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[[Michael Witzel]] claims the ancient Indian literature suggests dowry practices were not significant during the [[Vedic period]].<ref>Witzel, Michael. "Little Dowry, No Sati: The Lot of Women in the Vedic Period." ''Journal of South Asia Women Studies'' 2, no. 4 (1996).</ref> Witzel also notes that women in ancient India had property inheritance rights either by appointment or when they had no brothers. | [[Michael Witzel]] claims the ancient Indian literature suggests dowry practices were not significant during the [[Vedic period]].<ref>Witzel, Michael. "Little Dowry, No Sati: The Lot of Women in the Vedic Period." ''Journal of South Asia Women Studies'' 2, no. 4 (1996).</ref> Witzel also notes that women in ancient India had property inheritance rights either by appointment or when they had no brothers. | ||
The findings of MacDonell and Keith are similar to Witzel, and differ from Tambiah; they cite ancient Indian literature suggesting bridewealth was paid even in [[brahma]]- and [[daiva]]-types of marriage. Dowry was not infrequent when the girl suffered from some bodily defect. Property rights for women increased in ancient India, suggest MacDonell and Keith, over the [[Puranic]] | The findings of MacDonell and Keith are similar to Witzel, and differ from Tambiah; they cite ancient Indian literature suggesting bridewealth was paid even in [[brahma]]- and [[daiva]]-types of marriage. Dowry was not infrequent when the girl suffered from some bodily defect. Property rights for women increased in ancient India, suggest MacDonell and Keith, over the [[Puranic|Puranas.]] | ||
Kane claims ancient literature suggests [[bridewealth]] was paid only in the [[asura]]-type of marriage that was considered reprehensible and forbidden by [[Manusmṛti|Manu]] and other ancient Indian scribes. Lochtefeld suggests that religious duties listed by [[Manusmṛti|Manu]] and others, such as 'the bride be richly adorned to celebrate marriage' were ceremonial dress and jewelry along with gifts that were her property, not property demanded by or meant for the groom; Lochtefeld further notes that bridal adornment is not currently considered as dowry in most people's mind.<ref>James G. Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|9780823931798}}; 203 ページ出版</ref> | Kane claims ancient literature suggests [[bridewealth]] was paid only in the [[asura]]-type of marriage that was considered reprehensible and forbidden by [[Manusmṛti|Manu]] and other ancient Indian scribes. Lochtefeld suggests that religious duties listed by [[Manusmṛti|Manu]] and others, such as 'the bride be richly adorned to celebrate marriage' were ceremonial dress and jewelry along with gifts that were her property, not property demanded by or meant for the groom; Lochtefeld further notes that bridal adornment is not currently considered as dowry in most people's mind.<ref>James G. Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|9780823931798}}; 203 ページ出版</ref> | ||
One of these are the eyewitness records from [[Alexander the Great]] conquest (''ca''. 300 BC) as recorded by Arrian and Megasthenes. Arrian first book mentions a lack of dowry, | |||
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=== Fraud === | === Fraud === | ||
A 2005 Canadian documentary film, ''[[Runaway Grooms]]'', exposed a phenomenon of [[Indo-Canadian]] men taking advantage of the dowry system.<ref>"Runaway husbands: Abandonment a disturbing trend". ''[[The Province]]'', April 20, 2005.</ref> These men would fraudulently return to [[India]] ostensibly seeking a new bride, but then abandon the woman and return to Canada without her as soon as they had secured possession of her dowry. <ref>"Nasty tales of arranged marriages gone bad; Passionate Eye's Runaway Grooms; Canadian men marry women in India, take the dowry, then divorce and ditch bride". ''[[Montreal Gazette]]'', April 20, 2005.</ref> | A 2005 Canadian documentary film, ''[[Runaway Grooms]]'', exposed a phenomenon of [[Indo-Canadian]] men taking advantage of the dowry system.<ref>"Runaway husbands: Abandonment a disturbing trend". ''[[The Province]]'', April 20, 2005.</ref> These men would fraudulently return to [[India]] ostensibly seeking a new bride, but then abandon the woman and return to Canada without her as soon as they had secured possession of her dowry.<ref>"Nasty tales of arranged marriages gone bad; Passionate Eye's Runaway Grooms; Canadian men marry women in India, take the dowry, then divorce and ditch bride". ''[[Montreal Gazette]]'', April 20, 2005.</ref> | ||
=== Cruelty === | === Cruelty === | ||