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{{short description|Pakistani tribe of Arab | {{short description|A tribe in Pakistan}} | ||
'''Awan''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|اعوان}}}}) is a [[Pashtun]] tribe living predominantly in the northern, central, and western parts of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Pakistani Punjab]], with significant numbers also present in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Azad Kashmir]], and to a lesser extent in [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Pakistani Balochistan]].<ref>Douie, J. 2003. The Panjab, North West Frontier Province and Kashmir. Asian Educational Services, p.105.</ref> Genetically, it is a Pashtun sub-tribe of [[Ghoryakhel]] tribe but the people of Awan tribe claim [[Arabs|Arab]] descent. | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
[[Jamal J. Elias]] notes that the Awans believe themselves to be of Arab origin, descended from [[Ali ibn Abu Talib]] and that the claim of Arab descent gives them "high status in the Indian Muslim environment".<ref>{{cite book|title=Death Before Dying: The Sufi Poems of Sultan Bahu|last=J. Elias|first=Jamal|author-link=Jamal J. Elias|publisher=University of California Press|date=1998|page=12|isbn=978-0-52021-242-8}}</ref> | |||
[[Jamal J. Elias]] notes that the Awans | |||
[[Christophe Jaffrelot]] says: {{quote|The Awan deserve close attention, because of their historical importance and, above all, because they settled in the west, right up to the edge of [[Baloch people|Baluchi]] and [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] territory. Legend has it that their origins go back to Imam Ali and his second wife, Hanafiya. Historians describe them as valiant warriors and farmers who imposed their supremacy on the [[Janjua]] in part of the [[Salt Range]] and established large colonies all along the [[Indus River|Indus]] to [[Sindh|Sind]], and a densely populated center not far from [[Lahore]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2004 |page=205 |isbn=978-1-84331-149-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC}}</ref>}} | [[Christophe Jaffrelot]] says: {{quote|The Awan deserve close attention, because of their historical importance and, above all, because they settled in the west, right up to the edge of [[Baloch people|Baluchi]] and [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] territory. Legend has it that their origins go back to Imam Ali and his second wife, Hanafiya. Historians describe them as valiant warriors and farmers who imposed their supremacy on the [[Janjua]] in part of the [[Salt Range]] and established large colonies all along the [[Indus River|Indus]] to [[Sindh|Sind]], and a densely populated center not far from [[Lahore]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2004 |page=205 |isbn=978-1-84331-149-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC}}</ref>}} | ||
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==Genetic studies on Awan== | ==Genetic studies on Awan== | ||
Centre for Human Genetics of [[Edith Cowan University]], [[Australia]], [[Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (Pakistan)|Armed Forces Institute of Pathology]], [[Pakistan]] and Institute of General Genetics of [[Russian Academy of Science]], [[Russia]] conducted different genetic studies on Awan and its neighbouring tribes, namely [[Khattar (clan)|Khattar]] and [[Rajput]], which concluded that Awans are genetically isolated, endogamous and very different from its neighbouring tribes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=W. Wang|last2=S. G. Sullivan|last3=S. Ahmed|last4=D. Chandler|last5=L. A. Zhivotovsky|last6=A. H. Bittles|date=2000|title=A genome-based study of consanguinity in three co-resident endogamous Pakistan communities|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6410041.x|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|volume=64|issue=Pt 1|pages=41–49|doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6410041.x|pmid=11246460|s2cid=21493970|quote=There was a reduction in heterozygosity and high average inbreeding effects (''F<sub>IS</sub>'' and/or ''H<sub>S</sub>''), particularly in the Awan, indicating genetic isolation and a high cumulative level of autozygosity.}}</ref> | |||
Centre for Human Genetics of [[Edith Cowan University]], [[Australia]], [[Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (Pakistan)|Armed Forces Institute of Pathology]], [[Pakistan]] and Institute of General Genetics of [[Russian Academy of Science]], [[Russia]] conducted different genetic studies on Awan and its neighbouring tribes, namely [[Khattar (clan)|Khattar]] and [[Rajput]], which concluded that Awans are genetically isolated, endogamous and very different from its neighbouring tribes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=W. Wang|last2=S. G. Sullivan|last3=S. Ahmed|last4=D. Chandler|last5=L. A. Zhivotovsky|last6=A. H. Bittles|date=2000|title=A genome-based study of consanguinity in three co-resident endogamous Pakistan communities|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6410041.x|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|volume=64|issue=Pt 1|pages=41–49|doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6410041.x|pmid=11246460 | |||
== | Department of Genetics of [[Hazara University]], [[Pakistan]] conducted a dental morphology and DNA analysis of major tribes in [[Northern Pakistan]] which recorded that [[Haplogroup T-L206 (Y-DNA)|haplogroup T1]] (originated in [[Israel]]<ref name="Lazaridis16">{{cite journal |last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |display-authors=etal |year=2016 |title=Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East |journal=Nature |volume=536 |issue=7617 |pages=419–424 |bibcode=2016Natur.536..419L |biorxiv=10.1101/059311 |doi=10.1038/nature19310 |pmc=5003663 |pmid=27459054}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2022 |title=Haplogroup T-M184 |url=http://www.owlapps.net/owlapps_apps/articles?id=9238638&lang=en |quote=It appears to have originated somewhere around the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, perhaps somewhere between Israel to the Jordan Valley.}}</ref>) is only found in Awans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nazia |date=2014 |title=GENETIC ANALYSES OF THE MAJOR TRIBES OF ABBOTTABAD AND MANSEHRA DISTRICTS THROUGH DENTAL MORPHOLOGY AND DNA ANALYSES |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2751/1/2908S.pdf |journal=Department of Genetics Hazara University Mansehra |pages=92}}</ref> | ||
Department of Genetics of [[Hazara University]], [[Pakistan]], Department of Anthropology of [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]], [[USA]] and Center for Human Genetics of [[Hazara University]], [[Pakistan]] conducted different studies in which hypervariable segment I (HVSI) from mtDNA was analyzed to establish the genetic lineage of the populations living in [[Northern Pakistan]]. A three-cytosine deletion (CCC) at position 16191-16193 was clearly observed in Awans and they fall in the same genetic cluster as Arab tribe of [[Sayyid|Syeds]] because of their similarity.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=N. Akbar |author2=H. Ahmad |author3=M.S. Nadeem |author4=B.E. Hemphill |author5=K. Muhammad |author6=W. Ahmad |author7=M. Ilyas |date=June 24, 2016 |title=HVSI polymorphism indicates multiple origins of mtDNA in the Hazarewal population of Northern Pakistan |url=http://www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/year2016/vol15-2/pdf/gmr7167.pdf |journal=Genetics and Molecular Research |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.4238/gmr.15027167 |pmid=27420957 |access-date=November 28, 2020 |quote=HVSI sequence homology showed that Hazarewal populations fall into three major clusters: Syeds and Awans sorted out into cluster I, ... A three-cytosine deletion (CCC) at position 16191-16193 observed in the ethnic Awan population residing in Mansehra. |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |||
A latest study conducted by [[Zoological Society of Pakistan]] concluded that Awans are genetically identical to [[Pashtuns]], specifically [[Daudzai]] and [[Khalil (Pashtun tribe)|Khalils]] sub-tribes of [[Ghoryakhel tribe]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zubair |first1=Muhammad |last2=Ahmad |first2=Habib |last3=Hemphill |first3=Brian E. |last4=Tariq |first4=Muhammad |last5=Shah |first5=Muzaffar |title=Identification of Genetic Lineage of Peshawar and Nowshera Tribes through Dental Morphology |journal=[[Pakistan Journal of Zoology]] |date=June 2021 |volume=53 |issue=3 |doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/20190927080941 |issn=00309923}}</ref> | |||
{{ | |||
==Notable people== | ==Notable people== | ||
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* [[Khadim Hussain Rizvi]] – A Pakistani [[Islamic scholar]] and the founder of [[Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news |last= Warraich |first= Suhail |date=10 December 2017 |title=A Barelvi revival? |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/564518-barelvi-revival |work= The News International |location= Islamabad|access-date=24 January 2021}}</ref> | * [[Khadim Hussain Rizvi]] – A Pakistani [[Islamic scholar]] and the founder of [[Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news |last= Warraich |first= Suhail |date=10 December 2017 |title=A Barelvi revival? |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/564518-barelvi-revival |work= The News International |location= Islamabad|access-date=24 January 2021}}</ref> | ||
* [[Ameer Muhammad Akram Awan]] – [[Islamic scholar]] and [[Sheikh#Sufi term|spiritual leader]] of the [[Sufism|mystic tradition]] known as [[Naqshbandia Owaisiah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naqshbandiaowaisiah.org/hazrat-ameer-muhammad-akram-awan-ra.html |title=Hazrat Ameer Muhammad Akram (RA) |website=Silsala Naqshbandia Owaisia |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref> | * [[Ameer Muhammad Akram Awan]] – [[Islamic scholar]] and [[Sheikh#Sufi term|spiritual leader]] of the [[Sufism|mystic tradition]] known as [[Naqshbandia Owaisiah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.naqshbandiaowaisiah.org/hazrat-ameer-muhammad-akram-awan-ra.html |title=Hazrat Ameer Muhammad Akram (RA) |website=Silsala Naqshbandia Owaisia |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref> | ||
*[[Abdul Mannan Wazirabadi]] – Islamic scholar, [[Faqīh|jurist]] and [[Hadith studies|muhaddith]].<ref>Ustad-e-Punjab (teacher of Punjab), in [[Urdu|Urdu Language]], by Maulana Majeed Sohadravi, Darussalam Pakistan/Muslim Publication, [[Lahore]]. page 41</ref> | *[[Abdul Mannan Wazirabadi]] – Islamic scholar, [[Faqīh|jurist]] and [[Hadith studies|muhaddith]].<ref>Ustad-e-Punjab (teacher of Punjab), in [[Urdu|Urdu Language]], by Maulana Majeed Sohadravi, Darussalam Pakistan/Muslim Publication, [[Lahore]]. page 41</ref>{{better source|date=May 2022}} | ||
*[[Dilip Kumar]] – An actor in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Web Team|first=WION|date=July 8, 2021|title=Pakistan mourns the loss of legendary Indian star Dilip Kumar, prayers offered outside ancestral home|work=WION|location=New Delhi, India|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/pakistan-mourns-the-loss-of-legendary-indian-star-dilip-kumar-prayers-offered-outside-ancestral-home-396784|access-date=July 13, 2021}}</ref> | *[[Dilip Kumar]] – An actor in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Web Team|first=WION|date=July 8, 2021|title=Pakistan mourns the loss of legendary Indian star Dilip Kumar, prayers offered outside ancestral home|work=WION|location=New Delhi, India|url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/pakistan-mourns-the-loss-of-legendary-indian-star-dilip-kumar-prayers-offered-outside-ancestral-home-396784|access-date=July 13, 2021}}</ref> | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Tribes and clans of the Pothohar Plateau]] | *[[Tribes and clans of the Pothohar Plateau]] | ||
*[[Ahmed Gul Khel]] | *[[Ahmed Gul Khel]] | ||
*[[Awan Patti]] | *[[Awan Patti]] | ||
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[[Category:Punjabi tribes|*]] | [[Category:Punjabi tribes|*]] | ||
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]] | [[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]] | ||
Revision as of 19:43, 21 August 2022
Awan (Urdu: اعوان) is a Pashtun tribe living predominantly in the northern, central, and western parts of Pakistani Punjab, with significant numbers also present in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir, and to a lesser extent in Sindh and Pakistani Balochistan.[1] Genetically, it is a Pashtun sub-tribe of Ghoryakhel tribe but the people of Awan tribe claim Arab descent.
History
Jamal J. Elias notes that the Awans believe themselves to be of Arab origin, descended from Ali ibn Abu Talib and that the claim of Arab descent gives them "high status in the Indian Muslim environment".[2]
Christophe Jaffrelot says:
The Awan deserve close attention, because of their historical importance and, above all, because they settled in the west, right up to the edge of Baluchi and Pashtun territory. Legend has it that their origins go back to Imam Ali and his second wife, Hanafiya. Historians describe them as valiant warriors and farmers who imposed their supremacy on the Janjua in part of the Salt Range and established large colonies all along the Indus to Sind, and a densely populated center not far from Lahore.[3]
People of the Awan community have a strong presence in the Pakistani Army[4] and a notable martial tradition.[5] They were listed as an "agricultural tribe" by the British Raj in 1925, a term that was then synonymous with classification as a "martial race".[6]
Genetic studies on Awan
Centre for Human Genetics of Edith Cowan University, Australia, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Pakistan and Institute of General Genetics of Russian Academy of Science, Russia conducted different genetic studies on Awan and its neighbouring tribes, namely Khattar and Rajput, which concluded that Awans are genetically isolated, endogamous and very different from its neighbouring tribes.[7]
Department of Genetics of Hazara University, Pakistan conducted a dental morphology and DNA analysis of major tribes in Northern Pakistan which recorded that haplogroup T1 (originated in Israel[8][9]) is only found in Awans.[10]
Department of Genetics of Hazara University, Pakistan, Department of Anthropology of University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA and Center for Human Genetics of Hazara University, Pakistan conducted different studies in which hypervariable segment I (HVSI) from mtDNA was analyzed to establish the genetic lineage of the populations living in Northern Pakistan. A three-cytosine deletion (CCC) at position 16191-16193 was clearly observed in Awans and they fall in the same genetic cluster as Arab tribe of Syeds because of their similarity.[11]
A latest study conducted by Zoological Society of Pakistan concluded that Awans are genetically identical to Pashtuns, specifically Daudzai and Khalils sub-tribes of Ghoryakhel tribe.[12]
Notable people
- Nawab Malik Amir Mohammad Khan – Former Nawab of Kalabagh, Chief of the Awan tribe and Governor of West Pakistan from 1960 to 1966.[13]
- Air Marshal Nur Khan – Commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Air Force, 1965–69, Governor of West Pakistan, 1969–70, and recipient of the Hilal-i-Jurat, the second-highest military award of Pakistan.[14]
- Mir Sultan Khan – A chess master also believed by some to be the greatest natural chess player of modern times.[15]
- Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi – Urdu poet, journalist, literary critic, dramatist, short story author, recipient of the Pride of Performance and Sitara-e-Imtiaz, the third-highest civil award of Pakistan.[16]
- Sultan Bahu – A Sufi mystic, poet, scholar and founder of mystic tradition known as Sarwari Qadiri.[17]
- Khadim Hussain Rizvi – A Pakistani Islamic scholar and the founder of Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan.[18]
- Ameer Muhammad Akram Awan – Islamic scholar and spiritual leader of the mystic tradition known as Naqshbandia Owaisiah.[19]
- Abdul Mannan Wazirabadi – Islamic scholar, jurist and muhaddith.[20][better source needed]
- Dilip Kumar – An actor in Hindi cinema.[21]
See also
References
- ↑ Douie, J. 2003. The Panjab, North West Frontier Province and Kashmir. Asian Educational Services, p.105.
- ↑ J. Elias, Jamal (1998). Death Before Dying: The Sufi Poems of Sultan Bahu. University of California Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-52021-242-8.
- ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2004). A History of Pakistan and Its Origins (Reprinted ed.). Anthem Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-84331-149-2.
- ↑ Jones, Philip Edward (2003). The Pakistan People's Party: Rise to Power. Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0195799666.
This [Awan] tribe is perhaps the most heavily recruited tribe in the [Pakistan] Army.
- ↑ Ali, Imran (1998). Punjab under Imperialism, 1885–1947. Princeton University Press. p. 114. ISBN 1400859581.
- ↑ Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003). The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab. Orient Longman. p. 105. ISBN 9788178240596.
- ↑ W. Wang; S. G. Sullivan; S. Ahmed; D. Chandler; L. A. Zhivotovsky; A. H. Bittles (2000). "A genome-based study of consanguinity in three co-resident endogamous Pakistan communities". Annals of Human Genetics. 64 (Pt 1). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 41–49. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6410041.x. PMID 11246460. S2CID 21493970.
There was a reduction in heterozygosity and high average inbreeding effects (FIS and/or HS), particularly in the Awan, indicating genetic isolation and a high cumulative level of autozygosity.
- ↑ Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. bioRxiv 10.1101/059311. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
- ↑ "Haplogroup T-M184". 9 April 2022.
It appears to have originated somewhere around the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, perhaps somewhere between Israel to the Jordan Valley.
- ↑ Nazia (2014). "GENETIC ANALYSES OF THE MAJOR TRIBES OF ABBOTTABAD AND MANSEHRA DISTRICTS THROUGH DENTAL MORPHOLOGY AND DNA ANALYSES" (PDF). Department of Genetics Hazara University Mansehra: 92.
- ↑ N. Akbar; H. Ahmad; M.S. Nadeem; B.E. Hemphill; K. Muhammad; W. Ahmad; M. Ilyas (June 24, 2016). "HVSI polymorphism indicates multiple origins of mtDNA in the Hazarewal population of Northern Pakistan" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Research. 15 (2). doi:10.4238/gmr.15027167. PMID 27420957. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
HVSI sequence homology showed that Hazarewal populations fall into three major clusters: Syeds and Awans sorted out into cluster I, ... A three-cytosine deletion (CCC) at position 16191-16193 observed in the ethnic Awan population residing in Mansehra.
- ↑ Zubair, Muhammad; Ahmad, Habib; Hemphill, Brian E.; Tariq, Muhammad; Shah, Muzaffar (June 2021). "Identification of Genetic Lineage of Peshawar and Nowshera Tribes through Dental Morphology". Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 53 (3). doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/20190927080941. ISSN 0030-9923.
- ↑ Khan, Jahan Dad (2001). Pakistan Leadership Challenges. Oxford University Press. p. 72. ISBN 0195795873.
- ↑ Khan, Roedad (1999). The American Papers: Secret and Confidential India-Pakistan-Bangladesh Documents, 1965-1973. Oxford University Press. p. 265. ISBN 0195791908.
- ↑ Sultan, Ather; Sultan, Atiyab (17 May 2020). "CHESS:The Wrath of Khan". Dawn. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
- ↑ Kamal, Daud (2008). Flower on a Grave: Poems from Ahmad Nadeem Qasimi. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195474978.
- ↑ Frembgen, Jürgen Wasim (2006). The Friends of God: Sufi Saints in Islam, Popular Poster Art from Pakistan. Oxford University Press. p. 103. ISBN 0195470060.
... Sultan Bahu (d. 1691) whose real name was Sultan Muhammad. Born into an Awan Family in Shorkot (District Jhang), ...
- ↑ Warraich, Suhail (10 December 2017). "A Barelvi revival?". The News International. Islamabad. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ↑ "Hazrat Ameer Muhammad Akram (RA)". Silsala Naqshbandia Owaisia. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ↑ Ustad-e-Punjab (teacher of Punjab), in Urdu Language, by Maulana Majeed Sohadravi, Darussalam Pakistan/Muslim Publication, Lahore. page 41
- ↑ Web Team, WION (July 8, 2021). "Pakistan mourns the loss of legendary Indian star Dilip Kumar, prayers offered outside ancestral home". WION. New Delhi, India. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
Further reading
- Qadeer, Mohammad (22 November 2006). Pakistan - Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation. Taylor & Francis. p. 71. ISBN 1134186177.