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{{Short description|3rd of the four stages of enlightment in Buddhism}} | |||
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[[File:Tibetan Buddhist Monk in natural light reading sacred texts in 2006.jpg|alt=Anagami|thumb|Anagami]] | [[File:Tibetan Buddhist Monk in natural light reading sacred texts in 2006.jpg|alt=Anagami|thumb|Anagami]] | ||
In [[Buddhism]], an '''anāgāmin''' ([[Sanskrit]]; [[Pāli]]: ''anāgāmī'', lit. "non-returning")<ref>Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), pp. 31, 95, entries for "Anāgāmin" (retrieved 17 November 2018 at https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?qs=An%C4%81g%C4%81min&searchhws=yes) and "Āgāmin" (at https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?qs=%C4%80g%C4%81min&searchhws=yes).</ref> is a partially [[bodhi|enlightened]] person who has cut off the first five [[Fetter (Buddhism)| | In [[Buddhism]], an '''''anāgāmin''''' ([[Sanskrit]]; [[Pāli]]: ''anāgāmī'', lit. "non-returning")<ref>Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), pp. 31, 95, entries for "Anāgāmin" (retrieved 17 November 2018 at https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?qs=An%C4%81g%C4%81min&searchhws=yes) and "Āgāmin" (at https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?qs=%C4%80g%C4%81min&searchhws=yes).</ref> is a partially [[bodhi|enlightened]] person who has cut off the first five [[Fetter (Buddhism)|fetters]] that bind the ordinary mind. ''Anāgāmins'' are the third of the [[four stages of enlightenment|four aspirants]]. | ||
The anāgāmin is not reborn into the human world after death, but into the heaven of the [[Buddhist cosmology#Pure Abodes|Pure Abodes]], where only anāgāmins reside. There they attain full enlightenment ([[arhat|arahant]]ship). | The ''anāgāmin'' is not reborn into the human world after death, but into the heaven of the [[Buddhist cosmology#Pure Abodes|Pure Abodes]], where only ''anāgāmins'' reside. There they attain full enlightenment ([[arhat|arahant]]ship). | ||
==Requisites for becoming an anāgāmin== | ==Requisites for becoming an ''anāgāmin''== | ||
An anāgāmin is free from the lowest five chains or fetters (Sanskrit: {{IAST|pañcāvarabhāgīya-saṃyojana}}; Pali: ''pañcorambhāgiyāni-saṃyojanāni''; 五下分結) which are as follows: | An ''anāgāmin'' is free from the lowest five chains or fetters (Sanskrit: {{IAST|pañcāvarabhāgīya-saṃyojana}}; Pali: ''pañcorambhāgiyāni-saṃyojanāni''; 五下分結) which are as follows: | ||
#Belief in [[Ātman (Buddhism)|ātman]] or self (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|[[Fetter_(Buddhism)#Identity_view_.28sakk.C4.81ya-di.E1.B9.AD.E1.B9.ADhi.29|satkāya-dṛṣṭi]]}}'' or ''svakāya-dṛṣṭi''; Pāli: ''sakkāya-diṭṭhi''; 有身見) | # Belief in [[Ātman (Buddhism)|ātman]] or self (Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|[[Fetter_(Buddhism)#Identity_view_.28sakk.C4.81ya-di.E1.B9.AD.E1.B9.ADhi.29|satkāya-dṛṣṭi]]}}'' or ''svakāya-dṛṣṭi''; Pāli: ''sakkāya-diṭṭhi''; 有身見) | ||
#Attachment to rites and rituals (Sanskrit: ''[[Fetter_(Buddhism)#Attachment_to_rites_and_rituals_.28s.C4.ABlabbata-par.C4.81m.C4.81so.29|śīlavrata-parāmarśa-dṛṣṭi]]''; Pāli: ''sīlabbata-parāmāsa-diṭṭhi''; 戒禁取見) | # Attachment to rites and rituals (Sanskrit: ''[[Fetter_(Buddhism)#Attachment_to_rites_and_rituals_.28s.C4.ABlabbata-par.C4.81m.C4.81so.29|śīlavrata-parāmarśa-dṛṣṭi]]''; Pāli: ''sīlabbata-parāmāsa-diṭṭhi''; 戒禁取見) | ||
#Skeptical doubt (Sanskrit: ''[[vicikitsa|vicikitsā]]''; Pali: ''vicikicchā''; 疑) | # Skeptical doubt (Sanskrit: ''[[vicikitsa|vicikitsā]]''; Pali: ''vicikicchā''; 疑) | ||
#Sensuous craving (''kāmarāga''; 欲貪) | # Sensuous craving (''kāmarāga''; 欲貪) | ||
#Ill will or aversion (''vyāpāda'' or ''byāpāda''; 瞋恚)<ref>{{cite web|title=Byāpāda|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:3399.pali|publisher=[[Pali Text Society]] Pali-English Dictionary|access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref> | # Ill will or aversion (''vyāpāda'' or ''byāpāda''; 瞋恚)<ref>{{cite web|title=Byāpāda|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:3399.pali|publisher=[[Pali Text Society]] Pali-English Dictionary|access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref> | ||
The remaining five higher fetters (Sanskrit: ''pañca-ūrdhvabhāgiya-saṃyojana''; Pali: ''pañcuddhambhāgiyāni-saṃyojanāni''; 五上分結) from which an anāgāmin is not yet free are: | The remaining five higher fetters (Sanskrit: ''pañca-ūrdhvabhāgiya-saṃyojana''; Pali: ''pañcuddhambhāgiyāni-saṃyojanāni''; 五上分結) from which an anāgāmin is not yet free are: | ||
#Craving for fine-material existence (the first 4 [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|jhana]]s) (''rūparāga''; 色貪) | # Craving for fine-material existence (the first 4 [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|jhana]]s) (''rūparāga''; 色貪) | ||
#Craving for immaterial existence (the last 4 jhanas) (''arūparāga''; 無色貪) | # Craving for immaterial existence (the last 4 jhanas) (''arūparāga''; 無色貪) | ||
#Conceit or pride (''[[māna]]''; 慢) | # Conceit or pride (''[[māna]]''; 慢) | ||
#Restlessness (Sanskrit: ''[[auddhatya]]''; Pali: ''uddhacca''; 掉挙) | # Restlessness (Sanskrit: ''[[auddhatya]]''; Pali: ''uddhacca''; 掉挙) | ||
#Ignorance (Sanskrit: [[Avidyā (Buddhism)|avidyā]]; Pali: ''avijjā''; 無明) | # Ignorance (Sanskrit: [[Avidyā (Buddhism)|avidyā]]; Pali: ''avijjā''; 無明) | ||
''Kāmarāga'' and ''vyāpāda'', which they are free from, can also be interpreted as craving for becoming and non-becoming, respectively. | ''Kāmarāga'' and ''vyāpāda'', which they are free from, can also be interpreted as craving for becoming and non-becoming, respectively. | ||
Anāgāmins are at an intermediate stage between the ''[[sakadagami|sakṛdāgāmin]]'' and the ''[[arhat]]''. An arhat enjoys complete freedom from the ten [[Fetter (Buddhism)|fetter]]s, while an anāgāmin's mind remains very pure. | ''Anāgāmins'' are at an intermediate stage between the ''[[sakadagami|sakṛdāgāmin]]'' and the ''[[arhat]]''. An arhat enjoys complete freedom from the ten [[Fetter (Buddhism)|fetter]]s, while an ''anāgāmin's'' mind remains very pure. | ||
==Five types of anāgāmin== | ==Five types of ''anāgāmin''== | ||
The Pali ''[[Puggalapannatti]]'' and the Sanskrit texts ''[[Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra]]'' and the ''[[Sarvastivada#Abhidharma|Sarvāstivādin-Vaibhaṣika Abhidharma]]'' both describe five classes of anāgāmin. When an anāgāmin is reborn in the [[Pure Abodes]], one of the five following scenarios will occur:<ref>{{cite web |title=Anagamin, aka: Anāgāmin, Anāgamin; 4 Definition(s) |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/anagamin |website=Wisdom Library |access-date=2019-10-25 |date=2019-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anāgāmī |url=http://www.palikanon.com/english/wtb/a/anagami.htm |website=Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names |access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> | The Pali ''[[Puggalapannatti]]'' and the Sanskrit texts ''[[Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra]]'' and the ''[[Sarvastivada#Abhidharma|Sarvāstivādin-Vaibhaṣika Abhidharma]]'' both describe five classes of ''anāgāmin''. When an ''anāgāmin'' is reborn in the [[Pure Abodes]], one of the five following scenarios will occur:<ref>{{cite web |title=Anagamin, aka: Anāgāmin, Anāgamin; 4 Definition(s) |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/anagamin |website=Wisdom Library |access-date=2019-10-25 |date=2019-08-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anāgāmī |url=http://www.palikanon.com/english/wtb/a/anagami.htm |website=Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names |access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> | ||
# He will attain arhatship immediately after rebirth or within the first half of his life in the Pure Abodes. Such a being is called "one who reaches Nibbāna within the first half of the life" (Sanskrit: ''antarāparinirvāyin''; Pali: ''antarā-parinibbāyī''). | |||
# He will attain arhatship within the latter half of his life in the Pure Abodes or at the moment of death. Such a being is called "one who reaches Nibbāna after crossing half the life-time" (Sanskrit: ''upapadyaparinirvāyin''; Pali: ''upahacca-parinibbāyī''). | |||
# He exerts himself to the point of attaining arhatship. Such a being is called "one who reaches Nibbāna with exertion" (Sanskrit: ''sābhisaṃskāraparinirvāyin''; Pali: ''sasankhāra-parinibbāyī''). | |||
# He does not exert himself, yet attains arhatship. Such a being is called "one who reaches Nibbāna without exertion" (Sanskrit: ''anabhisaṃskāraparinirvāyin''; Pali: ''asankhāra-parinibbāyī''). | |||
# He traverses the five heavens of the Pure Abodes in order from lowest to highest before attaining arhatship. Such a being is called "one who passes up-stream to the highest gods" (Sanskrit: ''ūrdhvasrotas''; Pali: ''uddhamsota-akanittha-gāmī'')." | |||
==''Anāgāmins'' in literature== | |||
Several figures who appear in the literature achieve the state of an ''anāgāmin''. Some of these people include: | |||
* The Brahmin [[Bāvarī]] | |||
* The householder [[Uggata]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buswell Jr |first1=Robert E. |last2=Lopez Jr. |first2=Donald S. |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400848058 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&q=%22B%C4%81var%C4%AB%22+%22an%C4%81g%C4%81min%22&pg=PA24}}</ref> | |||
* The wandering ascetic [[Subhadda]] | |||
* The monk [[Pukkusāti]] | |||
* The nun [[Nandā]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mingun Sayadaw |title=The Great Chronicle of Buddhas |date=1990 |publisher=Tipitaka Nikaya Sasana Organization |location=Myanmar |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/the-great-chronicle-of-buddhas/d/doc364668.html |chapter=40}}</ref> | |||
* The laywoman [[Matikamata]] | |||
* The layman [[Citta (disciple)|Citta]] | |||
* The layman [[Visākha]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tin |first1=Daw Mya |title=The Dhammapada: Verses & Stories |date=2019 |publisher=Pariyatti Publishing |isbn=9781681721200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ-DDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Vis%C4%81kha+%22+%22an%C4%81g%C4%81mi%22&pg=PA489}}</ref> | |||
* The householder [[Sandhāna]] | |||
* The Brahman [[Uṇṇābha]] | |||
* An unnamed lay follower of the [[Kassapa Buddha|Kāśyapa Buddha]]<ref>{{cite journal |editor1-last=Karashima |editor1-first=Seishi |editor2-last=Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya |editor2-first=Margarita I. |title=The Avadāna Anthology from Merv, Turkmenistan |journal=Buddhist Manuscripts from Central Asia: The St. Petersburg Sanskrit Fragments (STPSF) |date=2015 |volume=1 |url=http://iriab.soka.ac.jp/content/pdf/karashima/Mervavadana_in_StPSF_I.pdf |access-date=2019-10-25 |publisher=The Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences; The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology; Soka University |location=Tokyo}}</ref> | |||
*The layman [[Visākha]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tin |first1=Daw Mya |title=The Dhammapada: Verses & Stories |date=2019 |publisher=Pariyatti Publishing |isbn=9781681721200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ-DDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Vis%C4%81kha+%22+%22an%C4%81g%C4%81mi%22&pg=PA489}}</ref> | |||
*The householder [[Sandhāna]] | |||
*The Brahman [[Uṇṇābha]] | |||
* | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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* [[Fetter (Buddhism)]] | * [[Fetter (Buddhism)]] | ||
== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | |||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
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[[Category:Buddhist titles]] | [[Category:Buddhist titles]] | ||
[[Category:Buddhist stages of enlightenment]] | [[Category:Buddhist stages of enlightenment]] | ||
Latest revision as of 02:55, 20 June 2022
| Translations of Anāgāmin | |
|---|---|
| English | Non-returner |
| Sanskrit | अनागामिन् (IAST: Anāgāmin) |
| Pali | Anāgāmī |
| Chinese | 不還 or 阿那含 (Pinyin: bùhuán or Ānàhán) |
| Japanese | 不還 or 阿那含 (rōmaji: fugen or anagon) |
| Korean | 불환 or 아나함 (RR: bulhwan or anaham) |
| Tibetan | ཕྱིར་མི་འོང་བ་ Wylie: phyir mi 'ong ba THL: chir mi ongwa |
| Thai | อนาคามี (RTGS: anakhami) |
| Vietnamese | Bất hoàn or A-na-hàm |
| Glossary of Buddhism | |
| Part of a series on |
| Buddhism |
|---|
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In Buddhism, an anāgāmin (Sanskrit; Pāli: anāgāmī, lit. "non-returning")[1] is a partially enlightened person who has cut off the first five fetters that bind the ordinary mind. Anāgāmins are the third of the four aspirants.
The anāgāmin is not reborn into the human world after death, but into the heaven of the Pure Abodes, where only anāgāmins reside. There they attain full enlightenment (arahantship).
Requisites for becoming an anāgāmin[edit | edit source]
An anāgāmin is free from the lowest five chains or fetters (Sanskrit: pañcāvarabhāgīya-saṃyojana; Pali: pañcorambhāgiyāni-saṃyojanāni; 五下分結) which are as follows:
- Belief in ātman or self (Sanskrit: satkāya-dṛṣṭi or svakāya-dṛṣṭi; Pāli: sakkāya-diṭṭhi; 有身見)
- Attachment to rites and rituals (Sanskrit: śīlavrata-parāmarśa-dṛṣṭi; Pāli: sīlabbata-parāmāsa-diṭṭhi; 戒禁取見)
- Skeptical doubt (Sanskrit: vicikitsā; Pali: vicikicchā; 疑)
- Sensuous craving (kāmarāga; 欲貪)
- Ill will or aversion (vyāpāda or byāpāda; 瞋恚)[2]
The remaining five higher fetters (Sanskrit: pañca-ūrdhvabhāgiya-saṃyojana; Pali: pañcuddhambhāgiyāni-saṃyojanāni; 五上分結) from which an anāgāmin is not yet free are:
- Craving for fine-material existence (the first 4 jhanas) (rūparāga; 色貪)
- Craving for immaterial existence (the last 4 jhanas) (arūparāga; 無色貪)
- Conceit or pride (māna; 慢)
- Restlessness (Sanskrit: auddhatya; Pali: uddhacca; 掉挙)
- Ignorance (Sanskrit: avidyā; Pali: avijjā; 無明)
Kāmarāga and vyāpāda, which they are free from, can also be interpreted as craving for becoming and non-becoming, respectively.
Anāgāmins are at an intermediate stage between the sakṛdāgāmin and the arhat. An arhat enjoys complete freedom from the ten fetters, while an anāgāmin's mind remains very pure.
Five types of anāgāmin[edit | edit source]
The Pali Puggalapannatti and the Sanskrit texts Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra and the Sarvāstivādin-Vaibhaṣika Abhidharma both describe five classes of anāgāmin. When an anāgāmin is reborn in the Pure Abodes, one of the five following scenarios will occur:[3][4]
- He will attain arhatship immediately after rebirth or within the first half of his life in the Pure Abodes. Such a being is called "one who reaches Nibbāna within the first half of the life" (Sanskrit: antarāparinirvāyin; Pali: antarā-parinibbāyī).
- He will attain arhatship within the latter half of his life in the Pure Abodes or at the moment of death. Such a being is called "one who reaches Nibbāna after crossing half the life-time" (Sanskrit: upapadyaparinirvāyin; Pali: upahacca-parinibbāyī).
- He exerts himself to the point of attaining arhatship. Such a being is called "one who reaches Nibbāna with exertion" (Sanskrit: sābhisaṃskāraparinirvāyin; Pali: sasankhāra-parinibbāyī).
- He does not exert himself, yet attains arhatship. Such a being is called "one who reaches Nibbāna without exertion" (Sanskrit: anabhisaṃskāraparinirvāyin; Pali: asankhāra-parinibbāyī).
- He traverses the five heavens of the Pure Abodes in order from lowest to highest before attaining arhatship. Such a being is called "one who passes up-stream to the highest gods" (Sanskrit: ūrdhvasrotas; Pali: uddhamsota-akanittha-gāmī)."
Anāgāmins in literature[edit | edit source]
Several figures who appear in the literature achieve the state of an anāgāmin. Some of these people include:
- The Brahmin Bāvarī
- The householder Uggata[5]
- The wandering ascetic Subhadda
- The monk Pukkusāti
- The nun Nandā[6]
- The laywoman Matikamata
- The layman Citta
- The layman Visākha[7]
- The householder Sandhāna
- The Brahman Uṇṇābha
- An unnamed lay follower of the Kāśyapa Buddha[8]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), pp. 31, 95, entries for "Anāgāmin" (retrieved 17 November 2018 at https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?qs=An%C4%81g%C4%81min&searchhws=yes) and "Āgāmin" (at https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/pali_query.py?qs=%C4%80g%C4%81min&searchhws=yes).
- ↑ "Byāpāda". Pali Text Society Pali-English Dictionary. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
- ↑ "Anagamin, aka: Anāgāmin, Anāgamin; 4 Definition(s)". Wisdom Library. 2019-08-24. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
- ↑ "Anāgāmī". Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
- ↑ Buswell Jr, Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400848058.
- ↑ Mingun Sayadaw (1990). "40". The Great Chronicle of Buddhas. Myanmar: Tipitaka Nikaya Sasana Organization.
- ↑ Tin, Daw Mya (2019). The Dhammapada: Verses & Stories. Pariyatti Publishing. ISBN 9781681721200.
- ↑ Karashima, Seishi; Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya, Margarita I., eds. (2015). "The Avadāna Anthology from Merv, Turkmenistan" (PDF). Buddhist Manuscripts from Central Asia: The St. Petersburg Sanskrit Fragments (STPSF). 1. Tokyo: The Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences; The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology; Soka University. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
Sources[edit | edit source]
- Thomas Rhys Davids & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
