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{{Short description|Luni-solar calendar used by the Punjabi people of the Indian subcontinent}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} | ||
The '''Punjabi calendar''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{Lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ | The '''Punjabi calendar''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{Lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਜੰਤਰੀ}}, {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|پنجابی کیلنڈر}}}}) is a [[luni-solar calendar]] used by the [[Punjabi people]] in [[Punjab]] and around the world, but varies by religions. Historically, the [[Punjabi Sikhs]] and [[Punjabi Hindus]] have used the [[Nanakshahi calendar]] and ancient [[Bikrami]] (Vikrami) calendar respectively. [[Punjabi Muslims]] use the Arabic [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] calendar.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tej Bhatia|title=Punjabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA210|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-89460-2|page=210}}</ref> Some festivals in [[Punjab, Pakistan]] are determined by the Punjabi calendar,<ref>Pakistan Pictorial, Volume 10 (1986) Pakistan Publications [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CSRuAAAAMAAJ&q=punjabi+calendar+pakistan&dq=punjabi+calendar+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6jNrHyp_TAhWBIsAKHUqtDW4Q6AEIMzAE]</ref> such as [[Muharram]] which is celebrated twice, once according to the Muslim year and again on the 10th of harh/18th of jeth.<ref>Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed) (2008) South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA107&dq=punjabi+desi+hindu+calendar+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVzYyKvKbTAhUkLsAKHeKqDdsQ6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20desi%20hindu%20calendar%20pakistan&f=false]</ref> The Bikrami calendar is the one the rural (agrarian) population follows in [[Punjab, Pakistan]].<ref>Mirzā, Shafqat Tanvīr (1992) Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature. Sang-e-Meel Publications s[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YCMeAAAAIAAJ&dq=agriculture+punjab+bikrami&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=agrarian]</ref>{{refn|group=note|The Punjabi periodicals published in Pakistan print Punjabi calendar figures.<ref>Organiser, Volume 46 (1994) Bharat Prakashan [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hsc-AQAAIAAJ&q=punjabi+calendar+periodicals+pakistan&dq=punjabi+calendar+periodicals+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirwvio5qvTAhUMJsAKHUPQB0kQ6AEIIjAA]</ref>}} | ||
In Punjab though the solar calendar is generally followed, the lunar calendar used is | In [[Punjab]] though the solar calendar is generally followed, the lunar calendar used is ''purṇimānta'', or calculated from the ending moment of the full moon: the beginning of the dark fortnight.<ref>Krishnamurthi Ramasubramanian, M. S. Sriram (2011) Tantrasaṅgraha of Nīlakaṇṭha Somayājī. Springer Science & Business Media [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGYxXjZXIGwC&pg=PA13&dq=purnimanta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2nNis3p_TAhVGLMAKHYbfC9o4ChDoAQgtMAM#v=onepage&q=purnimanta&f=false]</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">S. Balachandra Rao (2000) Indian Astronomy: An Introduction. Universities Press [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PGXgssv08PgC&pg=PA44&dq=punjabi+lunisolar+calendar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGycbL3J_TAhVpAsAKHQ12CT4Q6AEIKzAC#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20lunisolar%20calendar&f=false]</ref> Chait is considered to be the first month of the lunar and solar years.<ref>Salvadori, Cynthia (1989) Through open doors: a view of Asian cultures in Kenya. Kenway Publications [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4xIRAQAAIAAJ&dq=punjab++chaitra+new+moon&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=punjab++consider]</ref> The lunar year begins on Chet Sudi: the first day after the new moon in [[Chet (month)|Chet]].<ref>Singh, Gursharan (1996) Page 262 Punjab history conference. Punjabi University [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rkluAAAAMAAJ&q=sunrise+to+sunrise+lunar+day+punjab&dq=sunrise+to+sunrise+lunar+day+punjab&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ8ZetxaTTAhVJDcAKHRUgBTgQ6AEIIjAA]</ref> This means that the first half of the ''purṇimānta'' month of Chaitra goes to the previous year, while the second half belongs to the new Lunar year.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> | ||
The | The Punjabi solar new year starts on [[Basant (season)|Basant]] in month of [[Chaitra|Chait]].<ref>World Encyclopaedia of Interfaith Studies: World religions (2009) Jnanada Prakashan [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fFwi7qRRgosC&dq=punjabi+new+year+solar+calendar&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=solar++vaisalhi]</ref> The day is considered from sunrise to next sunrise and for the first day of the solar months, the Orissa rule is observed: day 1 of the month occurs on the day of the transition of monthly constellations, or ''sangrānd'' in Punjabi.<ref>Dilagīra, Harajindara Siṅgha (1997) The Sikh Reference Book. Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mRpuAAAAMAAJ&dq=punjabi++sangrand&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=++sangrand]</ref><ref>Journal of Religious Studies, Volume 34 (2003) Punjabi University [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FPUnAAAAYAAJ&dq=oriss+ane+punjab+rule+day+sunrise+to+sunrise&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=orissa]</ref> | ||
==Months (solar)== | ==Months (solar)== | ||
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!No. || Name || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Gurmukhī alphabet|Gurmukhi]] ||[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]|| Western months | !No. || Name || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Gurmukhī alphabet|Gurmukhi]] ||[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]|| Western months | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1 || [[ | | 1 || [[Chet (month)|Chet]] || {{Lang|pa|ਚੇਤ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|چیت}}}}|| Mid March – Mid April | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2 || [[ | | 2 || [[Vaisakh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਵਿਸਾਖ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|وساکھ}}}}|| Mid April – Mid May | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3 || [[ | | 3 || [[Jeth]] || {{Lang|pa|ਜੇਠ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|جیٹھ}}}}|| Mid May – Mid June | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 4 || [[ | | 4 || [[Harh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਹਾੜ੍ਹ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|ہاڑھ}}}}|| Mid June – Mid July | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 5 || [[ | | 5 || [[Sawan]] || {{Lang|pa|ਸਾਓਣ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|ساؤݨ}}}}|| Mid July – Mid August | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 6 || [[ | | 6 || [[Bhadon]] || {{Lang|pa|ਭਾਦੋਂ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|بھادوں}}}}|| Mid August – Mid September | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 7 || [[ | | 7 || [[Assu]] || {{Lang|pa|ਅੱਸੂ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|اسو}}}}|| Mid September – Mid October | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 8 || [[ | | 8 || [[Kattak]] || {{Lang|pa|ਕੱਤਕ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|کتک}}}}|| Mid October – Mid November | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 9 || [[ | | 9 || [[Magghar (month)|Magghar]] || {{Lang|pa|ਮੱਘਰ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|مگھر}}}}|| Mid November – Mid December | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 10 || [[ | | 10 || [[Poh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਪੋਹ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|پوہ}}}}|| Mid December – Mid January | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 11 || [[ | | 11 || [[Magh (Sikh calendar)|Magh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਮਾਘ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|ماگھ}}}}|| Mid January – Mid February | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 12 || [[ | | 12 || [[Phaggan]] || {{Lang|pa|ਫੱਗਣ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|پھگݨ}}}}|| Mid February – Mid March | ||
|} | |} | ||
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* [[Indian national calendar]] | * [[Indian national calendar]] | ||
* [[Islamic calendar]] | * [[Islamic calendar]] | ||
* [[Nepali Calendar]] | |||
* [[Nanakshahi calendar]] | * [[Nanakshahi calendar]] | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
Revision as of 12:35, 16 May 2022
The Punjabi calendar (Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਜੰਤਰੀ, پنجابی کیلنڈر) is a luni-solar calendar used by the Punjabi people in Punjab and around the world, but varies by religions. Historically, the Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus have used the Nanakshahi calendar and ancient Bikrami (Vikrami) calendar respectively. Punjabi Muslims use the Arabic Hijri calendar.[1] Some festivals in Punjab, Pakistan are determined by the Punjabi calendar,[2] such as Muharram which is celebrated twice, once according to the Muslim year and again on the 10th of harh/18th of jeth.[3] The Bikrami calendar is the one the rural (agrarian) population follows in Punjab, Pakistan.[4][note 1]
In Punjab though the solar calendar is generally followed, the lunar calendar used is purṇimānta, or calculated from the ending moment of the full moon: the beginning of the dark fortnight.[6][7] Chait is considered to be the first month of the lunar and solar years.[8] The lunar year begins on Chet Sudi: the first day after the new moon in Chet.[9] This means that the first half of the purṇimānta month of Chaitra goes to the previous year, while the second half belongs to the new Lunar year.[7]
The Punjabi solar new year starts on Basant in month of Chait.[10] The day is considered from sunrise to next sunrise and for the first day of the solar months, the Orissa rule is observed: day 1 of the month occurs on the day of the transition of monthly constellations, or sangrānd in Punjabi.[11][12]
Months (solar)
| No. | Name | Punjabi Gurmukhi | Punjabi Shahmukhi | Western months |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chet | ਚੇਤ | چیت | Mid March – Mid April |
| 2 | Vaisakh | ਵਿਸਾਖ | وساکھ | Mid April – Mid May |
| 3 | Jeth | ਜੇਠ | جیٹھ | Mid May – Mid June |
| 4 | Harh | ਹਾੜ੍ਹ | ہاڑھ | Mid June – Mid July |
| 5 | Sawan | ਸਾਓਣ | ساؤݨ | Mid July – Mid August |
| 6 | Bhadon | ਭਾਦੋਂ | بھادوں | Mid August – Mid September |
| 7 | Assu | ਅੱਸੂ | اسو | Mid September – Mid October |
| 8 | Kattak | ਕੱਤਕ | کتک | Mid October – Mid November |
| 9 | Magghar | ਮੱਘਰ | مگھر | Mid November – Mid December |
| 10 | Poh | ਪੋਹ | پوہ | Mid December – Mid January |
| 11 | Magh | ਮਾਘ | ماگھ | Mid January – Mid February |
| 12 | Phaggan | ਫੱਗਣ | پھگݨ | Mid February – Mid March |
See also
- Buddhist calendar
- Hindu calendar
- Indian national calendar
- Islamic calendar
- Nepali Calendar
- Nanakshahi calendar
Notes
References
- ↑ Tej Bhatia (2013). Punjabi. Routledge. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-136-89460-2.
- ↑ Pakistan Pictorial, Volume 10 (1986) Pakistan Publications [1]
- ↑ Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed) (2008) South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge [2]
- ↑ Mirzā, Shafqat Tanvīr (1992) Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature. Sang-e-Meel Publications s[3]
- ↑ Organiser, Volume 46 (1994) Bharat Prakashan [4]
- ↑ Krishnamurthi Ramasubramanian, M. S. Sriram (2011) Tantrasaṅgraha of Nīlakaṇṭha Somayājī. Springer Science & Business Media [5]
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 S. Balachandra Rao (2000) Indian Astronomy: An Introduction. Universities Press [6]
- ↑ Salvadori, Cynthia (1989) Through open doors: a view of Asian cultures in Kenya. Kenway Publications [7]
- ↑ Singh, Gursharan (1996) Page 262 Punjab history conference. Punjabi University [8]
- ↑ World Encyclopaedia of Interfaith Studies: World religions (2009) Jnanada Prakashan [9]
- ↑ Dilagīra, Harajindara Siṅgha (1997) The Sikh Reference Book. Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark [10]
- ↑ Journal of Religious Studies, Volume 34 (2003) Punjabi University [11]
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