Punjabi calendar: Difference between revisions

The '''Punjabi calendar''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{Lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਜੰਤਰੀ}}, {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|پنجابی کیلنڈر}}}}) is a [[luni-solar calendar]] used by the [[Punjabi people]] in [[Punjab]] and around the world, but varies by religions. Historically, the [[Punjabi Sikhs]] and [[Punjabi Hindus]] have used the [[Nanakshahi calendar]] and ancient [[Bikrami]] (Vikrami) calendar respectively. [[Punjabi Muslims]] use the Arabic [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] calendar.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tej Bhatia|title=Punjabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA210|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-89460-2|page=210}}</ref> Some festivals in [[Punjab, Pakistan]] are determined by the Punjabi calendar,<ref>Pakistan Pictorial, Volume 10 (1986) Pakistan Publications [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CSRuAAAAMAAJ&q=punjabi+calendar+pakistan&dq=punjabi+calendar+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6jNrHyp_TAhWBIsAKHUqtDW4Q6AEIMzAE]</ref> such as [[Muharram]] which is celebrated twice, once according to the Muslim year and again on the 10th of harh/18th of jeth.<ref>Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed) (2008) South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA107&dq=punjabi+desi+hindu+calendar+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVzYyKvKbTAhUkLsAKHeKqDdsQ6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20desi%20hindu%20calendar%20pakistan&f=false]</ref> The Bikrami calendar is the one the rural (agrarian) population follows in [[Punjab, Pakistan]].<ref>Mirzā, Shafqat Tanvīr  (1992) Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature. Sang-e-Meel Publications  s[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YCMeAAAAIAAJ&dq=agriculture+punjab+bikrami&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=agrarian]</ref>{{refn|group=note|The Punjabi periodicals published in Pakistan print Punjabi calendar figures.<ref>Organiser, Volume 46 (1994) Bharat Prakashan [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hsc-AQAAIAAJ&q=punjabi+calendar+periodicals+pakistan&dq=punjabi+calendar+periodicals+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirwvio5qvTAhUMJsAKHUPQB0kQ6AEIIjAA]</ref>}}

In [[Punjab]] though the solar calendar is generally followed, the lunar calendar used is ''purṇimānta'', or calculated from the ending moment of the full moon: the beginning of the dark fortnight.<ref>Krishnamurthi Ramasubramanian, M. S. Sriram (2011) Tantrasaṅgraha of Nīlakaṇṭha Somayājī. Springer Science & Business Media [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGYxXjZXIGwC&pg=PA13&dq=purnimanta&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2nNis3p_TAhVGLMAKHYbfC9o4ChDoAQgtMAM#v=onepage&q=purnimanta&f=false]</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">S. Balachandra Rao (2000) Indian Astronomy: An Introduction. Universities Press [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PGXgssv08PgC&pg=PA44&dq=punjabi+lunisolar+calendar&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGycbL3J_TAhVpAsAKHQ12CT4Q6AEIKzAC#v=onepage&q=punjabi%20lunisolar%20calendar&f=false]</ref> Chait is considered to be the first month of the lunar and solar years.<ref>Salvadori, Cynthia (1989) Through open doors: a view of Asian cultures in Kenya. Kenway Publications  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4xIRAQAAIAAJ&dq=punjab++chaitra+new+moon&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=punjab++consider]</ref> The lunar year begins on Chet Sudi: the first day after the new moon in [[Chet (month)|Chet]].<ref>Singh, Gursharan (1996) Page 262 Punjab history conference. Punjabi University [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rkluAAAAMAAJ&q=sunrise+to+sunrise+lunar+day+punjab&dq=sunrise+to+sunrise+lunar+day+punjab&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ8ZetxaTTAhVJDcAKHRUgBTgQ6AEIIjAA]</ref> This means that the first half of the ''purṇimānta'' month of Chaitra goes to the previous year, while the second half belongs to the new Lunar year.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

The Punjabi solar new year starts on [[Basant (season)|Basant]] in month of [[Chaitra|Chait]].<ref>World Encyclopaedia of Interfaith Studies: World religions (2009) Jnanada Prakashan [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fFwi7qRRgosC&dq=punjabi+new+year+solar+calendar&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=solar++vaisalhi]</ref> The day is considered from sunrise to next sunrise and for the first day of the solar months, the Orissa rule is observed: day 1 of the month occurs on the day of the transition of monthly constellations, or ''sangrānd'' in Punjabi.<ref>Dilagīra, Harajindara Siṅgha  (1997) The Sikh Reference Book. Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mRpuAAAAMAAJ&dq=punjabi++sangrand&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=++sangrand]</ref><ref>Journal of Religious Studies, Volume 34 (2003) Punjabi University [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FPUnAAAAYAAJ&dq=oriss+ane+punjab+rule+day+sunrise+to+sunrise&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=orissa]</ref>

| 1 || [[Chet (month)|Chet]] || {{Lang|pa|ਚੇਤ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|چیت}}}}|| Mid March – Mid April

| 2 || [[Vaisakh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਵਿਸਾਖ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|وساکھ}}}}|| Mid April – Mid May

| 3 || [[Jeth]] || {{Lang|pa|ਜੇਠ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|جیٹھ}}}}|| Mid May –  Mid June

| 4 || [[Harh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਹਾੜ੍ਹ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|ہاڑھ}}}}|| Mid June –  Mid July

| 5 || [[Sawan]] || {{Lang|pa|ਸਾਓਣ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|ساؤݨ}}}}|| Mid July – Mid August

| 6 || [[Bhadon]] || {{Lang|pa|ਭਾਦੋਂ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|بھادوں}}}}|| Mid August – Mid September

| 7 || [[Assu]] || {{Lang|pa|ਅੱਸੂ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|اسو}}}}|| Mid September – Mid October

| 8 || [[Kattak]] || {{Lang|pa|ਕੱਤਕ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|کتک}}}}|| Mid October – Mid November

| 9 || [[Magghar (month)|Magghar]] || {{Lang|pa|ਮੱਘਰ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|مگھر}}}}|| Mid November – Mid December

| 10 || [[Poh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਪੋਹ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|پوہ}}}}|| Mid December – Mid January

| 11 || [[Magh (Sikh calendar)|Magh]] || {{Lang|pa|ਮਾਘ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|ماگھ}}}}|| Mid January – Mid February

| 12 || [[Phaggan]] || {{Lang|pa|ਫੱਗਣ}}|| {{Lang|pnb|{{uninastaliq|پھگݨ}}}}|| Mid February – Mid March