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{{Short description|Ethnic group}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox ethnic group | {{Infobox ethnic group | ||
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| native_name = {{lang|lis|ꓡꓲ‐ꓢꓴ}} {{lang|my|လီဆူ}} {{lang|zh|傈僳}} | | native_name = {{lang|lis|ꓡꓲ‐ꓢꓴ}} {{lang|my|လီဆူ}} {{lang|zh|傈僳}} | ||
| population = 1,200,000 (est.) | | population = 1,200,000 (est.) | ||
| popplace = [[China]] ([[Yunnan]], [[Sichuan]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chine-informations.com/guide/listes-des-ethnies-chinoises_131.html|title=Ethnies chinoises|website=Chine-informations.com|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> | | popplace = [[China]] ([[Yunnan]], [[Sichuan]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chine-informations.com/guide/listes-des-ethnies-chinoises_131.html|title=Ethnies chinoises|website=Chine-informations.com|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] | ||
| langs= [[Lisu language|Lisu]], [[Lipo language|Lipo]], [[Laemae language|Laemae]], | | langs= [[Lisu language|Lisu]], [[Lipo language|Lipo]], [[Laemae language|Laemae]], [[Anong language (Sino-Tibetan)|Naw]]; [[Southwestern Mandarin]] (Chinese), [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Thai Language|Thai]] | ||
| rels = [[Christianity]], [[Animism]], and [[Buddhism]] | | rels = [[Christianity]], [[Animism]], and [[Buddhism]] | ||
| related = | | related = | ||
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{{Contains special characters}} | {{Contains special characters}} | ||
The '''Lisu people''' ([[Lisu language|Lisu]]: {{lang|lis|ꓡꓲ‐ꓢꓴ ꓫꓵꓽ}}; {{lang-my|လီဆူလူမျိုး}}, {{IPA-my|lìsʰù|}}; {{zh|c={{linktext|傈僳|族}}|p= | The '''Lisu people''' ([[Lisu language|Lisu]]: {{lang|lis|ꓡꓲ‐ꓢꓴ ꓫꓵꓽ}}; {{lang-my|လီဆူလူမျိုး}}, {{IPA-my|lìsʰù|}}; {{zh|c={{linktext|傈僳|族}}|p=Lìsùzú}}; {{lang-th|[[wikt:ลีสู่|ลีสู่]]}}) are a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] [[ethnic group]] who inhabit mountainous regions of [[Myanmar]] (Burma), southwest [[China]], [[Thailand]], and the [[India]]n state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. | ||
About 730,000 Lisu live in [[Lijiang City|Lijiang]], [[Baoshan, Yunnan|Baoshan]], [[Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture|Nujiang]], [[Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Diqing]] and [[Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture|Dehong]] prefectures in [[Yunnan Province]] and [[Sichuan Province]], China. The Lisu form one of the [[List of Chinese ethnic groups|56 ethnic groups]] officially recognized by China. In Myanmar, the Lisu are recognized as one of 135 ethnic groups and an estimated population of 600,000. Lisu live in the north of the country; [[Kachin State]] ([[Putao Township|Putao]], [[Myitkyina]], [[Tanai Township|Danai]], [[Waingmaw]], [[Bhamo]]), Shan State, ([[Momeik]] | About 730,000 Lisu live in [[Lijiang City|Lijiang]], [[Baoshan, Yunnan|Baoshan]], [[Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture|Nujiang]], [[Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Diqing]] and [[Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture|Dehong]] prefectures in [[Yunnan Province]] and [[Sichuan Province]], China. The Lisu form one of the [[List of Chinese ethnic groups|56 ethnic groups]] officially recognized by China. In Myanmar, the Lisu are recognized as one of 135 ethnic groups and an estimated population of 600,000. Lisu live in the north of the country; [[Kachin State]] ([[Putao Township|Putao]], [[Myitkyina]], [[Tanai Township|Danai]], [[Waingmaw]], [[Bhamo]]), Shan State, ([[Momeik]], [[Namhsan]], [[Lashio]], [[Hopang]], and [[Kokang]]) and southern [[Shan State]] ([[Namsang]], [[Loilem]], [[Mongton]]) and, Sagaing Division ([[Katha Township|Katha]] and [[Hkamti Township|Khamti]]), [[Mandalay Division]] ([[Mogok]] and [[Pyin Oo Lwin]]). Approximately 55,000 live in [[Thailand]], where they are one of the six main [[Hill tribe (Thailand)|hill tribes]]. They mainly inhabit remote mountainous areas.<ref name="NM-20191021">{{cite journal |last1=Ernst |first1=Gabriel |title='We try to not be Thai': the everyday resistance of ethnic minorities |journal=New Mandala |date=21 October 2019 |url=https://www.newmandala.org/we-try-to-not-be-thai-the-everyday-resistance-of-ethnic-minorities/ |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> | ||
The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans. Each family clan has its own name or surname. The biggest family clans well known among the tribe clans are Laemae pha, Bya pha, Thorne pha, Ngwa Pha (Ngwazah), Naw pha, Seu pha, Khaw pha. Most of the family names came from their own work as hunters in the primitive time. However, later, they adopted many Chinese family names. Their culture has traits shared with the [[Yi people]] or Nuosu (Lolo) culture. | The Lisu tribe consists of more than 58 different clans. Each family clan has its own name or surname. The biggest family clans well known among the tribe clans are Laemae pha, Bya pha, Thorne pha, Ngwa Pha (Ngwazah), Naw pha, Seu pha, Khaw pha. Most of the family names came from their own work as hunters in the primitive time. However, later, they adopted many Chinese family names. Their culture has traits shared with the [[Yi people]] or Nuosu (Lolo) culture. | ||
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=== Origins === | === Origins === | ||
{{expand section|date=January 2017}} | {{expand section|date=January 2017}} | ||
The Lisu are believed to have originated in eastern [[Tibet]] even before present Tibetans arrived in the plateau. Research done by Lisu scholars indicates that they moved to northwestern [[Yunnan]]. They inhabited a region across [[Baoshan, Yunnan|Baoshan]] and the [[Tengchong]] plain for thousands of years. Lisu, [[Yi people|Yi]], [[Lahu people|Lahu]], and [[Akha people|Akha]] are Tibetan–Burman languages, distantly related to Burmese and Tibetan.<ref>Gros 1996</ref><ref>Gros 2001</ref><ref>Bradley 1997</ref><ref>Matisoff 1986</ref> After the [[Han Chinese]] [[Ming Dynasty]], around 1140–1644 CE the eastern and southern Lisu languages and culture were greatly influenced by the Han culture.<ref name="Dessaint 1972">Dessaint 1972</ref><ref name="Hanks & Hanks 2001">Hanks & Hanks, 2001</ref> [[Taiping (Yunnan)|Taiping]] village in [[Yinjiang]], Yunnan, China, was first established by Lu Shi Lisu people about 1,000 years ago.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} In the mid-18th century, Lisu peoples in [[Yinjiang]] began moving into [[Momeik]], Burma, a population of southern Lisu moved into [[Mogok]], and southern Shan State, and then in the late 19th century, moved into northern Thailand.<ref name="Hanks & Hanks 2001"/><ref>George 1915</ref><ref>Enriquez 1921</ref><ref>Scott & Hardiman 1900–1901</ref> Lisu is one of the three Lolo tribes, the descendants of Yi. Yi (or Nuosu) are still much closer to the Lisu and Myanmar languages. Myat Wai Toe observes that as the saying, "the Headwaters of the Great River, Lisu originates," where Lisu lived in "Mou-Ku-De"; they were not yet called "Lisu" until 400–200 BC.<ref>မတ်တိုးဝေ၊ ''လီဆူတိုင်းရင်းသားတို့၏ဘဝဓလေ့'' (စာပေဗိမာန်ပြည်သူ့လက်စွဲစာစဉ်၊ ၂၀၀၈)၊ စာ ၅။</ref>{{Better source|reason=WP:NOENG|date=January 2018}} | The Lisu are believed to have originated in eastern [[Tibet]] even before present Tibetans arrived in the plateau. Research done by Lisu scholars indicates that they moved to northwestern [[Yunnan]]. They inhabited a region across [[Baoshan, Yunnan|Baoshan]] and the [[Tengchong]] plain for thousands of years. Lisu, [[Yi people|Yi]], [[Lahu people|Lahu]], and [[Akha people|Akha]] are Tibetan–Burman languages, distantly related to Burmese and Tibetan.<ref>Gros 1996</ref><ref>Gros 2001</ref><ref>Bradley 1997</ref><ref>Matisoff 1986</ref> After the [[Han Chinese]] [[Ming Dynasty]], around 1140–1644 CE the eastern and southern Lisu languages and culture were greatly influenced by the Han culture.<ref name="Dessaint 1972">Dessaint 1972</ref><ref name="Hanks & Hanks 2001">Hanks & Hanks, 2001</ref> [[Taiping (Yunnan)|Taiping]] village in [[Yinjiang]], Yunnan, China, was first established by Lu Shi Lisu people about 1,000 years ago.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} In the mid-18th century, Lisu peoples in [[Yinjiang]] began moving into [[Momeik]], Burma, a population of southern Lisu moved into [[Mogok]], and southern Shan State, and then in the late 19th century, moved into northern Thailand.<ref name="Hanks & Hanks 2001"/><ref>George 1915</ref><ref>Enriquez 1921</ref><ref>Scott & Hardiman 1900–1901</ref> Lisu is one of the three Lolo tribes, the descendants of Yi. Yi (or Nuosu) are still much closer to the Lisu and Myanmar languages. Myat Wai Toe observes that as the saying, "the Headwaters of the Great River, Lisu originates," where Lisu lived in "Mou-Ku-De"; they were not yet called "Lisu" until 400–200 BC.<ref>မတ်တိုးဝေ၊ ''လီဆူတိုင်းရင်းသားတို့၏ဘဝဓလေ့'' (စာပေဗိမာန်ပြည်သူ့လက်စွဲစာစဉ်၊ ၂၀၀၈)၊ စာ ၅။</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=WP:NOENG|date=January 2018}} | ||
[[File:Hsihseng Lisu.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A Lisu woman at a market in [[Hsi Hseng]], Southern [[Shan State]]]] | [[File:Hsihseng Lisu.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A Lisu woman at a market in [[Hsi Hseng]], Southern [[Shan State]]]] | ||
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The first missionaries in China and Myanmar were Russell Morse and his wife, Gertrude Erma Howe, who became Gertrude Morse after marriage with Russell Morse. The Missionaries of Christian Churches or Church of Christ in Myanmar were Morse families.<ref>Dr. Joshua Leme, ''A Church History in Yangon,'' 2012, p. 4.</ref> Their mission record notes that the Morse family started their mission in China in 1926 but, due to political unrest, they traveled to Burma and began teaching among Lisu tribe in 1930.<ref>Eugene Morse, ''Exodus To A Hidden Valley'' (Ohio: William Collins World Press, 1974), 6e.</ref> | The first missionaries in China and Myanmar were Russell Morse and his wife, Gertrude Erma Howe, who became Gertrude Morse after marriage with Russell Morse. The Missionaries of Christian Churches or Church of Christ in Myanmar were Morse families.<ref>Dr. Joshua Leme, ''A Church History in Yangon,'' 2012, p. 4.</ref> Their mission record notes that the Morse family started their mission in China in 1926 but, due to political unrest, they traveled to Burma and began teaching among Lisu tribe in 1930.<ref>Eugene Morse, ''Exodus To A Hidden Valley'' (Ohio: William Collins World Press, 1974), 6e.</ref> | ||
The Lisu people's conversion to Christianity was relatively fast. Many Lisu and Rawang converted to Christianity from animism. Before [[World War II]], the Lisu tribes who lived in Yunnan, China and Ah-Jhar River valley, Myanmar, were evangelized by missionaries from Tibetan Lisuland Mission and Lisuland Churches of Christ. Many Lisu then converted to Christianity.<ref>ယိမ်းနွဲ့ပါးအဖွဲ့၊ ''ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်အစိုးရသို့ တင်တွင်းသည့် တရုပ်မြန်မာနုယ်စပ်ဒေ သ စုံစမ်းရေးကော်မရှင်၏ အစီရင်ခံစာ၊'' ကချင်ပြည်-ပူတာအိုတောင်တန်းနယ် (၁၉၉ခုနှစ် မှ ၁၉၅၆ ခုနှစ် အတွင်း) စာ ၇၀။{{Better source|reason=WP:NOENG|date=January 2018}} | The Lisu people's conversion to Christianity was relatively fast. Many Lisu and Rawang converted to Christianity from animism. Before [[World War II]], the Lisu tribes who lived in Yunnan, China and Ah-Jhar River valley, Myanmar, were evangelized by missionaries from Tibetan Lisuland Mission and Lisuland Churches of Christ. Many Lisu then converted to Christianity.<ref>ယိမ်းနွဲ့ပါးအဖွဲ့၊ ''ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်အစိုးရသို့ တင်တွင်းသည့် တရုပ်မြန်မာနုယ်စပ်ဒေ သ စုံစမ်းရေးကော်မရှင်၏ အစီရင်ခံစာ၊'' ကချင်ပြည်-ပူတာအိုတောင်တန်းနယ် (၁၉၉ခုနှစ် မှ ၁၉၅၆ ခုနှစ် အတွင်း) စာ ၇၀။</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=WP:NOENG|date=January 2018}} | ||
The missionaries promoted education, agriculture, and health care. The missionaries created the Lisu written language and new opportunities. David Fish reports that, "J. Russell Morse brought many kinds of fruit such as Washington, Orange, Ruby,<!-- apples? --> King-Orange, and grapefruit. Fruit cultivation spread from Putao to other parts of Myanmar and become an important national asset. He also trained the people the art of carpentry and the construction of buildings. And the Lisu people had also learned the strategy of Church planting from them."<ref>Fish, David 23.</ref> | The missionaries promoted education, agriculture, and health care. The missionaries created the Lisu written language and new opportunities. David Fish reports that, "J. Russell Morse brought many kinds of fruit such as Washington, Orange, Ruby,<!-- apples? --> King-Orange, and grapefruit. Fruit cultivation spread from Putao to other parts of Myanmar and become an important national asset. He also trained the people the art of carpentry and the construction of buildings. And the Lisu people had also learned the strategy of Church planting from them."<ref>Fish, David 23.</ref> | ||
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* [http://omf.org/us/resources/people-and-places/famous-missionaries/james-o-fraser/lisu-people/ The Lisu of China, OMF International] | * [http://omf.org/us/resources/people-and-places/famous-missionaries/james-o-fraser/lisu-people/ The Lisu of China, OMF International] | ||
* [http://www.amazing-people.com Documentary about the Lisu in north Thailand] | * [http://www.amazing-people.com Documentary about the Lisu in north Thailand] | ||
{{CEG}} | {{CEG}} | ||
{{Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh}} | {{Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh}} | ||
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{{Ethnic groups in Burma}} | {{Ethnic groups in Burma}} | ||
{{Ethnic groups in Thailand}} | {{Ethnic groups in Thailand}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||