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{{Infobox royalty | {{Infobox royalty | ||
| title = The Lame Queen of Kashmir<small><ref name=Cathy/><ref name=atz/></small> | | title = The Lame Queen of Kashmir<small><ref name=Cathy /><ref name=atz /></small> | ||
| name = Didda | | name = Didda | ||
| image = File:Queen Didda coin.jpg | | image = File:Queen Didda coin.jpg | ||
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| reign = 980 – 1003 | | reign = 980 – 1003 | ||
| predecessor = Bhimagupta ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 975 – 980) | | predecessor = Bhimagupta ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 975 – 980) | ||
| successor = [[Samgrāmarāja]] ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} | | successor = [[Samgrāmarāja]] ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 1003–1028) | ||
|reign-type2 = [[Regency]] | |reign-type2 = [[Regency]] | ||
|reign2 = 958 – 980 | |reign2 = 958 – 980 | ||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
|successor2 = <!--Herself as Queen--> | |successor2 = <!--Herself as Queen--> | ||
| house = {{plainlist| | | house = {{plainlist| | ||
* [[Lohara dynasty]] (by birth) | * [[Lohara dynasty]] (by birth) | ||
* [[Utpala dynasty]] (by marriage) | * [[Utpala dynasty]] (by marriage) | ||
}} | }} | ||
| birth_date = {{circa|924}} | | birth_date = {{circa|924}} | ||
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| mother = | | mother = | ||
| module = {{Infobox person | child=yes | | module = {{Infobox person | child=yes | ||
| relatives = [[Hindu Shahi#Bhimadeva|Bhimadeva Shahi]] <br /><small>(maternal grandfather)</small><br />Udayaraja <br /><small>(brother)</small><br />[[Samgrāmarāja]] <br /><small>(nephew)</small> | | relatives = [[Hindu Shahi#Bhimadeva: confrontations with Alp-Tegin and loss of Kabul|Bhimadeva Shahi]] <br /><small>(maternal grandfather)</small><br />Udayaraja <br /><small>(brother)</small><br />[[Samgrāmarāja]] <br /><small>(nephew)</small> | ||
}} | }} | ||
| spouse = Kshemagupta | | spouse = Kshemagupta | ||
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| regnal name = | | regnal name = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Didda''' ({{circa|924 CE}}{{spaced ndash}}1003 CE), also known as ''The Catherine of Kashmir''<ref name=Cathy/> and ''The Witch Queen'',<ref name=atz>[https://atznews.in/2021/01/15/who-is-the-character-of-kangana-ranauts-next-film-didda-who-was-called-witch-queen/ Who is the character of Kangana Ranaut’s next film ‘Didda’, who was called ‘Witch Queen’]</ref> was the ruler of [[Kashmir]] from 980 CE to 1003 CE. She first acted as [[regent]] for her son and various grandsons from 958 CE to 980 CE, and from 980 CE as sole ruler and [[monarch]]. Most knowledge relating to her is obtained from the ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', a work written by [[Kalhana]] in the twelfth century. | '''Didda''' ({{circa|924 CE}}{{spaced ndash}}1003 CE), also known as ''The Catherine of Kashmir''<ref name=Cathy /> and ''The Witch Queen'',<ref name=atz>[https://atznews.in/2021/01/15/who-is-the-character-of-kangana-ranauts-next-film-didda-who-was-called-witch-queen/ Who is the character of Kangana Ranaut’s next film ‘Didda’, who was called ‘Witch Queen’]</ref> was the ruler of [[Kashmir]] from 980 CE to 1003 CE. She first acted as [[regent]] for her son and various grandsons from 958 CE to 980 CE, and from 980 CE as sole ruler and [[monarch]]. Most knowledge relating to her is obtained from the ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', a work written by [[Kalhana]] in the twelfth century. | ||
==Life== | == Life == | ||
Didda was a daughter of Simharāja, the King of Lohara, and a granddaughter on her maternal side of [[Hindu Shahi#Bhimadeva|Bhimadeva Shahi]], one of the [[Hindu Shahi]] of Kabul. Lohara lay in the [[Pir Panjal]] range of mountains, on a trade route between western [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and Kashmir.{{sfnp|Stein|1989b|pp=293-294|ps=}}{{sfnp|Stein|1989a|p=104|ps=}} | Didda was a daughter of Simharāja, the King of Lohara, and a granddaughter on her maternal side of [[Hindu Shahi#Bhimadeva: confrontations with Alp-Tegin and loss of Kabul|Bhimadeva Shahi]], one of the [[Hindu Shahi]] of Kabul. Lohara lay in the [[Pir Panjal]] range of mountains, on a trade route between western [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and Kashmir.{{sfnp|Stein|1989b|pp=293-294|ps=}}{{sfnp|Stein|1989a|p=104|ps=}} | ||
At the age of 26,<ref name=live>[https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/herstory/kashmirs-ruthless-queen-didda/ Kashmir's 'Ruthless' Queen Didda]</ref> she married the King of Kashmir, Ksemagupta, thus uniting the Kingdom of Lohara with that of her husband. Even prior to becoming regent, Didda had considerable influence in state affairs, and coins have been found which appear to show both her name and that of Ksemagupta.{{sfnp|Ganguly|1979|pp=68-69|ps=}} | At the age of 26,<ref name=live>[https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/herstory/kashmirs-ruthless-queen-didda/ Kashmir's 'Ruthless' Queen Didda]</ref> she married the King of Kashmir, Ksemagupta, thus uniting the Kingdom of Lohara with that of her husband. Even prior to becoming regent, Didda had considerable influence in state affairs, and coins have been found which appear to show both her name and that of Ksemagupta.{{sfnp|Ganguly|1979|pp=68-69|ps=}} | ||
===Regent=== | === Regent === | ||
When Ksemagupta died following a fever contracted after a hunt in 958, he was succeeded by his son, Abhimanyu II. As Abhimanyu was still a child, Didda acted as regent and effectively exercised sole power.{{sfnp|Stein|1989a|p=105|ps=}} Compared to other societies of the period, women in Kashmir were held in high regard.{{sfnp|Kaw|2004|p=91|ps=}} | When Ksemagupta died following a fever contracted after a hunt in 958, he was succeeded by his son, Abhimanyu II. As Abhimanyu was still a child, Didda acted as regent and effectively exercised sole power.{{sfnp|Stein|1989a|p=105|ps=}} Compared to other societies of the period, women in Kashmir were held in high regard.{{sfnp|Kaw|2004|p=91|ps=}} | ||
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color:REIGN align:left fontsize:M | color:REIGN align:left fontsize:M | ||
from:975 till:980 shift:(-25,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Bhimagupta | from:975 till:980 shift:(-25,$dy) textcolor:NAME text:Bhimagupta | ||
TextData = | TextData = | ||
pos:(280,$height) | pos:(280,$height) | ||
| Line 104: | Line 104: | ||
</timeline> | </timeline> | ||
===Monarch=== | === Monarch === | ||
Didda ruled as [[Queen regnant]] from 980 CE until her death in 1003 CE, at the age of 79.<ref name=live/> She is one of the very few female monarchs in Indian history.{{sfnp|Kalia|1994|p=21|ps=}} She is sometimes called the ''Catherine of Kashmir'', referring to the ruthless [[Catherine the Great]] of Russia, who ruled long and well with the help of her favourites, whom she periodically purged.<ref name=Cathy>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/kashmirs-women-rulers|title=Kashmir’s Women Rulers |work=Greater Kashmir |date=4 August 2016 |access-date=26 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=Queen Didda: Between facts and fantasy |url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/01/18/queen-didda-between-facts-and-fantasy/ |work=Free Press Kashmir |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Giri|first1=Dipak|isbn=9789390655281|title=Gender Perspectives in Indian Context: Critical Responses|year=2021|publisher=Booksclinic Publishing|pages=174}}</ref> | Didda ruled as [[Queen regnant]] from 980 CE until her death in 1003 CE, at the age of 79.<ref name=live /> She is one of the very few female monarchs in Indian history.{{sfnp|Kalia|1994|p=21|ps=}} She is sometimes called the ''Catherine of Kashmir'', referring to the ruthless [[Catherine the Great]] of Russia, who ruled long and well with the help of her favourites, whom she periodically purged.<ref name=Cathy>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/kashmirs-women-rulers|title=Kashmir’s Women Rulers |work=Greater Kashmir |date=4 August 2016 |access-date=26 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=Queen Didda: Between facts and fantasy |url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/01/18/queen-didda-between-facts-and-fantasy/ |work=Free Press Kashmir |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Giri|first1=Dipak|isbn=9789390655281|title=Gender Perspectives in Indian Context: Critical Responses|year=2021|publisher=Booksclinic Publishing|pages=174}}</ref> | ||
Although there remained some discontent among the Dāmaras, Didda and Tunga were able to resolve the issues by force and by diplomacy, causing Stein to comment that {{ | Although there remained some discontent among the Dāmaras, Didda and Tunga were able to resolve the issues by force and by diplomacy, causing Stein to comment that {{blockquote|The statesmanlike instinct and political ability which we must ascribe to Didda in spite of all the defects of her character, are attested by the fact that she remains the last in peaceful possession of the Kashmir throne, and was able to bequeath it to her family in undisputed succession.{{sfnp|Stein|1989a|p=106|ps=}}}} | ||
Vigraharaja had assumed control after he had murdered her parents. Udayaraja had to flee. She adopted a nephew, [[Lohara dynasty#Samgrāmarāja|Samgrāmarāja]], Udayaraja's eldest son to be her heir in Kashmir. From this decision arose the Lohara dynasty of Kashmir, although Vigraharāja even during her lifetime made attempts to assert his right to that area as well as Lohara. Her reign ended in 1003.{{sfnp|Stein|1989a|p=106|ps=}}{{sfnp|Stein|1989b|p=294|ps=}} | Vigraharaja had assumed control after he had murdered her parents. Udayaraja had to flee. She adopted a nephew, [[Lohara dynasty#Samgrāmarāja|Samgrāmarāja]], Udayaraja's eldest son to be her heir in Kashmir. From this decision arose the Lohara dynasty of Kashmir, although Vigraharāja even during her lifetime made attempts to assert his right to that area as well as Lohara. Her reign ended in 1003.{{sfnp|Stein|1989a|p=106|ps=}}{{sfnp|Stein|1989b|p=294|ps=}} | ||
[[Mahmud of Ghazni]] did not raid Kashmir as far as 1013, while Didda died in 1003, ten years before [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2021/01/did-didda-fight-ghaznavi-kangana-ranaut-is-wrong/|title=Did Didda fight Ghaznavi? Kangana Ranaut is wrong.}}</ref><ref name=fch>{{cite web|url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/01/15/fact-check-queen-didda-did-not-defeat-mehmood-ghaznavi-twice-as-claimed-by-film-makers/|title=FACT CHECK: Queen Didda did not face Ghaznavi in battle}}</ref> Didda did not embark on any adventure involving a conflict with any neighboring ruler during her rule.<ref name=fch/> It was during her successor [[Samgrāmarāja]]’s rule that [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded Northern India. In 1015, Ghazni's expedition to Kashmir failed, due to the inability to capture the fort of Loharkot, inclement weather and mountainous geography of the region.{{sfn|Chandra|2006|p=18}}<ref name="Mohibbul Hasan">{{cite book|author=Mohibbul Hasan|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Kashm%C4%ABr_Under_the_Sult%C4%81ns/EUlwmXjE9DQC|title=Kashmīr Under the Sultāns pp31|publisher=Aakar Books|year= 2005|isbn=9788187879497|pages=31}}</ref> | [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] did not raid Kashmir as far as 1013, while Didda died in 1003, ten years before [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2021/01/did-didda-fight-ghaznavi-kangana-ranaut-is-wrong/|title=Did Didda fight Ghaznavi? Kangana Ranaut is wrong.}}</ref><ref name=fch>{{cite web|url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/01/15/fact-check-queen-didda-did-not-defeat-mehmood-ghaznavi-twice-as-claimed-by-film-makers/|title=FACT CHECK: Queen Didda did not face Ghaznavi in battle}}</ref> Didda did not embark on any adventure involving a conflict with any neighboring ruler during her rule.<ref name=fch /> It was during her successor [[Samgrāmarāja]]’s rule that [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded Northern India. In 1015, Ghazni's expedition to Kashmir failed, due to the inability to capture the fort of Loharkot, inclement weather and mountainous geography of the region.{{sfn|Chandra|2006|p=18}}<ref name="Mohibbul Hasan">{{cite book|author=Mohibbul Hasan|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Kashm%C4%ABr_Under_the_Sult%C4%81ns/EUlwmXjE9DQC|title=Kashmīr Under the Sultāns pp31|publisher=Aakar Books|year= 2005|isbn=9788187879497|pages=31}}</ref> | ||
==In popular culture== | == In popular culture == | ||
* Ashish Kaul's historical | * Ashish Kaul's historical fiction ''Didda: The Warrior Queen of Kashmir'' is based on Didda's life and legends.<ref name=ak>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amitabh-bachchan-unveils-didda--the-warrior-queen-of-kashmir-by-ashish-kaul/1706473|title=Amitabh Bachchan unveils ''Didda – The Warrior Queen of Kashmir'' by Ashish Kaul}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ianslife.in/entertainment/amitabh-bachchan-unveils-didda-warrior-queen-kashmir-ashish-kaul|title=Amitabh Bachchan unveils 'Didda – The Warrior Queen of Kashmir' by Ashish Kaul}}</ref> | ||
* In January 2021, [[Kangana Ranaut]] announced that she would be making a movie ''Manikarnika Returns: The Legend of Didda'' on Queen Didda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kangana-ranaut-announces-manikarnika-returns-the-legend-of-didda-to-play-kashmiri-warrior-queen-101610616611739.html|title=Kangana Ranaut announces Manikarnika Returns: The Legend of Didda, to play Kashmiri warrior queen}}</ref> | * In January 2021, [[Kangana Ranaut]] announced that she would be making a movie ''Manikarnika Returns: The Legend of Didda'' on Queen Didda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kangana-ranaut-announces-manikarnika-returns-the-legend-of-didda-to-play-kashmiri-warrior-queen-101610616611739.html|title=Kangana Ranaut announces Manikarnika Returns: The Legend of Didda, to play Kashmiri warrior queen}}</ref> | ||
==References== | == References == | ||
'''Citations''' | '''Citations''' | ||
{{reflist|30em}} | {{reflist|30em}} | ||
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{{refbegin}} | {{refbegin}} | ||
*{{citation |title=Aspects of ancient Indian administration |first=Dilip Kumar |last=Ganguly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mWgbE3r0aYcC |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1979 |isbn=978-81-7017-098-3}} | *{{citation |title=Aspects of ancient Indian administration |first=Dilip Kumar |last=Ganguly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mWgbE3r0aYcC |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1979 |isbn=978-81-7017-098-3}} | ||
*{{citation |first=Ravi |last=Kalia |title=Bhubaneswar: From a Temple Town to a Capital City |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |year=1994 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bhubaneswar/F2YSPiKbmHkC |isbn= | *{{citation |first=Ravi |last=Kalia |title=Bhubaneswar: From a Temple Town to a Capital City |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |year=1994 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bhubaneswar/F2YSPiKbmHkC |isbn=978-0-8093-1876-6 }} | ||
*{{citation |title=Kashmir and its people: studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society |first=M. K. |last=Kaw |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7648-537-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC}} | *{{citation |title=Kashmir and its people: studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society |first=M. K. |last=Kaw |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7648-537-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC}} | ||
*{{citation |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |author-link=Mark Aurel Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989a |orig-year=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0369-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dfT2D8mnukC}} | *{{citation |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |author-link=Mark Aurel Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989a |orig-year=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0369-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dfT2D8mnukC}} | ||