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[[File:Vivekamartanda last verso.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Last verso of the ''Vivekamārtaṇḍa'', a 13th century [[hatha yoga]] text | [[File:Vivekamartanda last verso.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Last verso of the ''Vivekamārtaṇḍa'', a 13th century [[hatha yoga]] text attributed to [[Goraknath]]]] | ||
The '''''Vivekamārtaṇḍa'''''{{efn|The ''Vivekamārtaṇḍa'' is sometimes also called the "Goraksha Śataka", a name usually given to [[Goraksha Śataka|a different text]].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=xxxvii note 47}}}} is an early [[Hatha yoga]] text, the first to combine tantric and ascetic yoga. Attributed to [[ | The '''''Vivekamārtaṇḍa'''''{{efn|The ''Vivekamārtaṇḍa'' is sometimes also called the "Goraksha Śataka", a name usually given to [[Goraksha Śataka|a different text]].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=xxxvii note 47}}}} is an early [[Hatha yoga]] text, the first to combine tantric and ascetic yoga. Attributed to [[Goraknath]] (also called Gorakshanath), it was probably written in the 13th century. It emphasises [[Mudra (Yoga)|mudras]] as the most important practice.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=91}} The name means "Sun of Discernment".<ref name="Westoby 2019">{{cite web |last1=Westoby |first1=Ruth |title=The Viveka-mārtaṇḍa on pratyāhāra in viparītakaraṇī with James Mallinson |url=https://sanskritreadingroom.wordpress.com/2019/10/11/withdrawing-the-senses-james-mallinson/ <!--academic use by Centre of Yoga Studies at SOAS--> |publisher=[[SOAS, University of London]] |access-date=14 November 2020 |date=October 2019}}</ref> | ||
It teaches [[Khecarī mudrā|khecarīmudrā]] (which it calls nabhomudrā), [[mahāmudrā]], [[Viparīta Karaṇī|viparītakaraṇī]] and the three [[Bandha (Yoga)|bandhas]].{{sfn|Mallinson|2011|p=771}} It teaches six [[chakra]]s and the raising of [[Kundalini|Kundalinī]] by means of "fire yoga" (''vahniyogena'').{{sfn|Mallinson|2016|pp=109–140}} | It teaches [[Khecarī mudrā|khecarīmudrā]] (which it calls nabhomudrā), [[mahāmudrā]], [[Viparīta Karaṇī|viparītakaraṇī]] and the three [[Bandha (Yoga)|bandhas]].{{sfn|Mallinson|2011|p=771}} It teaches six [[chakra]]s and the raising of [[Kundalini|Kundalinī]] by means of "fire yoga" (''vahniyogena'').{{sfn|Mallinson|2016|pp=109–140}} | ||
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Similarly, it explains that meditation is extended concentration, and that samadhi is greatly extended meditation – for 12 hours, all through retaining the breath.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=339}} Meditation can be with or without attributes (saguna or [[nirguna]]); the yogi can meditate on any one of the six [[chakra]]s.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=319–320}} | Similarly, it explains that meditation is extended concentration, and that samadhi is greatly extended meditation – for 12 hours, all through retaining the breath.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=339}} Meditation can be with or without attributes (saguna or [[nirguna]]); the yogi can meditate on any one of the six [[chakra]]s.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=319–320}} | ||
It states that in samadhi, the yogi perceives and feels nothing, and cannot be harmed with weapons. James Mallinson calls this a "death-like state" quite unlike the subtly-graded mental state described in Patanjali's ''Yoga Sutras''.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=326, 339}} | It states that in samadhi, the yogi perceives and feels nothing, and cannot be harmed with weapons. [[James Mallinson (author)|James Mallinson]] calls this a "death-like state" quite unlike the subtly-graded mental state described in Patanjali's ''Yoga Sutras''.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=326, 339}} | ||
==Mudras== | ==Mudras== | ||