Francis Aylmer Maxwell: Difference between revisions

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==Early life and military career==
==Early life and military career==
He was born on 7 September 1871 at "Westhill" in the Grange, [[Guildford]] in [[Surrey]], the son of Surgeon Major Thomas Maxwell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vconline.org.uk/francis-a-maxwell-vc/4587564892|title = Francis a Maxwell VC - victoriacross}}</ref>
Maxwell was commissioned a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Sussex Regiment]] on 7 November 1891 and promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 24 November 1893. He transferred to the [[Indian Staff Corps]], [[Indian Army (1895–1947)|Indian Army]], and took part in the [[Chitral Expedition]] in 1895 with the [[Queen's Own Corps of Guides]]. In the following years he served on the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North-West Frontier]] of India, and took part in the [[Tirah Campaign]] 1897-98 under [[William Lockhart (Indian Army officer)|Sir William Lockhart]], to whom he was [[Aide-de-camp]]. He was appointed a Companion of the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) for his services.<ref>Hart′s Army list, 1903</ref>
Maxwell was commissioned a [[second lieutenant]] in the [[Sussex Regiment]] on 7 November 1891 and promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 24 November 1893. He transferred to the [[Indian Staff Corps]], [[Indian Army (1895–1947)|Indian Army]], and took part in the [[Chitral Expedition]] in 1895 with the [[Queen's Own Corps of Guides]]. In the following years he served on the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North-West Frontier]] of India, and took part in the [[Tirah Campaign]] 1897-98 under [[William Lockhart (Indian Army officer)|Sir William Lockhart]], to whom he was [[Aide-de-camp]]. He was appointed a Companion of the [[Distinguished Service Order]] (DSO) for his services.<ref>Hart′s Army list, 1903</ref>


==Second Boer War==
==Second Boer War==
Maxwell was attached to Roberts's Light Horse during the [[Second Boer War]] 1899-1900. By early March 1900 the British had captured the two capital cities of the Boer republics, and the war entered a new face with a Boer [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] campaign to hit the British supply and communication lines. The first engagement of this new form of warfare was at [[Sanna's Post]] on 31 March where 1,500 Boers under the command of [[Christiaan De Wet]] attacked [[Bloemfontein|Bloemfontein's]] waterworks about {{convert|23|mi|km|order=flip}} east of the city, and ambushed a heavily escorted convoy, which caused 155 British casualties and the capture of seven guns, 117 wagons, and 428 British troops.<ref>N. G. Speed, ''Born to Fight''</ref>
Maxwell was attached to Roberts's Light Horse during the [[Second Boer War]] 1899-1900. By early March 1900 the British had captured the two capital cities of the Boer republics, and the war entered a new phase with a Boer [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] campaign to hit the British supply and communication lines. The first engagement of this new form of warfare was at [[Sanna's Post]] on 31 March where 1,500 Boers under the command of [[Christiaan De Wet]] attacked [[Bloemfontein|Bloemfontein's]] waterworks about {{convert|23|mi|km|order=flip}} east of the city, and ambushed a heavily escorted convoy, which caused 155 British casualties and the capture of seven guns, 117 wagons, and 428 British troops.<ref>N. G. Speed, ''Born to Fight''</ref>


===Victoria Cross===
===Victoria Cross===
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On 31 March 1900 at [[Sanna's Post]] (aka Korn Spruit), South Africa,  
On 31 March 1900 at [[Sanna's Post]] (aka Korn Spruit), South Africa,  
{{quote|Lieutenant Maxwell was one of three Officers not belonging to "Q" Battery, Royal Horse Artillery, specially mentioned by Lord Roberts as having shown the greatest gallantry, and disregard of danger, in carrying out the self-imposed duty of saving the guns of that Battery during the affair at Korn Spruit on 31st March, 1900.  
{{quote|Lieutenant Maxwell was one of three Officers not belonging to "Q" Battery, Royal Horse Artillery, specially mentioned by Lord Roberts as having shown the greatest gallantry, and disregard of danger, in carrying out the self-imposed duty of saving the guns of that Battery during the affair at Korn Spruit on 31st March, 1900.  
This Officer went out on five different occasions and assisted, to bring in two guns and three limbers, one of which he Captain Humphreys, and some Gunners, dragged in by hand.  
This Officer went out on five different occasions and assisted, to bring in two guns and three limbers, one of which he, Captain Humphreys, and some Gunners, dragged in by hand.  
He also went out with Captain Humphreys and Lieutenant Stirling to try to get the last gun in, and remained there till the attempt was abandoned.  
He also went out with Captain Humphreys and Lieutenant Stirling to try to get the last gun in, and remained there till the attempt was abandoned.  


Line 47: Line 50:


===Later service in South Africa===
===Later service in South Africa===
Maxwell was promoted to [[Captain (BARM)|captain]] on 10 July 1901. He was appointed [[Aide-de-camp]] to [[Herbert Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in South Africa. Following the end of hostilities in early June 1902, he left Cape Town on board the SS ''Orotava'' together with Lord Kitchener,<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=The Army in South Africa - Troops returning home |day_of_week=Thursday |date=26 June 1902 |page_number=10 |issue=36804| }}</ref> and arrived at [[Southampton]] the next month.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Lord Kitchener′s return |day_of_week=Monday |date=14 July 1902 |page_number=6 |issue=36819| }}</ref> He received a [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] promotion to [[Major (British Army)|major]] on 22 August 1902.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue = 27490 |page=6907 | date = 31 October 1902 }}</ref>
Maxwell was promoted to [[Captain (BARM)|captain]] on 10 July 1901. He was appointed [[Aide-de-camp]] to [[Herbert Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in South Africa. Following the end of hostilities in early June 1902, he left Cape Town on board the SS ''Orotava'' together with Lord Kitchener,<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Army in South Africa - Troops returning home |date=26 June 1902 |page=10 |issue=36804}}</ref> and arrived at [[Southampton]] the next month.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Lord Kitchener′s return |date=14 July 1902 |page=6 |issue=36819}}</ref> He received a [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] promotion to [[Major (British Army)|major]] on 22 August 1902.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue = 27490 |page=6907 | date = 31 October 1902 }}</ref>


==India==
==India==
When Kitchener went to India as commander-in-chief in November 1902, Maxwell joined him there as his Aide-de-Camp.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Naval & Military intelligence - Lord Kitchener´s staff|day_of_week=Wednesday |date=27 August 1902 |page_number=4 |issue=36857| }}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27532 |date=6 March 1903 |page=1511}}</ref>
When Kitchener went to India as commander-in-chief in November 1902, Maxwell joined him there as his Aide-de-Camp.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence - Lord Kitchener´s staff|date=27 August 1902 |page=4 |issue=36857}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27532 |date=6 March 1903 |page=1511}}</ref>
 


==First World War==
==First World War==
Line 63: Line 65:
His brother, Lieutenant Colonel Eustace Lockhart Maxwell of the [[11th King Edward's Own Lancers (Probyn's Horse)]], was killed on 20 July 1916 during the [[Battle of the Somme]], whilst commanding the 23rd [[Manchester Regiment]]. He is commemorated on the [[Neuve-Chapelle Indian Memorial]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1448844/maxwell,-/|title=Casualty|website=www.cwgc.org}}</ref>
His brother, Lieutenant Colonel Eustace Lockhart Maxwell of the [[11th King Edward's Own Lancers (Probyn's Horse)]], was killed on 20 July 1916 during the [[Battle of the Somme]], whilst commanding the 23rd [[Manchester Regiment]]. He is commemorated on the [[Neuve-Chapelle Indian Memorial]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1448844/maxwell,-/|title=Casualty|website=www.cwgc.org}}</ref>


General Maxwell is commemorated with a plaque in [[St. Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh|St. Giles Cathedral]] on the [[Royal Mile]] in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.44613/fromUkniwmSearch/1|title=Brig Gen F A Maxwell Vc Csi Dso - Imperial War Museums|website=www.ukniwm.org.uk}}</ref> Maxwell's medals are now held in the Lord Ashcroft collection after sale at auction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/aaauctio.htm|title=SALES OF VICTORIA CROSSES|website=www.victoriacross.org.uk}}</ref>  His wife, Charlotte Maxwell, published a volume of his edited letters in 1921.<ref>{{cite book|last=Maxwell|first=Charlotte|title=Frank Maxwell Brig. General, V.C., C.S.I., D.S.O. A Memoir and Some Letters|year=1921|publisher=John Murray|location=London|pages=228}}</ref>
General Maxwell is commemorated with a plaque in [[St. Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh|St. Giles Cathedral]] on the [[Royal Mile]] in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.44613/fromUkniwmSearch/1|title=Brig Gen F A Maxwell Vc Csi Dso - Imperial War Museums|website=www.ukniwm.org.uk}}</ref> Maxwell's medals are now held in the [[Imperial War Museum]] as part of the "Lord Ashcroft collection" having been bought at auction for £78,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/aaauctio.htm|title=SALES OF VICTORIA CROSSES|website=www.victoriacross.org.uk}}</ref>  His wife, Charlotte Maxwell, published a volume of his edited letters in 1921.<ref>{{cite book|last=Maxwell|first=Charlotte|title=Frank Maxwell Brig. General, V.C., C.S.I., D.S.O. A Memoir and Some Letters|year=1921|publisher=John Murray|location=London|pages=228}}</ref>


<gallery class="center">
<gallery class="center">
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[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:People educated at United Services College]]
[[Category:People educated at United Services College]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Belgium]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Surrey]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]

Revision as of 10:53, 8 June 2022


Francis Aylmer Maxwell
Nickname(s)Frank
Born(1871-09-07)7 September 1871
Guildford, England
Died21 September 1917(1917-09-21) (aged 46)
Menin Road Ridge, Passchendaele salient, Belgium
Buried
Ypres Reservoir Cemetery
AllegianceUnited Kingdom
Service/branchBritish Indian Army
Years of service1893–1917 †
RankBrigadier General
UnitIndian Staff Corps
Commands held27th Infantry Brigade
12th Battalion Middlesex Regiment
Battles/warsChitral Expedition
Tirah Campaign
Second Boer War
First World War
AwardsVictoria Cross
Companion of the Order of the Star of India
Distinguished Service Order & Bar
Mentioned in Despatches

Brigadier General Francis Aylmer Maxwell, VC, CSI, DSO & Bar (7 September 1871 – 21 September 1917) was a British Army officer in the Second Boer War and First World War. He was also a recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

Early life and military career

He was born on 7 September 1871 at "Westhill" in the Grange, Guildford in Surrey, the son of Surgeon Major Thomas Maxwell.[1]

Maxwell was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Sussex Regiment on 7 November 1891 and promoted to lieutenant on 24 November 1893. He transferred to the Indian Staff Corps, Indian Army, and took part in the Chitral Expedition in 1895 with the Queen's Own Corps of Guides. In the following years he served on the North-West Frontier of India, and took part in the Tirah Campaign 1897-98 under Sir William Lockhart, to whom he was Aide-de-camp. He was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his services.[2]

Second Boer War

Maxwell was attached to Roberts's Light Horse during the Second Boer War 1899-1900. By early March 1900 the British had captured the two capital cities of the Boer republics, and the war entered a new phase with a Boer guerrilla campaign to hit the British supply and communication lines. The first engagement of this new form of warfare was at Sanna's Post on 31 March where 1,500 Boers under the command of Christiaan De Wet attacked Bloemfontein's waterworks about 37 kilometres (23 mi) east of the city, and ambushed a heavily escorted convoy, which caused 155 British casualties and the capture of seven guns, 117 wagons, and 428 British troops.[3]

Victoria Cross

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Maxwell pre-1914

Maxwell was 28 years old, and a lieutenant attached to Roberts's Light Horse during the Second Boer War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC:

On 31 March 1900 at Sanna's Post (aka Korn Spruit), South Africa,

Lieutenant Maxwell was one of three Officers not belonging to "Q" Battery, Royal Horse Artillery, specially mentioned by Lord Roberts as having shown the greatest gallantry, and disregard of danger, in carrying out the self-imposed duty of saving the guns of that Battery during the affair at Korn Spruit on 31st March, 1900.

This Officer went out on five different occasions and assisted, to bring in two guns and three limbers, one of which he, Captain Humphreys, and some Gunners, dragged in by hand. He also went out with Captain Humphreys and Lieutenant Stirling to try to get the last gun in, and remained there till the attempt was abandoned.

During a previous Campaign (the Chitral Expedition of 1895) Lieutenant Maxwell displayed gallantry in the removal of the body of Lieutenant-Colonel F. D. Battye, Corps of Guides, under fire, for which, though recommended, he received no reward.[4]

Major Edmund Phipps-Hornby, Sergeant Charles Parker, Gunner Isaac Lodge and Driver Horace Glasock also earned the Victoria Cross in this action.

Later service in South Africa

Maxwell was promoted to captain on 10 July 1901. He was appointed Aide-de-camp to Lord Kitchener, Commander-in-Chief of the Forces in South Africa. Following the end of hostilities in early June 1902, he left Cape Town on board the SS Orotava together with Lord Kitchener,[5] and arrived at Southampton the next month.[6] He received a brevet promotion to major on 22 August 1902.[7]

India

When Kitchener went to India as commander-in-chief in November 1902, Maxwell joined him there as his Aide-de-Camp.[8][9]

First World War

In the Great War, he commanded the 12th Battalion of the Middlesex Regiment from June to October 1916, and in November 1916, was awarded a Bar to his DSO. For his actions taking Thiepval, he was given command of the 18th King George's Own Lancers, Indian Army in October 1916.[10]

As commander of the 12th Middlesex, and later of the 27th Brigade of the 9th (Scottish) Division, Maxwell came to be regarded as one of the finest combat commanders serving in the British Army on the Western Front. He was an aggressive commander who was also both an original thinker and popular with his men.[11]

Despite his rank, Maxwell was frequently at the front line. He was killed in action, shot by a German sniper, during the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge on 21 September 1917.[11] He is buried in Ypres Reservoir Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery.[12][13] The gravestone inscription states: "An ideal soldier and a very perfect gentleman beloved by all his men."

His brother, Lieutenant Colonel Eustace Lockhart Maxwell of the 11th King Edward's Own Lancers (Probyn's Horse), was killed on 20 July 1916 during the Battle of the Somme, whilst commanding the 23rd Manchester Regiment. He is commemorated on the Neuve-Chapelle Indian Memorial.[14]

General Maxwell is commemorated with a plaque in St. Giles Cathedral on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, Scotland.[15] Maxwell's medals are now held in the Imperial War Museum as part of the "Lord Ashcroft collection" having been bought at auction for £78,000.[16] His wife, Charlotte Maxwell, published a volume of his edited letters in 1921.[17]

References

  1. ↑ "Francis a Maxwell VC - victoriacross".
  2. ↑ Hart′s Army list, 1903
  3. ↑ N. G. Speed, Born to Fight
  4. ↑ "No. 27292". The London Gazette. 8 March 1901. p. 1649.
  5. ↑ "The Army in South Africa - Troops returning home". The Times. No. 36804. London. 26 June 1902. p. 10.
  6. ↑ "Lord Kitchener′s return". The Times. No. 36819. London. 14 July 1902. p. 6.
  7. ↑ "No. 27490". The London Gazette. 31 October 1902. p. 6907.
  8. ↑ "Naval & Military intelligence - Lord Kitchener´s staff". The Times. No. 36857. London. 27 August 1902. p. 4.
  9. ↑ "No. 27532". The London Gazette. 6 March 1903. p. 1511.
  10. ↑ "Francis A Maxwell VC - victoriacross". www.vconline.org.uk.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 John (1 June 2002). Who's Who in World War I. Routledge. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-134-76752-6.
  12. ↑ Profile Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ Template:Lives of WWI
  14. ↑ "Casualty". www.cwgc.org.
  15. ↑ "Brig Gen F A Maxwell Vc Csi Dso - Imperial War Museums". www.ukniwm.org.uk.
  16. ↑ "SALES OF VICTORIA CROSSES". www.victoriacross.org.uk.
  17. ↑ Maxwell, Charlotte (1921). Frank Maxwell Brig. General, V.C., C.S.I., D.S.O. A Memoir and Some Letters. London: John Murray. p. 228.

External links

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