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| caption = Gelemo is located on the Tsari Chu between Bidak and Maja upstream and Gelensiniak downstream.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asian Alpine E-News Issue No. 45 |url=https://asian-alpine-e-news.com/asian_alpine_e-new_issue_no45.pdf |access-date=22 January 2021 |page=8 |date=January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Himalayan Journal, Volume 62 |year = 1929|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Gelemo |access-date=22 January 2021 |pages=72, 80|isbn = 9780195687439}}</ref> Longju is in Indian territory according to Indian claims.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subansiri Map |url=https://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Subansiri.pdf |website=[[Claude Arpi]] |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> | | caption = Gelemo is located on the Tsari Chu between Bidak and Maja upstream and Gelensiniak downstream.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asian Alpine E-News Issue No. 45 |url=https://asian-alpine-e-news.com/asian_alpine_e-new_issue_no45.pdf |access-date=22 January 2021 |page=8 |date=January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Himalayan Journal, Volume 62 |year = 1929|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Gelemo |access-date=22 January 2021 |pages=72, 80|isbn = 9780195687439}}</ref> Longju is in Indian territory according to Indian claims.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subansiri Map |url=https://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Subansiri.pdf |website=[[Claude Arpi]] |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> | ||
|mark-coord ={{coord|28.6060788|93.4003122}} |label= | |mark-coord ={{coord|28.6060788|93.4003122}} |label=Lowa Xincun |label-size=11 |label-pos=left |mark-size=6 |mark =Red pog.svg |mark-title=Lowa Xincun |mark-description=New Chinese village constructed in 2021 | ||
|mark-coord1={{coord|28.3691990|93.6114549}} |caption1=Limeking |label1=Limeking |label-size1=11 |label-pos1=top |mark-size1=8 |mark-title1=Limeking |mark-description1= | |mark-coord1={{coord|28.3691990|93.6114549}} |caption1=Limeking |label1=Limeking |label-size1=11 |label-pos1=top |mark-size1=8 |mark-title1=Limeking |mark-description1= | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
|mark-coord3={{coord|28.43501|93.20192}} |caption3=Taksing |label3=Taksing |label-size3=11 |label-pos3=right |mark-size3=8 |mark3=Red pog.svg |mark-title3=Taksing |mark-description3= | |mark-coord3={{coord|28.43501|93.20192}} |caption3=Taksing |label3=Taksing |label-size3=11 |label-pos3=right |mark-size3=8 |mark3=Red pog.svg |mark-title3=Taksing |mark-description3= | ||
|mark-coord4={{coord|28. | |mark-coord4={{coord|28.6021652|93.4048111}} |caption4=Maja |label4=Maja |label-size4=11 |label-pos4=right |mark-size4=6 |mark4=Red pog.svg |mark-title4=Maja |mark-description4=Former Indian border post | ||
|mark-coord5={{coord|28. | |mark-coord5={{coord|28.5610165|93.4282422}} |caption5=Maja Post |label5=Maja Post |label-size5=11 |label-pos5=right |mark-size5=6 |mark5=Red pog.svg |mark-title5=Maja Post |mark-description5=Indian border post | ||
|mark-coord6={{coord|28. | |mark-coord6={{coord|28.4851|93.4621}} |caption6=Bidak |label6=Bidak |label-size6=11 |label-pos6=left |mark-size6=6|mark6=Red pog.svg |mark-title6=Bidak |mark-description6= | ||
|mark- | |mark-coord7={{coord|28.4564983|93.4620422}} |caption7=Gelemo|label7=Gelemo |label-size7=11 |label-pos7=right |mark-size7=6 |mark7=Red pog.svg |mark-title7=Gelemo |mark-description7= | ||
|mark- | |mark-coord8={{coord|28.3721762|93.4835391}} |caption8=Gelensiniak |label8=Gelensiniak |label-size8=11 |label-pos8=left |mark-size8=6 |mark8=Red pog.svg |mark-title8=Gelensiniak |mark-description8= | ||
|mark-coord10={{coord|28. | |mark-coord10={{coord|28.5817779|93.4111130}} |caption10=Xingqiangpu Zhang |label10=Xingqiangpu Zhang |label-size10=11 |label-pos10=left |mark-size10=6 |mark10=Red pog.svg |mark-title10=Xingqiangpu Zhang |mark-description10=Chinese border post | ||
|mark-coord11={{coord|28.6404479|93.3817051}} |caption11=Longju |label11=Longju |label-size11=11 |label-pos11=left |mark-size11=6 |mark11=Red pog.svg |mark-title11=Longju |mark-description11= | |||
|mark-coord12={{coord|28.660275|93.373529}} |caption12=Migyitun |label12=Migyitun |label-size12=11 |label-pos12=top |mark-size12=10 |mark12=Red pog.svg |mark-title12=Migyitun |mark-description12= | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Gelemo'''{{efn|The spelling used by the Indian Army. | '''Gelemo''' or '''Gelomo'''{{sfnp|Upper Subansiri District Census Handbook|2011|p=79}}{{efn|The spelling used by the Indian Army is "Gelemo", whereas the census records use "Gelomo". The name is also spelt '''Galemo''',<ref name=Kapadia/> '''Gilomo''',<ref name=Krishnatry/> | ||
and '''Gelong'''. | |||
Older documents possibly misspelt it as '''Gallen'''.<ref name=Nehru/>}} | |||
(full name: '''Gelomoring'''){{sfnp|Upper Subansiri District Census Handbook|2011|p=79}} | (full name: '''Gelomoring'''){{sfnp|Upper Subansiri District Census Handbook|2011|p=79}} | ||
is a border village in the [[Upper Subansiri district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India. It is on the bank of the [[Tsari Chu]] river before its confluence with the [[Subansiri River]], at a distance of "two days march" from the Indian claimed border at [[Longju]].<ref name=Nehru/> The present [[Line of Actual Control]] between China and India is at roughly half that distance. | is a border village in the [[Upper Subansiri district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India. It is on the bank of the [[Tsari Chu]] river before its confluence with the [[Subansiri River]], at a distance of "two days march" from the Indian claimed border at [[Longju]].<ref name=Nehru/> The present [[Line of Actual Control]] between China and India is at roughly half that distance. | ||
== | == Location == | ||
Gelemo is in [[Limeking Circle]] of the [[Upper Subansiri district]], one of the border areas adjoining the [[China–India border]]. The [[Tsari Chu]] river | Gelemo is in [[Limeking Circle]] of the [[Upper Subansiri district]], one of the border areas adjoining the [[China–India border]]. The [[Tsari Chu]] river, called Gallen or Gelling by the [[Tagin people]] of the region, flows here from [[Migyitun]] in Tibet, traditionally considered a Tibetan border town. It joins the [[Subansiri River]] at [[Gelensiniak]]. | ||
Gelemo | Gelemo is at an elevation of {{convert|1790|m}}, at a distance of {{convert|17|km}} from Gelensiniak. Upstream from Gelemo, {{convert|6|km}} to the north, is the village of '''Bidak''' (also called '''Redding Camp''').<ref name=Kapadia> | ||
{{Cite web |last=Kapadia |first=Harish |author-link=Harish Kapadia |date=2006 |title=Secrets of Subansiri: Himalayan Journal vol.62/7 |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/62/7/secrets-of-subansiri/ |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-01-23 |website=[[Himalayan Journal]]}} | |||
</ref>{{sfnp|Upper Subansiri District Census Handbook|2011|p=88}}{{efn|The Survey of India maps still use the name "Redding Camp". It is not to be confused with Redding, an entirely different village in the [[Taksing Circle]].}} | |||
== History == | |||
{{ | An Indian expedition led by political officer S. M. Krishnatry in 1956 was told that Gelomo was the home of the Gibu-Gilo tribe of the Tagin people, but they were almost extinct with only one survivor left, who lived in Limeking. The location was controlled by the Mara tribe at that time, who used it as a hunting ground.<ref name=Krishnatry> | ||
{{citation |last=Krishnatry |first=S. M. |title=Border Tagins of Arunachal Pradesh: Unarmed Expedition 1956 |publisher=National Book Trust |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-237-4460-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXTaAAAAMAAJ |page=177}} | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
== | === Tsari pilgrimage === | ||
After the [[Longju incident]] in 1959, the [[Assam Rifles]] border troops stationed at Longju retreated to Gelemo | Gelemo lies on the route of the 12-yearly Tsari pilgrimage of the Tibetans around the [[Dakpa Sheri]] mountain. The pilgrimage went down the [[Tsari Chu]] valley up to Gelensiniak and returned via the Subansiri valley, back into the Tibetan territory.{{sfnp|Huber|1999|p=143}} | ||
The last Tsari pilgrimage was conducted in 1956, after which the [[Sino-Indian border dispute|Sino-Indian border conflict]] put a stop to the relations between the two regions.{{sfnp|Huber|1999|p=147}} | |||
=== Sino-Indian border conflict === | |||
After the [[Longju incident]] in 1959, the [[Assam Rifles]] border troops stationed at Longju retreated to a place named "Gallen", which was most likely Gelemo.<ref name="Kavic"> | |||
{{citation |last=Kavic |first=Lorne J. |title=India's Quest for Security: Defence Policies, 1947-1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnAD5RIZtF4C&pg=PA67 |year=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |page=67}}: "The contempt in which Peking held the warning was reflected on 26 August, when a Chinese force ejected twelve soldiers of the Assam Rifles from the border post at Longju, located 3 or 4 miles south of the McMahon Line, and the Indian detachment fell back to Gallen, about two days' march distant." | {{citation |last=Kavic |first=Lorne J. |title=India's Quest for Security: Defence Policies, 1947-1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnAD5RIZtF4C&pg=PA67 |year=1967 |publisher=University of California Press |page=67}}: "The contempt in which Peking held the warning was reflected on 26 August, when a Chinese force ejected twelve soldiers of the Assam Rifles from the border post at Longju, located 3 or 4 miles south of the McMahon Line, and the Indian detachment fell back to Gallen, about two days' march distant." | ||
</ref><ref name=Nehru>{{citation |author=Jawaharlal Nehru |title=Prime Minister on Sino-Indian Relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pI7GAAAAIAAJ |year=1961 |publisher=External Publicity Division, | </ref><ref name=Nehru>{{citation |author=Jawaharlal Nehru |title=Prime Minister on Sino-Indian Relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pI7GAAAAIAAJ |year=1961 |publisher=External Publicity Division, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}: "... two of our men from Longju who were contacted and, according to them, our party had come away from Longju, about two days 'march from Longju and had established a forward post at Gallen'." | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
Afterwards, a new border post was established at '''Maja''',{{efn|Alternative spellings include '''Majha'''<ref> | Afterwards, a new border post was established at '''Maja''',{{efn|Alternative spellings include '''Majha'''<ref> | ||
[https://zeenews.india.com/india/china-hatching-new-conspiracy-near-arunachal-pradesh-border-after-defeat-in-ladakh-2310910.html China hatching new conspiracy near Arunachal Pradesh border after defeat in Ladakh], Zee News, 20 September 2020. | [https://zeenews.india.com/india/china-hatching-new-conspiracy-near-arunachal-pradesh-border-after-defeat-in-ladakh-2310910.html China hatching new conspiracy near Arunachal Pradesh border after defeat in Ladakh], Zee News, 20 September 2020. | ||
</ref> and '''Maza'''.<ref> | </ref> and '''Maza'''.<ref name=EastMojo/> The Tibetan name of the location appears to be '''Lungchung'''.<ref> | ||
[ | [http://www.tibetmap.com/2893o150.jpg Map sheet 2893], TibetMap.com, Serie 151, Edition Sept 2016.</ref>}} | ||
< | 3 miles south of Longju.<ref name="three miles"> | ||
10 km south of Longju.<ref> | * {{harvnb|Johri|1965|pp=253–254}}: "The Government of India took steps to establish a new post in the south of Longju. A platoon of the Assam Rifles under Captain Mitra established a post at Maja, three miles in the south of Longju." | ||
{{ | * {{harvnb|Kaul|1967|p=232}}: "This gallant officer [Captain Mitra], however, established our post at Maja instead, about six miles South of Long-ju (and about three miles or less as the crow flies)." | ||
</ref> | |||
During the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], the Maja post was withdrawn, along with all other posts, since the Chinese attacked with an overwhelming force. The withdrawing forces were said to have been attacked from the rear near Reding (Bidak). The Chinese forces were in occupation of the entire area up to Limeking for the duration of the war.{{sfn|Sinha|Athale|1992|p=264}} | |||
After the war, China proposed that both the sides should withdraw 20 km from the [[Line of Actual Control]]. Even though India did not accept the condition, it appears to have set up a new border post further away, {{convert|10|km}} south of Longju.<ref> | |||
{{harvnb|Sinha|Athale|1992|p=258}}: "Maja, 10 km (6 miles) south of Longju, was 2 days' marching distance from Lemeking." | |||
</ref><ref> | |||
{{harvnb|Sandhu|Shankar|Dwivedi|2015|pp=108–109}}: After the Longju incident, Assam Rifles did not reoccupy Longju and instead set - up a post at Maja, 10 km South of Longju, on 29 Aug 1959. | |||
</ref><ref name="ET Maja"> | </ref><ref name="ET Maja"> | ||
[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/row-with-china-present-tense/articleshow/59729345.cms India-China row: 8 disputed border areas that China claims as its own], The Economic Times, 12 July 2018. | [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/row-with-china-present-tense/articleshow/59729345.cms India-China row: 8 disputed border areas that China claims as its own], The Economic Times, 12 July 2018. | ||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
The present [[Line of Actual Control]] is believed to run between Maja and the Chinese border post at Xingqiangpu Zhang. | The local people call this location '''New Maza''' and distinguish it from the original Maja village.<ref name=EastMojo> | ||
Irani Sonowal Lepcha, [https://www.eastmojo.com/arunachal-pradesh/2020/06/24/how-much-land-did-arunachal-pradesh-lose-to-china-after-1962-war How much land did Arunachal Pradesh lose to China after 1962 war?], EastMojo, 24 June 2020. | |||
</ref><ref name=Sangno> | |||
Amar Sangno, [https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2021/01/19/satellite-images-show-chinese-building-infrastructures-in-arunachal/ Satellite images show Chinese building infrastructures in Arunachal], The Arunachal Times, 19 January 2021. | |||
</ref><ref name=Kalita> | |||
Prabin Kalita, [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pentagon-cited-china-village-a-pla-camp-arunachal-official/articleshow/87564351.cms Pentagon-cited China village a PLA camp: Arunachal official], The Economic Times, 7 November 2021. | |||
</ref> | |||
The present [[Line of Actual Control]] is believed to run between the New Maja Post and the Chinese border post at Xingqiangpu Zhang. | |||
In January 2021, news reports appeared stating that China had built a large 100-home civilian village near the original Maja village.<ref> | |||
[https://theprint.in/defence/china-builds-village-on-arunachal-pradesh-territory-it-occupied-in-1959/587909/ China builds village on ‘Arunachal Pradesh territory’ it occupied in 1959], The Print, 18 January 2021. | |||
</ref><ref name=Kalita/> The Chinese media have referred to it as "Lowa Xincun" ({{zh|t=珞瓦新村|p=Luò wǎ xīncūn}}).<ref> | |||
{{citation |title=Yìn méi: Lǎng jiǔ xīncūn nán tà màikè mǎ hóng xiàn 4.5 Gōnglǐ xīn lù luò zài yìn bāng 60 gōnglǐ |script-title=zh:印媒：朗久新村南踏麦克马洪线4.5公里 新路落在印邦60公里 |url=https://www.dwnews.com/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83/60226843/%E5%8D%B0%E5%AA%92%E6%9C%97%E4%B9%85%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%91%E5%8D%97%E8%B8%8F%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E9%A9%AC%E6%B4%AA%E7%BA%BF45%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C%E6%96%B0%E8%B7%AF%E8%90%BD%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E9%82%A660%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C |newspaper=Duowei News |date=20 January 2021 |script-quote=zh:2020年12月17日，陆媒公开一则竣工消息题为《捷报｜隆子县扎日乡珞瓦新村搬迁安置点顺利通过竣工验收》，图文并茂介绍朗久新村说 |trans-quote=On December 17, 2020, Lu Media published a completion news titled ''Good News – The Relocation and Resettlement Site of Luowa New Village, Zari Township, Longzi County, Successfully Passed the Completion Inspection and Acceptance.''}} | |||
</ref>{{efn|The name means literally, "new village for the people of Lo". "Lo" or "Loyul" was the original Tibetan name of the region, later referred to as "Tsari" on account of its sacredness.{{sfn|Huber|1990|p=131}} The Chinese seem to prefer the original name, e.g., by calling the Tsari Chu river "Lo He".}} | |||
== Demographics == | |||
Gelemo has a population of 40 people living in 11 households, as per the 2011 census.{{sfnp|Upper Subansiri District Census Handbook|2011|p=88}} Bidak (Redding Camp) has a population of 39 people in 7 households.{{sfnp|Upper Subansiri District Census Handbook|2011|p=88}} | |||
== Facilities == | |||
Gelemo is being developed as a "model village" by the Government of Arunachal Pradesh.<ref name="arunachalplan">http://www.arunachalplan.gov.in/html/docs/badp/BADP_Minutes_34th_SLSC.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> | |||
Solar street lights were installed in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=apipr – Page 22 – Department of Information, Public Relation & Printing|url=http://www.arunachalipr.gov.in/?paged=22&author=1|access-date=2021-11-16|language=en-US}}</ref> A potable water supply was installed in 2020. Irrigation canals, healthcare facilities, and a community hall are scheduled for construction.<ref name="arunachalplan"/> | |||
The [[ | In 2017, Indian Army set up Sawaiman{{efn|The battalion which constructed it—17 Rajputana Rifles—were the forces of [[Man Singh II|Sawai Man Singh II]], prior to integration in the Indian Army.}} Primary School in the Gelemo village.<ref name="Telegraph"> | ||
{{Cite web |last= | {{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Vinod Kumar |date=17 June 2017 |title=Army school in village |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/army-school-in-village/cid/1433913 |website=Telegraph India}} | ||
</ref><ref> | |||
{{Cite news |title=4 Corps GOC calls on Governor Brig (Retd) Dr B D Mishra, CM Pema Khandu |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/4-corps-goc-calls-on-governor-brig-retd-dr-b-d-mishra-cm-pema-khandu/ |newspaper=Sentinel Assam |date=29 December 2018}} | |||
</ref> | </ref> | ||
== Transportation == | |||
There is a helipad at Gelemo, maintained by the Government of Arunachal Pradesh.<ref>[http://www.arunachalpwd.org/pdf/annual_report/a-r_2019-20.pdf Annual Report 2019-20], Government of Arunachal Pradesh, Public Works Department, 2020. p. 57.</ref> | |||
The [[Border Roads Organisation]] of India built a road link between [[Tame Chung Chung]] (near Gelensiniak) and Bidak in 2018. During its construction, Gelemo served as a construction base with all the construction equipment air lifted there in pieces and assembled locally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=14 February 2018 |title=BRO links remote villages on Indo-China border |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bro-links-remote-villages-on-indo-china-border201802141347520002/ |website=ANI News}}</ref> | |||
The road connectivity is still seen as being poor.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Karda Natam|title=Border villages on its own without roads, electricity in Upper Subansiri |newspaper=The Arunachal Times|date=6 September 2020|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2020/09/06/border-villages-on-its-own-without-roads-electricity-in-upper-subansiri/}}</ref> | |||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
| Line 79: | Line 123: | ||
== Bibliography == | == Bibliography == | ||
* {{citation |title=Upper Subansiri District Census Handbook, Part A |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Arunachal Pradesh |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/12/1205_PART_A_DCHB_UPPER%20SUBANSIRI.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Upper Subansiri District Census Handbook|2011}}}} | * {{citation |title=Upper Subansiri District Census Handbook, Part A |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Arunachal Pradesh |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/12/1205_PART_A_DCHB_UPPER%20SUBANSIRI.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Upper Subansiri District Census Handbook|2011}}}} | ||
* {{citation |last=Huber |first=Toni |title=The Cult of Pure Crystal Mountain: Popular Pilgrimage and Visionary Landscape in Southeast Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ac4PUrEtVtsC |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535313-6}} | |||
* {{citation |last=Johri |first=Sitaram |title=Chinese Invasion of NEFA |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3345 |via=archive.org |year=1965 |publisher=Himalaya Publications}} | |||
* {{citation |last=Kaul |first=B. M. |author-link=B. M. Kaul |title=The Untold Story |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1967 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3340 |via=archive.org}} | |||
* {{citation |first1=P.B. |last1=Sinha |first2=A.A. |last2=Athale |title=History of the Conflict with China, 1962 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |year=1992 |url=http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/lory1.ethz.ch/collections/coll_india/documents/WarWithChina_1962_000.pdf}} | |||
* {{citation |last1=Sandhu |first1=P. J. S. |last2=Shankar |first2=Vinay |last3=Dwivedi |first3=G. G. |title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-37-0}} | |||
== External links == | |||
* [https://in.pinterest.com/tatsat297/fourteen-families-of-gelemo/ Fourteen families of Gelemo..] (bamboo products), pinterest.com, retrieved 14 November 2021. | |||
{{coord|28. | {{coord|28.4565|N|93.4620|E|display=title}} | ||
[[Category:Villages in Upper Subansiri district]] | [[Category:Villages in Upper Subansiri district]] | ||
[[Category:Borders of Arunachal Pradesh]] | [[Category:Borders of Arunachal Pradesh]] | ||