to Congress. The state has 11 electoral votes in presidential elections.<ref name="Atlas"/> Seven of the [[Indiana's congressional districts|districts]] favor the Republican Party according to the CPVI rankings; there are seven Republicans serving as representatives and two Democrats. Historically, Republicans have been strongest in the eastern and central portions of the state, while Democrats have been strongest in the northwestern part of the state. Occasionally, certain counties in the southern part of the state will vote Democratic. Marion County, Indiana's most populous county, supported the Republican candidates from 1968 to 2000, before backing the Democrats in the 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2020 elections. Indiana's second-most populous county, Lake County, strongly supports the Democratic party and has not voted for a Republican since 1972.<ref name="Atlas">{{cite web |title=Presidential General Election Map Comparison |website=uselectionatlas.org |url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/comparemaps.php?year=2008&fips=18&f=1&off=0&elect=0 |access-date=August 11, 2009}}</ref> In 2005, the Bay Area Center for Voting Research rated the most liberal and conservative cities in the United States on voting statistics in the 2004 presidential election, based on 237 cities with populations of more than 100,000. Five Indiana cities were mentioned in the study. On the liberal side, [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]] was ranked second and [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]] came in at 83. Among conservative cities, [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]] was 44th, [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] was 60th and [[Indianapolis]] was 82nd on the list.<ref>{{cite web |last=Modie |first=Neil |title=Where have Seattle's lefties gone? |website=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/236320_liberal12.html |date=August 12, 2005 |access-date=August 11, 2009}}</ref>
 
===Military installations===
 
[[File:Defense.gov photo essay 090826-D-8719J-45.jpg|thumb|Members of the [[Indiana National Guard]] at the [[Muscatatuck Urban Training Center]] near [[Butlerville, Indiana|Butlerville]]]]
 
Indiana is home to several current and former [[Military base|military installations]]. The largest of these is the [[Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division]], approximately 25 miles southwest of [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], which is the third-largest naval installation in the world, comprising approximately 108 square miles of territory.
 
Other active installations include [[Air National Guard]] fighter units at [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]], and [[Terre Haute]] airports (to be consolidated at Fort Wayne under the [[Base Realignment and Closure, 2005|2005 BRAC proposal]], with the Terre Haute facility remaining open as a non-flying installation). The [[Army National Guard]] conducts operations at [[Camp Atterbury]] in [[Edinburgh, Indiana]], helicopter operations out of [[Shelbyville, Indiana|Shelbyville]] Airport and urban training at [[Muscatatuck Urban Training Center]]. The Army's [[Newport Chemical Depot]], which is now closed and turning into a coal purifier plant.
 
Indiana was formerly home to two major military installations; [[Grissom Air Force Base]] near Peru (realigned to an [[Air Force Reserve]] installation in 1994) and [[Fort Benjamin Harrison]] near Indianapolis, now closed, though the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] continues to operate a large finance center there ([[Defense Finance and Accounting Service]]).
 
==Culture==
===Arts===
{{See also|Golden Age of Indiana Literature}}
The last decades of the 19th century began what is known as the "golden age of Indiana literature", a period that lasted until the 1920s.<ref name = artsummary/> [[Edward Eggleston]] wrote ''The Hoosier Schoolmaster'' (1871), the first best-seller to originate in the state. Many more followed, including [[Maurice Thompson]]'s ''Hoosier Mosaics'' (1875) and [[Lew Wallace]]'s ''[[Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ|Ben-Hur]]'' (1880). Indiana developed a reputation as the "American heartland" after the publication of several widely read novels, beginning with [[Booth Tarkington]]'s ''The Gentleman from Indiana'' (1899), [[Meredith Nicholson]]'s The Hoosiers (1900), and Thompson's ''Alice of Old Vincennes'' (1900).<ref name = artsummary/> [[James Whitcomb Riley]], known as the "Hoosier Poet" and the most popular poet of his age, wrote hundreds of poems with Hoosier themes, including ''[[Little Orphant Annie]]''. A unique art culture also began to develop in the late 19th century, beginning the [[Hoosier Group|Hoosier School]] of landscape painting and the [[Richmond Group]] of impressionist painters. The painters, including [[T. C. Steele]], whose work was influenced by southern Indiana's colorful hills, were known for their use of vivid colors.<ref name = artsummary>{{cite encyclopedia|title=INDIANA|year=2000|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century|editor= Farmington, Gale|author=Furlong, Patrick J.|location=Michigan}}</ref> Prominent musicians and composers from Indiana also reached national acclaim, including [[Paul Dresser]], whose most popular song, "[[On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away]]", was later adopted as the official state song.<ref name=ihspauldresser>{{cite web|last=Henderson|first=Clayton W|url=http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/library-and-archives/notable-hoosiers/paul-dresser/|title=Paul Dresser|publisher=[[Indiana Historical Society]]|access-date=2010-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828223523/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/library-and-archives/notable-hoosiers/paul-dresser|archive-date=August 28, 2010|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Bob Ross]] was from Indiana and [[Muncie]] has a thriving art community.
 
===Sports===
 
{{Main|Sports in Indiana}}
 
====Motorsports====
 
[[File:Dallara DW12 (Fernando Alonso) 2017 Indianapolis 500.jpg|thumb|Indianapolis is home to the annual [[Indianapolis 500]] race.]]
 
Indiana has an extensive history with [[auto racing]]. Indianapolis hosts the [[Indianapolis 500]] mile race over [[Memorial Day]] weekend at the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] every May. The name of the race is usually shortened to "Indy 500" and also goes by the nickname "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing". The race attracts more than 250,000 people every year, making it the largest single-day sporting event in the world. The track also hosts the [[Brickyard 400]] ([[NASCAR]]) and the [[Red Bull Indianapolis Grand Prix]]. From 2000 to 2007, it hosted the [[United States Grand Prix]] ([[Formula One]]). Indiana features the world's largest and most prestigious [[drag race]], the [[NHRA U.S. Nationals|NHRA Mac Tools U.S. Nationals]], held each [[Labor Day]] weekend at [[Lucas Oil Raceway at Indianapolis]] in [[Clermont, Indiana]]. Indiana is also host to a major [[hydroplane racing|unlimited hydroplane racing]] power boat race circuits in the major [[H1 Unlimited]] league, the [[Madison Regatta]] ([[Madison, Indiana]]).
 
====Professional sports====
 
[[File:Andrew Luck 2013.jpg|thumb|The [[Indianapolis Colts]] of the [[National Football League]] have been based in the state since 1984.]]
 
{{asof|2013}} Indiana has produced more [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) players per capita than any other state. Muncie has produced the most per capita of any American city, with two other Indiana cities in the top ten.<ref name="deadspin20130617">{{cite web | url=http://deadspin.com/infographics-where-do-pro-basketball-players-come-from-513261549 | title=Infographics: Where Do Pro Basketball Players Come From? | website=Deadspin | date=June 17, 2013 | access-date=June 18, 2013 | author=Fischer-Baum, Reuben}}</ref> It has a rich basketball heritage that reaches back to the sport's formative years. The NBA's [[Indiana Pacers]] play their home games at [[Bankers Life Fieldhouse]]; they began play in 1967 in the [[American Basketball Association]] (ABA) and joined the NBA when the leagues [[ABA-NBA merger|merged]] in 1976. Although [[James Naismith]] developed basketball in [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], [[Massachusetts]] in 1891, high school basketball was born in Indiana. In 1925, Naismith visited an Indiana basketball state finals game along with 15,000 screaming fans and later wrote "Basketball really had its origin in Indiana, which remains the center of the sport." The 1986 film ''[[Hoosiers (film)|Hoosiers]]'' is inspired by the story of the 1954 Indiana state champions [[1954 Milan High School basketball team|Milan High School]]. Professional basketball player [[Larry Bird]] was born in [[West Baden Springs, Indiana|West Baden Springs]] and was raised in [[French Lick, Indiana|French Lick]]. He went on to lead the [[Boston Celtics]] to the NBA championship in 1981, 1984, and 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/larry-bird-9213087|title=Larry Bird|website=Biography}}</ref>
 
Indianapolis is home to the [[Indianapolis Colts]]. The Colts are members of the [[AFC South|South Division]] of the [[American Football Conference]]. The Colts have roots back to 1913 as the [[Dayton Triangles]]. They became an official team after moving to [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland|MD]], in 1953. In 1984, the [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Colts]] [[Baltimore Colts relocation controversy|relocated]] to Indianapolis, leading to an eventual rivalry with the [[Baltimore Ravens]]. After calling the [[RCA Dome]] home for 25 years, the Colts play their home games at [[Lucas Oil Stadium]] in Indianapolis. While in Baltimore, the Colts won the [[Super Bowl V|1970 Super Bowl]]. In Indianapolis, the Colts won [[Super Bowl XLI]], bringing the franchise total to two. In recent years the Colts have regularly competed in the NFL playoffs.
 
Indiana was home to two charter members of the [[National Football League]] teams, the [[Hammond Pros]] and the [[Muncie Flyers]]. Another early NFL franchise, the [[Evansville Crimson Giants]] spent two seasons in the league before folding.
 
====Professional teams====
 
The following table shows the professional sports teams in Indiana. Teams in italic are in [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major professional leagues]].
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Venue (capacity)
|-
|''[[Indianapolis Colts]]''
|American football
|[[National Football League]]
| [[Lucas Oil Stadium]] (62,400)
|-
|''[[Indiana Pacers]]''
|Basketball
|[[National Basketball Association]]
| [[Bankers Life Fieldhouse]] (18,165)
|-
|[[Evansville Otters]]
|Baseball
|[[Frontier League]]
| [[Bosse Field]] (5,181)
|-
|[[Evansville Thunderbolts]]
|Ice hockey
|[[Southern Professional Hockey League]]
| [[Ford Center (Evansville)|Ford Center]] (9,000)
|-
|[[Fort Wayne Komets]]
|Ice hockey
|[[ECHL]]
| [[Allen County War Memorial Coliseum]] (10,480)
|-
|[[Fort Wayne Mad Ants]]
|Basketball
|[[NBA G League]]
| [[Allen County War Memorial Coliseum|War Memorial Coliseum]] (13,000)
|-
|[[Fort Wayne TinCaps]]
|Baseball
|[[High-A Central]]
| [[Parkview Field]] (8,100)
|-
|[[Gary SouthShore RailCats]]
|Baseball
|[[American Association of Professional Baseball|American Association]]
| [[U.S. Steel Yard]] (6,139)
|-
|[[Indy Eleven]]
|Soccer
|[[United Soccer League]]
| [[Lucas Oil Stadium]] (62,400)
|-
|[[Indiana Fever]]
|Basketball
|[[Women's National Basketball Association]]
| [[Bankers Life Fieldhouse]] (18,165)
|-
|[[Indy Fuel]]
|Ice hockey
|[[ECHL]]
| [[Indiana Farmers Coliseum]] (6,300)
|-
|[[Indianapolis Indians]]
|Baseball
|[[Triple-A East]]
| [[Victory Field]] (14,230)
|-
|[[Indianapolis Enforcers]]
|Arena Football
|[[American Arena League|AAL]]
|[[Indiana Farmers Coliseum]]
|-
|[[South Bend Cubs]]
|Baseball
|[[High-A Central]]
| [[Four Winds Field]] (5,000)
|}
The following is a table of sports venues in Indiana having a capacity in excess of 30,000:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Facility
!Capacity
!Municipality
!Tenants
|-
|[[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]
|257,325
|[[Speedway, Indiana|Speedway]]
|{{ubl|[[Indianapolis 500]]|[[Grand Prix of Indianapolis]]|[[Brantley Gilbert Big Machine Brickyard 400]]|[[Lilly Diabetes 250]]}}
|-
|[[Notre Dame Stadium]]
|84,000
|[[Notre Dame, Indiana|Notre Dame]]
|[[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football]]
|-
|[[Lucas Oil Stadium]]
|62,421
|[[Indianapolis]]
|{{ubl|[[Indianapolis Colts]]|[[Indy Eleven]]}}
|-
|[[Ross–Ade Stadium]]
|57,236
|[[West Lafayette, Indiana|West Lafayette]]
|[[Purdue Boilermakers football]]
|-
|[[Memorial Stadium (Indiana)|Memorial Stadium]]
|52,929
|[[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]]
|[[Indiana Hoosiers football]]
|}
 
====College athletics====
 
{{See also|Hoosier Hysteria}}
[[File:Indiana Assembly Hall interior (16100187018).jpg|thumb|[[Simon Skjodt Assembly Hall]], home to [[Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball]]]]
[[File:Fans and players gather for a football game Sept. 6, 2014, at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Ind 140906-D-KC128-220.jpg|thumb|[[Notre Dame Stadium]], home to the [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Fighting Irish]]]]
 
Indiana has had great sports success at the collegiate level.
 
In men's basketball, the [[Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball|Indiana Hoosiers]] have won five NCAA national championships and 22 [[Big Ten Conference]] championships. The [[Purdue Boilermakers]] were selected as the national champions in 1932 before the creation of the tournament, and have won 23 Big Ten championships. The Boilermakers along with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish have both won a national championship in women's basketball.
 
In college football, the [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish]] have won 11 consensus national championships, as well as the [[Rose Bowl Game]], [[Cotton Bowl Classic]], [[Orange Bowl]] and [[Sugar Bowl]]. Meanwhile, the Purdue Boilermakers have won 10 Big Ten championships and have won the Rose Bowl and [[Peach Bowl]].
 
Schools fielding [[NCAA Division I]] athletic programs include:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Program
!Division
!Conference
!City
|-
|[[Ball State Cardinals]]
|[[Division I-FBS]]
|[[Mid-American Conference]]
|[[Muncie, Indiana|Muncie]]
|-
|[[Butler Bulldogs]]
|[[Division I-FCS]]
|[[Big East Conference]]
[[Pioneer Football League]]
|[[Indianapolis]]
|-
|[[Evansville Purple Aces]]
|[[NCAA Division I|Division I (non-football)]]
|[[Missouri Valley Conference]]
|[[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]]
|-
|[[Indiana Hoosiers]]
|[[Division I-FBS]]
|[[Big Ten Conference]]
|[[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]]
|-
|[[Indiana State Sycamores]]
|[[Division I-FCS]]
|[[Missouri Valley Conference]]
[[Missouri Valley Football Conference]]
|[[Terre Haute, Indiana|Terre Haute]]
|-
|[[IUPUI Jaguars]]
|[[NCAA Division I|Division I (non-football)]]
|[[Horizon League]]
|[[Indianapolis]]
|-
|[[Notre Dame Fighting Irish]]
|[[Division I-FBS]]
|[[Atlantic Coast Conference]]
[[Big Ten Conference]] (men's ice hockey)
 
[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]] (football)
|[[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]]
|-
|[[Purdue Boilermakers]]
|[[Division I-FBS]]
|[[Big Ten Conference]]
|[[West Lafayette, Indiana|West Lafayette]]
|-
|[[Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons]]
|[[NCAA Division I|Division I (non-football)]]
|[[Horizon League]]
|[[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]]
|-
|[[Valparaiso Beacons]]
|[[Division I-FCS]]
|[[Missouri Valley Conference]]
[[Pioneer Football League]]
 
[[Summit League]] (men's swimming, men's tennis)
 
[[Southland Bowling League]] (women's bowling)
|[[Valparaiso, Indiana|Valparaiso]]
|}
 
==Economy and infrastructure==
 
{{Main|Economy of Indiana}}
[[File:Indiana Dunes State Park, on the southern tip of Lake Michigan.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Michigan]]'s beaches, popular with tourists, are juxtaposed with heavy industry.]]
[[File:Campo de maiz, Walker, Indiana, Estados Unidos, 2012-10-20, DD 03.jpg|thumb|Indiana is the fifth largest corn-producing state in the U.S., with over a billion bushels harvested in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Indiana Agriculture Products|publisher=Journal Communications, Inc.|url=http://www.farmflavor.com/indiana/indiana-agribusiness/top-10-indiana-agriculture-products/|access-date=August 21, 2017}}</ref>]]
 
In 2017, Indiana had a civilian labor force of nearly 3.4{{nbs}}million, the 15th largest in the U.S. Indiana has an unemployment rate of 3.4 percent, lower than the national average.<ref>{{cite web|title=Labor Force Overview (NSA): STATS Indiana|publisher=STATS Indiana|url=http://www.stats.indiana.edu/laus/laus_view1.html|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref> The total gross state product in 2016 was $347.2{{nbs}}billion.<ref>[https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=naics&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels]</ref> A high percentage of Indiana's income is from manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Indiana Economy at a Glance | publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | url=http://stats.bls.gov/eag/eag.in.htm | access-date=January 11, 2007}}</ref> According to the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]], nearly 17 percent of the state's non-farm workforce is employed in manufacturing, the highest of any state in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|title=The States Leading the U.S. Manufacturing Resurgence|first=Mark|last=Crawford|publisher=AreaDevelopment|url=http://www.areadevelopment.com/RegionalReports/Q1-2013/states-leading-US-manufacturing-resurgence-2665542.shtml?Page=2|date=Winter 2013|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref> The state's five leading exports were motor vehicles and auto parts, pharmaceutical products, industrial machinery, optical and medical equipment, and electric machinery.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Positioning, 2015: Indiana's Export Activity|publisher=STATS Indiana|url=http://www.stats.indiana.edu/exports/2015.asp|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref>
 
Despite its reliance on manufacturing, Indiana has been less affected by declines in traditional [[Rust Belt]] manufacturers than many of its neighbors. The explanation appears to be certain factors in the labor market. First, much of the heavy manufacturing, such as industrial machinery and steel, requires highly skilled labor, and firms are often willing to locate where hard-to-train skills already exist. Second, Indiana's labor force is primarily in medium-sized and smaller cities rather than in very large and expensive metropolises. This makes it possible for firms to offer somewhat lower wages for these skills than would normally be paid. Firms often see in Indiana a chance to obtain higher than average skills at lower than average wages.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Manufacturers in Indiana | publisher=Purdue University Center for Rural Development | date=July 19, 1998}}</ref>
 
===Business===
 
In 2016, Indiana was home to seven [[Fortune 500]] companies with a combined $142.5{{nbs}}billion in revenue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana Businesses Shuffle on Fortune 500|first=Dan|last=McGowan|publisher=Inside Indiana Business|url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/story/32221981/indiana-businesses-shuffle-around-on-fortune-500|date=June 14, 2016|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref> [[Columbus, Indiana|Columbus]]-based [[Cummins, Inc.]] and Indianapolis-based [[Eli Lilly and Company]] and [[Simon Property Group]] were recognized in ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' publication's "2017 World's Most Admired Companies List", ranking in each of their respective industries.<ref>{{cite news|title=3 Indiana companies make Fortune's 2017 World's Most Admired Companies List|first=Allison|last=Carter|newspaper=The Indianapolis Star|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/2017/02/20/3-indiana-companies-make-fortunes-2017-worlds-most-admired-companies-list/98149374/|date=February 20, 2017|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref>
 
[[Northwest Indiana]] has been the largest steel producing center in the U.S. since 1975 and accounted for 27 percent of American-made steel in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indiana leads nation in steel production|first=Joseph|last=Pete|publisher=Northwest Indiana Times|url=http://www.nwitimes.com/business/steel/indiana-leads-nation-in-steel-production/article_def40810-528e-5a98-acc2-ebab79de08a2.html|date=May 31, 2017|access-date=September 1, 2017}}</ref>
 
Indiana is home to the international headquarters and research facilities of pharmaceutical company [[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly]] in Indianapolis, the state's largest corporation, as well as the world headquarters of Mead Johnson Nutritionals in Evansville.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wndu.com/news/112005/news_46007.php|title=WNDU-TV: News Story: Bayer is leaving Elkhart – November 16, 2005}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Overall, Indiana ranks fifth among all U.S. states in total sales and shipments of pharmaceutical products and second highest in the number of biopharmaceutical related jobs.<ref>{{cite web | title=Economy & Demographics | publisher=Terre Haute Economic Development Co. | url=http://www.terrehauteareaedc.com/econ_industry.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716101025/http://www.terrehauteareaedc.com/econ_industry.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 16, 2006 | access-date=January 30, 2007 }}</ref>
 
Indiana is within the U.S. [[Corn Belt]] and [[Grain Belt]]. The state has a feedlot-style system raising corn to fatten hogs and cattle. Along with corn, [[soybeans]] are also a major cash crop. Its proximity to large urban centers, such as [[Indianapolis]] and Chicago, assure dairying, egg production, and specialty horticulture occur.
Other crops include melons, tomatoes, grapes, mint, popping corn, and tobacco in the southern counties.<ref>{{cite web | title=USDA Crop Profiles | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | url=http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cplist.cfm?org=state | access-date=November 20, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070223130933/http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cplist.cfm?org=state <!--bot retrieved archive--> |archive-date = February 23, 2007}}</ref> Most of the original land was not prairie and had to be cleared of deciduous trees. Many parcels of woodland remain and support a furniture-making sector in the southern portion of the state.
 
In 2011 Indiana was ranked first in the Midwest and sixth in the country for best places to do business according to CEO magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiefexecutive.net/best-worst-states-for-business |title=Best/Worst States for Business &#124; ChiefExecutive.net &#124; Chief Executive Magazine |publisher=ChiefExecutive.net |date=May 3, 2011 |access-date=December 10, 2011}}</ref>
 
===Taxation===
 
{{See also|Taxation in Indiana}}
 
Tax is collected by the [[Indiana Department of Revenue]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=DOR: Home|url=https://www.in.gov/dor/|access-date=2020-06-04|website=www.in.gov}}</ref>
 
Indiana has a flat state [[income tax]] rate of 3.23%. Many of the state's counties also collect income tax. The state [[sales tax]] rate is 7% with exemptions for food, prescription medications and over-the-counter medications.<ref>{{cite web|title=State Sales Tax Rates|url=http://www.money-zine.com/Financial-Planning/Tax-Shelter/State-Sales-Tax-Rates/|publisher=Money-Zine.com|access-date=January 26, 2012}}</ref> In some jurisdictions, an additional Food and Beverage Tax is charged, at a rate of 1% (Marion County's rate is 2%), on sales of prepared meals and beverages.<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIANA Retail Sales Tax & Use Tax |url=http://www.in.gov/dor/files/brochure3.pdf |website=Indiana Department of Revenue |publisher=State of Indiana |access-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125021729/http://www.in.gov/dor/files/brochure3.pdf |archive-date=November 25, 2011 }}</ref>
 
[[Property tax]]es are imposed on both real and personal property in Indiana and are administered by the Department of Local Government Finance. Property is subject to taxation by a variety of taxing units (schools, counties, townships, municipalities, and libraries), making the total tax rate the sum of the tax rates imposed by all taxing units in which a property is located. However, a "circuit breaker" law enacted on March 19, 2008, limits [[property tax]]es to 1% of assessed value for homeowners, 2% for rental properties and farmland, and 3% for businesses.
 
===State budget===
 
Indiana does not have a legal requirement to balance the state budget either in law or its constitution. Instead, it has a constitutional ban on assuming debt. The state has a [[Rainy Day Fund]] and for healthy reserves proportional to spending. Indiana is one of six US states to not allow a [[Line-item veto in the United States|line-item veto]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/budget-tax/gubernatorial-veto-authority-with-respect-to-major.aspx|title=Gubernatorial Veto Authority with Respect to Major Budget Bill(s)|publisher=National Conference of State Legislatures|access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref>
 
Since 2010, Indiana has been one of a few states to hold [[Bond credit rating#Credit rating tiers|AAA bond credit ratings]] with the [[Big Three (credit rating agencies)|Big Three]] credit rating agencies, the highest possible rating.<ref>{{cite web|title=S&P Reaffirms State's Credit Rating|first=Alex|last=Brown|publisher=Inside Indiana Business|url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/story/31621461/sp-reaffirms-states-credit-rating|date=April 1, 2016|access-date=September 11, 2017}}</ref>
 
===Energy===
 
{{Further|List of Generating Stations in Indiana}}
[[File:Clifty Creek Power Plant Complex.jpg|thumb|[[fossil fuel power station|Coal-fired electric plants]], like [[Clifty Creek Power Plant]] in [[Madison, Indiana|Madison]], produce about 85 percent of Indiana's energy supply.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/state/state_one_pager/Indiana.pdf|title=2014 EIA reports and publications – Indiana|website=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=September 3, 2017}}</ref>]]
 
Indiana's power production chiefly consists of the consumption of fossil fuels, mainly coal. It has 24 coal power plants, including the country's largest coal power plant, [[Gibson Generating Station]], across the Wabash River from [[Mount Carmel, Illinois]]. Indiana is also home to the coal-fired plant with the highest sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States, the [[R. Gallagher Generating Station|Gallagher]] power plant, just west of New Albany.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2007/2007-07-26-05.asp|title=50 Dirtiest U.S. Power Plants Named|last=staff|website=Ens-newswire.com|access-date=September 2, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525200756/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2007/2007-07-26-05.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
In 2010, Indiana had estimated coal reserves of 57&nbsp;billion tons, and state mining operations produced 35&nbsp;million tons of coal annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://igs.indiana.edu/coal/index.cfm|title=Coal in Indiana|author=Indiana Geological Survey|publisher=[[Purdue University]]|access-date=October 19, 2010}}</ref> Indiana also has at least 900&nbsp;million barrels of petroleum reserves in the [[Trenton Gas Field|Trenton Field]], though they are not easily recoverable. While Indiana has made commitments to increasing the use of renewable resources such as wind, hydroelectric, biomass, or solar power, progress has been very slow, mainly because of the continued abundance of coal in southern Indiana. Most of the new plants in the state have been [[coal gasification]] plants. Another source is hydroelectric power.
 
[[Wind power in Indiana|Wind power]] has been developed. Estimates in 2006 raised Indiana's wind capacity from 30 MW at 50 m turbine height to 40,000 MW at 70 m, and to 130,000 MW at 100 m, in 2010, the height of newer turbines.<ref>[http://www.indianacleanpower.org/renewableresources.html Indiana's Renewable Energy Resources] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209233955/http://www.indianacleanpower.org/renewableresources.html |date=February 9, 2014 }} Retrieved August 20, 2008</ref> By the end of 2011, Indiana had installed 1,340 MW of wind turbines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp |title=WINDExchange: U.S. Installed Wind Capacity |website=windpoweringamerica.gov |access-date=February 24, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314233108/http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/wind_installed_capacity.asp |archive-date=March 14, 2014 }}</ref>
 
===Transportation===
====Airports====
 
{{See also|List of airports in Indiana}}
 
[[Indianapolis International Airport]] serves the greater Indianapolis area. It opened in November 2008 and offers a midfield passenger terminal, concourses, air traffic control tower, parking garage, and airfield and apron improvements.<ref>{{cite web | title=New Indianapolis Airport | publisher=Indianapolis Airport Authority | url=http://www.indianapolisairport.com | access-date=January 6, 2007}}</ref>
 
Other major airports include [[Evansville Regional Airport]], [[Fort Wayne International Airport]] (which houses the [[122d Fighter Wing]] of the [[Air National Guard]]), and [[South Bend International Airport]]. A long-standing proposal to turn [[Gary Chicago International Airport]] into Chicago's third major airport received a boost in early 2006 with the approval of $48{{nbs}}million in federal funding over the next ten years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gary Airpport Gets Millions in Federal Funding |publisher=CBS Channel 2 |url=http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/local_story_016180843.html |access-date=October 18, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218014515/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/local_story_016180843.html |archive-date=February 18, 2006 }}</ref>
 
No airlines operate out of [[Terre Haute Regional Airport]] but it is used for private planes. Since 1954, the [[181st Fighter Wing]] of the Indiana [[Air National Guard]] was stationed there, but the [[Base Realignment and Closure]] (BRAC) Proposal of 2005 stated the 181st would lose its fighter mission and [[F-16]] aircraft, leaving the Terre Haute facility a general-aviation-only facility.
 
[[Louisville International Airport]], across the Ohio River in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], serves southern Indiana, as does [[Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport]] in [[Hebron, Kentucky]]. Many residents of [[Northwest Indiana]], which is primarily in the [[Chicago Metropolitan Area]], use Chicago's airports, [[O'Hare International Airport]] and [[Chicago Midway International Airport]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
 
====Highways====
 
[[File:I-69 Construction Indiana.jpg|thumb|The [[Interstate 69 in Indiana|Interstate 69]] extension project in [[Monroe County, Indiana|Monroe County]]]]
 
The major U.S. [[List of Interstate Highways in Indiana|Interstate highways in Indiana]] are [[Interstate 64 in Indiana|I-64]], [[Interstate 65 in Indiana|I-65]], [[Interstate 265 in Indiana|I-265]], [[Interstate 465|I-465]], [[Interstate 865|I-865]], [[Interstate 69 in Indiana|I-69]], [[Interstate 469|I-469]], [[Interstate 70 in Indiana|I-70]], [[Interstate 74 in Indiana|I-74]], [[Interstate 80 in Indiana|I-80]], [[Interstate 90 in Indiana|I-90]], [[Interstate 94 in Indiana|I-94]], and [[Interstate 275 (Ohio–Indiana–Kentucky)|I-275]]. The various highways intersecting in and around [[Indianapolis]], along with its historical status as a major railroad hub, and the canals that once crossed Indiana, are the source of the state's motto, the Crossroads of America. There are also many [[List of U.S. Routes in Indiana|U.S. routes]] and [[List of State Roads in Indiana|state highways]] maintained by the [[Indiana Department of Transportation]]. These are numbered according to the same convention as [[U.S. Highways]]. Indiana allows highways of different classifications to have the same number. For example, I-64 and [[Indiana State Road 64]] both exist (rather close to each other) in Indiana, but are two distinct roads with no relation to one another.
 
A $3&nbsp;billion project extending I-69 is underway. The project was divided into six sections, with the first five sections (linking [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]] to [[Martinsville, Indiana|Martinsville]]) now complete. The sixth and final phase from Martinsville to Indianapolis is under construction. When complete, I-69 will traverse an additional {{convert|142|mi|km|}} through the state.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lange|first=Kaitlin|title=I-69 completion date pushed back|url=http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2017/02/13/-69-completion-date-pushed-back/97850844/|access-date=September 3, 2017|work=The Indianapolis Star|date=February 13, 2017}}</ref>
 
====County roads====
 
Most Indiana counties use a grid-based system to identify county roads; this system replaced the older arbitrary system of road numbers and names, and (among other things) makes it much easier to identify the sources of calls placed to the [[9-1-1]] system. Such systems are easier to implement in the glacially flattened northern and central portions of the state. Rural counties in the southern third of the state are less likely to have grids and more likely to rely on unsystematic road names (for example, Crawford, Harrison, Perry, Scott, and Washington Counties).
 
There are also counties in the northern portions of the state that have never implemented a grid or have only partially implemented one. Some counties are also laid out in an almost diamond-like grid system (e.g., Clark, Floyd, Gibson, and Knox Counties). Such a system is also almost useless in those situations as well. Knox County once operated two different grid systems for county roads because the county was laid out using two different survey grids, but has since decided to use road names and combine roads instead.
 
Notably, the county road grid system of St. Joseph County, whose major city is South Bend, uses perennial (tree) names (i.e. Ash, Hickory, Ironwood, etc.) in alphabetical order for north–south roads and presidential and other noteworthy names (i.e., Adams, Edison, Lincoln Way, etc.) in alphabetical order for east–west roads. There are exceptions to this rule in downtown South Bend and Mishawaka. Hamilton County's east–west roads continue Indianapolis's numbered street system from 96th Street at the Marion County line to 296th street at the Tipton County line.
 
====Rail====
 
[[File:07 21 09 006xRP - Flickr - drewj1946.jpg|thumb|A [[South Shore Line|South Shore]] commuter train in [[Michigan City, Indiana|Michigan City]]]]
 
Indiana has more than {{convert|4,255|mi||adj=pre|railroad route }}, of which 91 percent are operated by [[Class&nbsp;I railroad]]s, principally [[CSX Transportation]] and the [[Norfolk Southern Railway]]. Other Class{{nbs}}I railroads in Indiana include the [[Canadian National Railway]] and [[Soo Line Railroad]], a [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] subsidiary, as well as [[Amtrak]]. The remaining miles are operated by 37 regional, local, and switching and terminal railroads. The [[South Shore Line (NICTD)|South Shore Line]] is one of the country's most notable commuter rail systems, extending from Chicago to [[South Bend]]. Indiana is implementing an extensive rail plan prepared in 2002 by the [[Parsons Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Indiana Rail Plan | publisher=Indiana Department of Transportation | url=http://www.in.gov/indot/3065.htm}}</ref> Many recreational trails, such as the [[Monon Trail]] and [[Cardinal Greenway]], have been created from [[rails-to-trails|abandoned rails routes]].
 
====Ports====
 
[[File:Towboat Ben McCool upbound on Ohio River with two tank barges (1 of 6) 87j082.jpg|thumb|Barges are a common sight along the [[Ohio River]]. Ports of Indiana manages three maritime ports in the state, two located on the Ohio.]]
 
Indiana annually ships more than 70&nbsp;million tons of cargo by water each year, which ranks 14th among all U.S. states.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} More than half of Indiana's border is water, which includes {{convert|400|mi|km|-1}} of direct access to two major freight transportation arteries: the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway (via Lake Michigan) and the Inland Waterway System (via the Ohio River). The [[Port of Indiana|Ports of Indiana]] manages three major ports which include [[Burns Harbor, Indiana|Burns Harbor]], [[Jeffersonville, Indiana|Jeffersonville]], and [[Mount Vernon, Indiana|Mount Vernon]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Ports of Indiana Website | url=http://www.portsofindiana.com | access-date=January 7, 2007}}</ref>
 
In [[Evansville, Indiana|Evansville]], three public and several private port facilities receive year-round service from five major barge lines operating on the [[Ohio River]]. Evansville has been a [[United States Customs|U.S. Customs Port of Entry]] for more than 125 years. Because of this, it is possible to have international cargo shipped to Evansville in bond. The international cargo can then clear Customs in Evansville rather than a coastal port.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}
 
==Education==
 
{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Indiana}}
 
Indiana's 1816 constitution was the first in the country to implement a state-funded [[public school (government funded)|public school]] system. It also allotted one township for a public university.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Indiana History: Indiana, the Nineteenth State (1816)
|publisher=Center for History
|url=http://centerforhistory.org/learn-history/indiana-history/indiana-the-nineteenth-state-1816
|access-date=August 26, 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027053723/http://centerforhistory.org/learn-history/indiana-history/indiana-the-nineteenth-state-1816
|archive-date=October 27, 2012
}}</ref> However, the plan turned out to be far too idealistic for a pioneer society, as tax money was not accessible for its organization. In the 1840s, [[Caleb Mills]] pressed the need for tax-supported schools, and in 1851 his advice was included in the new state constitution. In 1843 the Legislature ruled that African Americans could not attend the public schools, leading to the foundation of [[Union Literary Institute]] and other schools for them, funded by donations or the students themselves.
 
Although the growth of the public school system was held up by legal entanglements, many public elementary schools were in use by 1870. Most children in Indiana attend public schools, but nearly ten percent attend private schools and [[parochial school]]s. About half of all college students in Indiana are enrolled in state-supported four-year schools.
 
Indiana public schools have gone through several changes throughout Indiana's history. Modern, public school standards, have been implemented all throughout the state. These new standards were adopted in April 2014. The overall goal of these new state standards is to ensure Indiana students have the necessary skills and requirements needed to enter college or the workforce upon high school graduation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indiana Academic Standards |url=https://www.doe.in.gov/standards |website=Indiana Department of Education |publisher=Indiana Department of Education |access-date=November 4, 2018}}</ref> State standards can be found for nearly every major subject taught in Indiana public schools. Mathematics, English/Language Arts, Science, and Social Studies are among the top, prioritized standards. In 2017, the Indiana Department of Education reported that the state's overall graduation rates were 87.19% for waivered graduations and 80.10% for non-waiver graduations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Adam |title=Indiana Department of Education Releases 2017 Graduation Rates |url=https://www.doe.in.gov/news/indiana-department-education-releases-2017-graduation-rates |website=Indiana Department of Education |publisher=Indiana Department of Education |access-date=November 4, 2018}}</ref>
 
The largest educational institution is [[Indiana University]], the [[Indiana University Bloomington|flagship campus]] of which was endorsed as Indiana Seminary in 1820. [[Indiana State University]] was established as the state's [[Normal School]] in 1865; [[Purdue University]] was chartered as a [[Land-grant university|land-grant college]] in 1869. The three other independent state universities are [[Vincennes University]] (founded in 1801 by the Indiana Territory), [[Ball State University]] (1918) and [[University of Southern Indiana]] (1965 as ISU – Evansville).
 
Many of Indiana's private colleges and universities are affiliated with religious groups. The [[University of Notre Dame]], [[Marian University (Indiana)|Marian University]], and the [[University of Saint Francis (Indiana)|University of Saint Francis]] are popular [[Roman Catholic school]]s. Universities affiliated with Protestant denominations include [[Anderson University (Indiana)|Anderson University]], [[Butler University]], [[Huntington University (United States)|Huntington University]], [[Manchester University (Indiana)|Manchester University]], [[Indiana Wesleyan University]], [[Taylor University]], [[Franklin College (Indiana)|Franklin College]], [[Hanover College]], [[DePauw University]], [[Earlham College]], [[Valparaiso University]], [[University of Indianapolis]],<ref name="ST"/> and [[University of Evansville]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About UE |publisher=[[University of Evansville]] |url=http://www.evansville.edu/aboutue/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106123440/http://www.evansville.edu/aboutue/ |archive-date=January 6, 2010 }}</ref>
 
The state's community college system, [[Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana]], serves nearly 200,000 students annually, making it the state's largest public post-secondary educational institution and the nation's largest singly accredited statewide community college system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ivy Tech Reports Record Enrollment |url=http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?id=49433 |website=Insideindianabusiness.com |access-date=July 23, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017093819/http://www.insideindianabusiness.com/newsitem.asp?id=49433 |archive-date=October 17, 2014 }}</ref> In 2008, the Indiana University system agreed to shift most of its associate (2-year) degrees to the Ivy Tech Community College System.<ref>{{cite web | title = Hoosier State Gets Coordinated | date = May 16, 2008 | website = Inside Higher Ed | url = http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/05/16/indiana| access-date = March 21, 2014}}</ref>
 
The state has several universities ranked among the best in 2013 rankings of the ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''. The University of Notre Dame is ranked among the top 20, with [[Indiana University Bloomington]] and [[Purdue University]] ranking in the top 100. [[Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis]] (IUPUI) has recently made it into the top 200 ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' rankings. [[Butler University|Butler]], [[Valparaiso University|Valparaiso]], and the [[University of Evansville]] are ranked among the top ten in the Regional University Midwest Rankings. Purdue's engineering programs are ranked eighth in the country. In addition, [[Taylor University]] is ranked first in the Regional College Midwest Rankings and [[Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology]] has been considered the top Undergraduate Engineering school (where a doctorate is not offered) for 15 consecutive years.<ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities National University Ranking|Top National Universities|US News Best Colleges] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521210513/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |date=May 21, 2011 }}, [[U.S. News & World Report]], retrieved 2013-Aug-13</ref><ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest Regional University Midwest Rankings|Top Regional Universities Midwest|US News Best Colleges] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029062714/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-universities-midwest |date=October 29, 2015 }}, [[U.S. News & World Report]], retrieved 2013-Aug-13</ref><ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-colleges-midwest Regional College Midwest Rankings|Top Regional Colleges Midwest|US News Best Colleges] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130182816/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/regional-colleges-midwest |date=January 30, 2013 }}, [[U.S. News & World Report]], retrieved 2013-Aug-13</ref><ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/engineering-no-doctorate Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs|Rankings|UsNews] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930205000/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/engineering-no-doctorate |date=September 30, 2016 }}, [[U.S. News & World Report]], retrieved 2013-Sept-17</ref>
 
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Sample Gates, Indiana University Bloomington, 2010.jpg
| width1 =
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| caption1 = [[Indiana University Bloomington]]. The public Indiana University system enrolls 114,160 students.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Indiana University enrollment remains strong; minority numbers up|publisher=Indiana University Newsroom|url=http://archive.news.iu.edu/releases/iu/2016/08/university-census-enrollment.shtml|date=August 31, 2016|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>
| image2 = Cary Quad and Spitzer Court, Purdue University.png
| width2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Purdue University]]. The public Purdue University system enrolls 67,596 students.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Purdue University sets record for largest enrollment and highest graduation rates ever|publisher=Purdue University|url=https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2016/Q3/purdue-university-sets-records-for-largest-enrollment-and-highest-graduation-rates-ever.html|date=September 12, 2016|access-date=September 2, 2017}}</ref>
| image3 = Main Building at the University of Notre Dame.jpg
| caption3 = The [[University of Notre Dame]] holds an endowment of $11.8{{nbs}}billion, the largest in Indiana.
| header =
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==See also==
{{portal|Indiana|United States}}
* [[Index of Indiana-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Indiana]]
* [[List of people from Indiana]]
{{clear}}
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis|author=Bodenhamer, David J.|author2=Barrows, Robert Graham|author3=Vanderstel, David Gordon|year=1994|publisher=[[Indiana University]] Press|isbn=978-0-253-31222-8}}
* {{Cite book|title=Indiana|author=Brill, Marlene Targ|year=2005|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|isbn=978-0-7614-2020-0}}
* {{Cite book| last =Carmony| first =Donald F.| title =Indiana, 1816 to 1850: The Pioneer Era| publisher =[[Indiana Historical Society]]| year =1998| location =Indianapolis| isbn =978-0-87195-124-3}}
* {{Cite book|title=Hoosiers in the Civil War|author=Funk, Arville L|year=1967|isbn=978-0-9623292-5-8|publisher=Adams Press}}
* {{Cite book|author=Gray, Ralph D|title=Gentlemen from Indiana: National Party Candidates,1836–1940| year=1977 |publisher=[[Indiana Historical Bureau]]|isbn=978-1-885323-29-3}}
* {{Cite book|title=Indiana History: A Book of Readings|author=Gray, Ralph D|year=1995|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-32629-4}}
* {{Cite book|title=Here is Your Indiana Government|year=2005|author=Indiana State Chamber of Commerce}}
* {{Cite book|title=Here is Your Indiana Government|year=2007|author=Indiana State Chamber of Commerce}}
* {{Cite book| author =Indiana Writer's Project| title =Indiana: A Guide To The Hoosier State|series=American Guide Series| date=1973 |orig-year =1937}}
* {{Cite book| last =Jackson| first =Marion T., ed.| title =The Natural Heritage of Indiana| publisher=Indiana University Press| year =1997| location =Bloomington| isbn =978-0-253-33074-1}}
* {{Cite book|title=Handbook of Indiana Geology|author=Logan, William Newton|author2=Cumings, Edgar Roscoe|author3=Malott, Clyde Arnett|author4=Visher, Stephen Sargent|author5=Tucker, William Motier|author6=Reeves, John Robert|year=1922|publisher=William B. Burford}}
* Madison, James H. ''Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana.'' Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2014.
* {{Cite book| last = Madison| first =James H.| title =The Indiana Way: A State History| publisher=Indiana University Press and Indiana Historical Society| year =1990| location =Bloomington and Indianapolis| isbn =978-0-253-20609-1}}
* {{Cite book|title=A Century of Indiana|author=Moore, Edward E|year=1910|publisher=American Book Company}}
* {{Cite book|title=Indiana|author=Pell, Ed|year=2003|publisher=Capstone Press|isbn=978-0-7368-1582-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/indianapell00pell}}
* {{Cite book | last =Skertic | first = Mark |author2=John J. Watkins | title=A Native's Guide to Northwest Indiana| year = 2003}}
* {{Cite book| last =Taylor| first =Robert M., ed.| title =Indiana: A New Historical Guide| publisher=Indiana Historical Society| year = 1990| location =Indianapolis| isbn=978-0-87195-048-2}}
* {{Cite book| last = Taylor| first = Robert M., ed.| title =The State of Indiana History 2000: Papers Presented at the Indiana Historical Society's Grand Opening| publisher =Indiana Historical Society| year =2001| location = Indianapolis}}
{{Refend}}
 
==External links==
 
{{Sister project links|Indiana|voy=Indiana}}
* {{official website|http://www.in.gov}}
* [http://iga.in.gov/legislative/laws/const/articles/001/ Indiana Constitution]
* [http://www.visitindiana.com/ Indiana Travel and Tourism Information]
* [http://www.in.gov/dnr/2329.htm Indiana State Parks]
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/indiana/index.html Indiana State Guide, from the Library of Congress]
* {{OSM relation|161816}}
 
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{{Geographic location
| Northwest = [[Lake Michigan]]
| North = {{flag|Michigan}}
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| West = {{flag|Illinois}}
| Centre = '' Indiana'': [[Outline of Indiana|Outline]] • [[Index of Indiana-related articles|Index]]
| East = {{flag|Ohio}}
| Southwest =
| South = {{flag|Kentucky}}
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}}
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|title = <span style="font-size:11pt;">Topics related to Indiana</span>{{break}}''The Hoosier State''
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1816]]
[[Category:States of the United States]]
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[[Category:1816 establishments in the United States]]

Revision as of 08:03, 19 October 2022

Template:Infobox U.S. state Template:Infobox U.S. state symbols Indiana is a U.S. state in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Other famous cities and towns include Bloomington, Gary, Fort Wayne, South Bend, Evansville, Muncie, and Marion. People who live in Indiana are sometimes called Hoosiers. Indiana's state bird is a Cardinal. Indiana's state flower is a Peony. Indiana's state tree is a Tulip Tree. Indiana has borders with four other states: Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, and Ohio. It also touches Lake Michigan; which is the only one of the Great Lakes that is completely inside the United States.

Before it was called Indiana, most people who lived there were indigenous. France colonized the area, renaming it New France. They enslaved the indigenous peoples, and introduced black slaves too.[1] In the 18th century, the new United States took the area from France, and many slave owners from Kentucky and Virginia moved into the area.[2] By 1820, it had become a state called Indiana and the government ordered all slaves to be freed, but black people were still enslaved there into at least the 1830s.[3]

Attractions

One famous attraction of Indiana is the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, which is where the Indy 500 is held every year. The Indy 500 is one of the most famous car races in the United States. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is not actually in Indianapolis. It is in a town called Speedway, which is completely surrounded by Indianapolis.

Sports

As well as being home to the Indy 500, there are several well known sports teams in Indiana. Professional sports teams include the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL) and the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Colleges and universities in Indiana with well known sports teams include Purdue University, the University of Notre Dame, and Indiana University.

Related pages

References

  1. ↑ Jacob Piatt Dunn (1888). Indiana: A Redemption from Slavery. University of Michigan. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
  2. ↑ McCord, Shirley S. (1970). Travel Accounts of Indiana, 1679-1961: A Collection of Observations by Wayfaring Foreigners, Itinerants, and Peripatetic Hoosiers. Indiana Historical Bureau. ISBN 9781885323248.
  3. ↑ Rosenberg, Morton M.; McClurg, Dennis V. (1968). The Politics of Pro-Slavery Sentiment in Indiana 1816-1861. Ball State University. Some Hoosiers continued to ignore the Lasselle verdict as the Federal Census of 1830 indicated, for three slaves were registered as still residing in Indiana. Moreover, a local census in Vincennes and Knox County revealed thirty-two slaves there.

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