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{{Short description|Bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players}} | {{Short description|Bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players}} | ||
{{About|the sport|the insect|Cricket (insect)|other uses | {{About|the sport|the insect|Cricket (insect)|other uses}} | ||
{{Redirect|Cricketer}} | |||
{{pp-semi|small=yes}} | {{pp-semi|small=yes}} | ||
{{Use British English|date=May 2016}} | {{Use British English|date=May 2016}} | ||
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{{Cricket sidebar |expanded=all}} | {{Cricket sidebar |expanded=all}} | ||
{{Bowling techniques sidebar |expanded=all}} | {{Bowling techniques sidebar |expanded=all}} | ||
'''Cricket''' is a [[Bat-and-ball games|bat-and-ball game]] played between two teams of eleven players each on a [[cricket field|field]] at the centre of which is a {{convert|22|yds|m|adj=on|abbr=off}} [[cricket pitch|pitch]] with a [[wicket]] at each end, each comprising two [[Bail (cricket)|bails]] balanced on three [[stump (cricket)|stumps]]. The game [[Delivery (cricket)|proceeds]] when a player on the [[Fielding (cricket)|fielding team]], called the [[Bowler (cricket)|bowler]], "bowls" (propels) the ball from one end of the pitch towards the wicket at the other end, with an "[[over (cricket)|over]]" being completed once they have legally done so six times. The [[Batting (cricket)|batting side]] has one player at each end of the pitch, with the player at the opposite end of the pitch from the bowler aiming to strike the ball with a bat. The batting side scores [[run (cricket)|runs]] either | '''Cricket''' is a [[Bat-and-ball games|bat-and-ball game]] played between two teams of eleven players each on a [[cricket field|field]] at the centre of which is a {{convert|22|yds|m|adj=on|abbr=off}} [[cricket pitch|pitch]] with a [[wicket]] at each end, each comprising two [[Bail (cricket)|bails]] balanced on three [[stump (cricket)|stumps]]. The game [[Delivery (cricket)|proceeds]] when a player on the [[Fielding (cricket)|fielding team]], called the [[Bowler (cricket)|bowler]], "bowls" (propels) the ball from one end of the pitch towards the wicket at the other end, with an "[[over (cricket)|over]]" being completed once they have [[Legal delivery (cricket)|legally]] done so six times. The [[Batting (cricket)|batting side]] has one player at each end of the pitch, with the player at the opposite end of the pitch from the bowler aiming to strike the ball with a bat. The batting side scores [[run (cricket)|runs]] when either the bowler [[Illegal delivery (cricket)|unfairly]] bowls the ball to the batter, the ball reaches the [[boundary (cricket)|boundary]] of the field, or the two batters swap ends of the pitch, which results in one run. The fielding side's aim is to prevent run-scoring and [[dismissal (cricket)|dismiss]] each batter (so they are "out", and are said to have "lost their wicket"). Means of dismissal include being [[bowled]], when the bowled ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side either [[Caught|catching]] a hit ball before it touches the ground, or hitting a wicket with the ball [[Run out|before]] a batter can cross the [[crease (cricket)|crease line]] in front of the wicket to complete a run. When ten batters have been dismissed, the [[innings]] ends and the teams swap roles. At the end of the game, the team that scored more runs [[Result (cricket)|wins]], provided that the other team has completed its one or two scheduled innings. The game is adjudicated by two [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]], aided by a [[third umpire]] and [[match referee]] in international matches. | ||
[[Forms of cricket]] range from [[Twenty20]], with each team batting for a single innings of 20 [[Over (cricket)|overs]] and the game generally lasting three hours, to [[Test cricket|Test matches]] played over five days. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white [[Cricket clothing and equipment|kit]], but in [[limited overs cricket]] they wear club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit, some players wear [[cricket clothing and equipment|protective gear]] to prevent injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of compressed [[leather]] with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a [[cork (material)|cork]] core layered with tightly wound string. | [[Forms of cricket]] range from [[Twenty20]], with each team batting for a single innings of 20 [[Over (cricket)|overs]] and the game generally lasting three hours, to [[Test cricket|Test matches]] played over five days. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white [[Cricket clothing and equipment|kit]], but in [[limited overs cricket]] they wear club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit, some players wear [[cricket clothing and equipment|protective gear]] to prevent injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of compressed [[leather]] with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a [[cork (material)|cork]] core layered with tightly wound string. | ||
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Given Derrick's age, it was about half a century earlier when he was at school and so it is certain that cricket was being played c. 1550 by boys in [[Surrey]].<ref name="JM19"/> The view that it was originally a children's game is reinforced by [[Randle Cotgrave]]'s 1611 English-French dictionary in which he defined the noun "''crosse''{{-"}} as "the crooked staff wherewith boys play at cricket" and the verb form "''crosser''{{-"}} as "to play at cricket".<ref name="HSA22">Altham (1962), p. 22.</ref><ref name="JM31">Major (2007), p. 31.</ref> | Given Derrick's age, it was about half a century earlier when he was at school and so it is certain that cricket was being played c. 1550 by boys in [[Surrey]].<ref name="JM19"/> The view that it was originally a children's game is reinforced by [[Randle Cotgrave]]'s 1611 English-French dictionary in which he defined the noun "''crosse''{{-"}} as "the crooked staff wherewith boys play at cricket" and the verb form "''crosser''{{-"}} as "to play at cricket".<ref name="HSA22">Altham (1962), p. 22.</ref><ref name="JM31">Major (2007), p. 31.</ref> | ||
One possible source for the sport's name is the [[Old English language|Old English]] word "''cryce''{{-"}} (or "''cricc''{{-"}}) meaning a crutch or staff. In [[Samuel Johnson]]'s ''Dictionary'', he derived cricket from "''cryce'', Saxon, a stick".<ref name="HSA21"/> In [[Old French]], the word "''criquet''{{-"}} seems to have meant a kind of club or stick.<ref name="DB3">Birley (1999), p. 3.</ref> Given the strong medieval trade connections between south-east England and the [[County of Flanders]] when the latter belonged to the [[Duchy of Burgundy]], the name may have been derived from the [[Middle Dutch]] (in use in [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] at the time) "''krick''{{-"}}(''-e''), meaning a stick (crook).<ref name="DB3"/> Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word "''krickstoel''{{-"}}, meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low [[wicket]] with two [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] used in early cricket.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 33.</ref> According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of [[Bonn University]], "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for [[hockey]], ''met de (krik ket)sen'' (i.e., "with the stick chase").<ref name="17CGC">{{cite web |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf |last=Terry |first=David |title=The Seventeenth Century Game of Cricket: A Reconstruction of the Game |work=The Sports Historian, No. 20 |publisher=The British Society of Sports History |location=London |year=2000 |pages=33–43 |access-date=2 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https:// | One possible source for the sport's name is the [[Old English language|Old English]] word "''cryce''{{-"}} (or "''cricc''{{-"}}) meaning a crutch or staff. In [[Samuel Johnson]]'s ''Dictionary'', he derived cricket from "''cryce'', Saxon, a stick".<ref name="HSA21"/> In [[Old French]], the word "''criquet''{{-"}} seems to have meant a kind of club or stick.<ref name="DB3">Birley (1999), p. 3.</ref> Given the strong medieval trade connections between south-east England and the [[County of Flanders]] when the latter belonged to the [[Duchy of Burgundy]], the name may have been derived from the [[Middle Dutch]] (in use in [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] at the time) "''krick''{{-"}}(''-e''), meaning a stick (crook).<ref name="DB3"/> Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word "''krickstoel''{{-"}}, meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low [[wicket]] with two [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] used in early cricket.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 33.</ref> According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of [[Bonn University]], "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for [[hockey]], ''met de (krik ket)sen'' (i.e., "with the stick chase").<ref name="17CGC">{{cite web |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf |last=Terry |first=David |title=The Seventeenth Century Game of Cricket: A Reconstruction of the Game |work=The Sports Historian, No. 20 |publisher=The British Society of Sports History |location=London |year=2000 |pages=33–43 |access-date=2 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621011709/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2009 }}</ref> Gillmeister has suggested that not only the name but also the sport itself may be of Flemish origin.<ref name="17CGC"/> | ||
===Growth of amateur and professional cricket in England=== | ===Growth of amateur and professional cricket in England=== | ||
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In 1844, the [[United States v Canada (1844)|first-ever international match]] took place between what were essentially club teams, from the [[United States national cricket team|United States]] and [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]], in [[Toronto]]; Canada won.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/usa/content/story/141158.html |title=Cricinfo – Cricket in the USA |last=Das |first=Deb |access-date=9 March 2007 |date=n.d. |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>"The Pictorial History of Cricket", by Ashley Brown, 1988, London, Bison Books</ref> In 1859, a team of English players went to North America on [[English cricket team in North America in 1859|the first overseas tour]].<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 96–97.</ref> Meanwhile, the British Empire had been instrumental in spreading the game overseas and by the middle of the 19th century it had become well established in Australia, the Caribbean, British India (which includes present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh), New Zealand, North America and South Africa.<ref>Barclays (1986), pp. 62, 78, 87, 99, 113, 127 & 131.</ref> | In 1844, the [[United States v Canada (1844)|first-ever international match]] took place between what were essentially club teams, from the [[United States national cricket team|United States]] and [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]], in [[Toronto]]; Canada won.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/usa/content/story/141158.html |title=Cricinfo – Cricket in the USA |last=Das |first=Deb |access-date=9 March 2007 |date=n.d. |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>"The Pictorial History of Cricket", by Ashley Brown, 1988, London, Bison Books</ref> In 1859, a team of English players went to North America on [[English cricket team in North America in 1859|the first overseas tour]].<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 96–97.</ref> Meanwhile, the British Empire had been instrumental in spreading the game overseas and by the middle of the 19th century it had become well established in Australia, the Caribbean, British India (which includes present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh), New Zealand, North America and South Africa.<ref>Barclays (1986), pp. 62, 78, 87, 99, 113, 127 & 131.</ref> | ||
In 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia.<ref>Birley (1999), p. 97.</ref> The first Australian team to travel overseas consisted of [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] [[Stockman (Australia)|stockmen]] which [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868|toured England in 1868]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/cricketing_journeys/cricket_html/the_australian_eleven/the_australian_eleven_the_first_australian_team |title=The Australian Eleven: The first Australian team |publisher=National Museum of Australia |access-date=30 December 2014}}</ref> | In 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia.<ref>Birley (1999), p. 97.</ref> The first Australian team to travel overseas consisted of [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] [[Stockman (Australia)|stockmen]] which [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868|toured England in 1868]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/cricketing_journeys/cricket_html/the_australian_eleven/the_australian_eleven_the_first_australian_team |title=The Australian Eleven: The first Australian team |publisher=National Museum of Australia |access-date=30 December 2014 |archive-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908065539/http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/cricketing_journeys/cricket_html/the_australian_eleven/the_australian_eleven_the_first_australian_team |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
In 1876–77, an [[England cricket team|England team]] took part in what was retrospectively recognized as the first-ever [[Test cricket|Test match]] at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>Reg Hayter, "The Centenary Test Match", ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 1978, pp. 130–32.</ref> The rivalry between England and Australia gave birth to [[The Ashes]] in 1882, and this has remained Test cricket's most famous contest.<ref>{{cite book |first=Wendy |last=Lewis |author-link=Wendy Lewis |author2=Simon Balderstone |author3=John Bowan |name-list-style=amp |title=Events That Shaped Australia |page=75 |publisher=New Holland |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-74110-492-9}}</ref> Test cricket began to expand in 1888–89 when [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] played England.<ref>Brown, 1988</ref> | In 1876–77, an [[England cricket team|England team]] took part in what was retrospectively recognized as the first-ever [[Test cricket|Test match]] at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>Reg Hayter, "The Centenary Test Match", ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 1978, pp. 130–32.</ref> The rivalry between England and Australia gave birth to [[The Ashes]] in 1882, and this has remained Test cricket's most famous contest.<ref>{{cite book |first=Wendy |last=Lewis |author-link=Wendy Lewis |author2=Simon Balderstone |author3=John Bowan |name-list-style=amp |title=Events That Shaped Australia |page=75 |publisher=New Holland |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-74110-492-9}}</ref> Test cricket began to expand in 1888–89 when [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] played England.<ref>Brown, 1988</ref> | ||
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==Women's cricket== | ==Women's cricket== | ||
{{main|Women's cricket}} | {{main|Women's cricket}} | ||
[[File:Mithali Raj Truro 2012.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mithali Raj]] of India, is the | [[File:Mithali Raj Truro 2012.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mithali Raj]] of India, is the highest run scorer in women's international cricket. ]] | ||
[[Women's cricket]] was first recorded in [[Surrey]] in 1745.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/history-of-cricket/early-cricket |title=ICC History of Cricket (pre-1799) |publisher=ICC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> International development began at the start of the 20th century and the first Test Match was played between [[Australia Women cricket team|Australia]] and [[England women's cricket team|England]] in December 1934.<ref name=ICC20C>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/history-of-cricket/20th-century |title=ICC History of Cricket (20th century) |publisher=ICC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> The following year, [[New Zealand Womens cricket team|New Zealand]] | [[Women's cricket]] was first recorded in [[Surrey]] in 1745.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/history-of-cricket/early-cricket |title=ICC History of Cricket (pre-1799) |publisher=ICC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> International development began at the start of the 20th century and the first Test Match was played between [[Australia Women cricket team|Australia]] and [[England women's cricket team|England]] in December 1934.<ref name=ICC20C>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/history-of-cricket/20th-century |title=ICC History of Cricket (20th century) |publisher=ICC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> The following year, [[New Zealand Womens cricket team|New Zealand]] joined them, and in 2007 [[Netherlands women cricket team|Netherland]] became the tenth women's Test nation when they made their debut against [[South Africa women cricket team|South Africa]]. In 1958, the International Women's Cricket Council was founded (it merged with the ICC in 2005).<ref name=ICC20C/> In 1973, the first Cricket World Cup of any kind took place when a Women's World Cup was held in England.<ref name=ICC20C/> In 2005, the [[International Women's Cricket Council]] was merged with the International Cricket Council (ICC) to form one unified body to help manage and develop cricket. The ICC Women's Rankings were launched on 1 October 2015 covering all three formats of women's cricket. In October 2018 following the ICC's decision to award T20 International status to all members, the Women's rankings were split into separate [[One Day International|ODI]] (for Full Members) and T20I lists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/877811|title=ICC Launches Global Women's T20I Team Rankings|access-date=12 October 2018|language=en}}</ref> | ||
==Governance== | ==Governance== | ||
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{{Portal|Cricket}} | {{Portal|Cricket}} | ||
* [[Glossary of cricket terms]] | * [[Glossary of cricket terms]] | ||
* [[Willow and Stumpy]] | |||
'''Related sports''' | '''Related sports''' | ||