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[[File:Punjab map (topographic) with cities.png|thumb|The region of Punjab]] | [[File:Punjab map (topographic) with cities.png|thumb|The region of Punjab]] | ||
The [[Punjab]] region is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in the [[Indian subcontinent]], comprising areas of eastern [[Pakistan]] and [[North India]].<ref name=EoS>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/PUNJAB.html |title=The Punjab |author=H K Manmohan Siṅgh|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh |publisher=[[Punjabi University]], Patiala|access-date=18 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305062705/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/PUNJAB.html |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Ancient Punjab was the primary geographical extent of the [[Indus Valley | The [[Punjab]] region is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in the [[Indian subcontinent]], comprising areas of eastern [[Pakistan]] and [[North India]].<ref name=EoS>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/PUNJAB.html |title=The Punjab |author=H K Manmohan Siṅgh|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh |publisher=[[Punjabi University]], Patiala|access-date=18 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305062705/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/PUNJAB.html |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Ancient Punjab was the primary geographical extent of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]], which was notable for advanced technologies and amenities that the people of the region had used. During the [[Vedic period]], Punjab was referred to as [[Sapta Sindhu]], or the ''Land of Seven Rivers''. Punjab was historically a [[Hindu]] region during this period. Intermittent wars between various kingdoms were characteristic of the time, except when they temporarily unified under centralised [[List of Indian monarchs|Indian Empires]] or invading powers. | ||
Once [[Islamic rule in India]] began, it continued throughout a long period of the region's history, and much of [[Greater Punjab|Western Punjab]] became a centre of [[Islamic culture]] on the Indian subcontinent. An interlude of [[Sikh]] rule under the Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] and his [[Sikh Empire]] briefly saw traditional culture resurface, until the British annexed the region into the [[British Raj]]. Following the end of colonial rule, Punjab was partitioned on religious lines - the Sikh and Hindu majority districts of East Punjab went to India, while the remaining Muslim majority districts of West Punjab went to Pakistan. | Once [[Islamic rule in India]] began, it continued throughout a long period of the region's history, and much of [[Greater Punjab|Western Punjab]] became a centre of [[Islamic culture]] on the Indian subcontinent. An interlude of [[Sikh]] rule under the Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] and his [[Sikh Empire]] briefly saw traditional culture resurface, until the British annexed the region into the [[British Raj]]. Following the end of colonial rule, Punjab was partitioned on religious lines - the Sikh and Hindu majority districts of East Punjab went to India, while the remaining Muslim majority districts of West Punjab went to Pakistan. | ||
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[[File:View of Granary and Great Hall on Mound F - Archaeological site of Harappa .jpg|thumb|left|A view of [[Harappa]]'s Granary and Great Hall, ca. 2600–1500 BCE.]] | [[File:View of Granary and Great Hall on Mound F - Archaeological site of Harappa .jpg|thumb|left|A view of [[Harappa]]'s Granary and Great Hall, ca. 2600–1500 BCE.]] | ||
Punjab and the surrounding areas are the location of the ruins of the [[Indus Valley | Punjab and the surrounding areas are the location of the ruins of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]], also known as the [[Harappan Civilisation]]. There are ruins of cities, thousands of years old,{{clarify|do we mean the ruins are 1000s of years old or the cities were 1000s old before becoming ruins?|date=May 2018}} found in these areas with the most notable being those of [[Harappa]], [[Rakhigarhi]] and [[Rupar]]. Besides the aforementioned sites, hundreds of ancient settlements have been found throughout the region, spanning an area of about 100 miles. These ancient towns and cities had advanced features such as city-planning, brick-built houses, sewage and draining systems, as well as public baths. The people of the Indus Valley also developed a writing system, that has to this day not been deciphered.{{sfn|Singh|1989|pages=2—3}} | ||
===Vedic period=== | ===Vedic period=== | ||
Literary evidence from the [[Vedic civilisation|Vedic Era]] suggests a transition from early small [[List of Rigvedic tribes|janas]], or tribes, to many Janapadas (territorial civilisations) and [[ | Literary evidence from the [[Vedic civilisation|Vedic Era]] suggests a transition from early small [[List of Rigvedic tribes|janas]], or tribes, to many Janapadas (territorial civilisations) and [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{transl|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]]s. The latter are loosely translated to being [[oligarchy|oligarchies]] or republics. These political entities were represented from the ''[[Rig Veda]]'' to the ''[[Astadhyayi]]'' by [[Pāṇini|Panini]]. Archaeologically, the time span of these entities corresponds to phases also present in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Indo-Gangetic divide]] and the upper [[Ganges Basin|Gangetic basin]].{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|2003|p=55}} | ||
Some of the early Janas of the ''Rig Veda'' can be strongly attributed to Punjab. Although their distribution patterns are not satisfactorily ascertainable, they are associated with the Porusni, Asikni, Satudri, Vipas, and Saraswati. The rivers of Punjab often corresponded to the eastern Janapadas. ''Rig Vedic'' Janas such as the Druhyus, Anus, Purus, Yadus, Turvasas, Bharatas, and others were associated in Punjab and the Indo-Gangetic plain. Other ''Rig Vedic'' Janapadas such as the Pakhthas, Bhalanasas, Visanins, and Sivas were associated with areas in the north and west of Punjab.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|2003|p=55}} | Some of the early Janas of the ''Rig Veda'' can be strongly attributed to Punjab. Although their distribution patterns are not satisfactorily ascertainable, they are associated with the Porusni, Asikni, Satudri, Vipas, and Saraswati. The rivers of Punjab often corresponded to the eastern Janapadas. ''Rig Vedic'' Janas such as the Druhyus, Anus, Purus, Yadus, Turvasas, Bharatas, and others were associated in Punjab and the Indo-Gangetic plain. Other ''Rig Vedic'' Janapadas such as the Pakhthas, Bhalanasas, Visanins, and Sivas were associated with areas in the north and west of Punjab.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|2003|p=55}} | ||
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==Medieval period== | ==Medieval period== | ||
===Arab conquests=== | ===Taank Kingdom=== | ||
[[File:Taank kingdom, 700 AD.jpg|thumb|right|Taank Kingdom highlighted]] | |||
[[Taank Kingdom]] was a kingdom based in [[Punjab]], in 6th and 7th centuries, obtained from the chronicles of Xuanzang and other sources.<ref name="rongxi97" /> The country was located south of [[Kashmir]] and east of [[Zunbil dynasty]], extending from the [[Indus river]] in the west to the [[Beas River|Beas river]] in the east, centered around modern day [[Sialkot]].<ref name=rongxi97>Li Rongxi (1996), ''The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions'', Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai and Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, pp. 97–100</ref> | |||
====Arab conquests==== | |||
{{Main|Umayyad campaigns in India}} | {{Main|Umayyad campaigns in India}} | ||
At the beginning of the 8th century, [[Arab]] armies of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] penetrated into South Asia. In 712 the Umayyads conquered [[Sindh]] and parts of southern Punjab including Multan. The newly conquered region became known as Sind and was the easternmost state of the Umayyad Caliphate. Umayyad rule was later replaced with [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] rule in 750.<ref name="Unesco">{{cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4 |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9231034677 |pages=294}}</ref> | At the beginning of the 8th century, [[Arab]] armies of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] penetrated into South Asia. In 712 the Umayyads conquered [[Sindh]] and parts of southern Punjab including Multan. The newly conquered region became known as Sind and was the easternmost state of the Umayyad Caliphate. Umayyad rule was later replaced with [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] rule in 750.<ref name="Unesco">{{cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4 |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9231034677 |pages=294}}</ref> | ||
In the mid 800s, Abbasid authority in Sind weakened and five independent principalities emerged. In southern Punjab the Banu Munnabih established themselves based at Multan. The Banu Munnabih later gave allegiance to the Abbasids, and remained unchallenged for over a century. Visitors at the time noted the power, prestige and prosperity brought to the region under Banu Munnabih rule.<ref name="Unesco">{{cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4 |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9231034677 |pages=294}}</ref> | ===Emirate of Multan=== | ||
In the mid 800s, Abbasid authority in Sind weakened and five independent principalities emerged. In southern Punjab the Banu Munnabih [[Emirate of Multan|established themselves based at Multan]]. The Banu Munnabih later gave allegiance to the Abbasids, and remained unchallenged for over a century. Visitors at the time noted the power, prestige and prosperity brought to the region under Banu Munnabih rule.<ref name="Unesco">{{cite book |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4 |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=9231034677 |pages=294}}</ref> | |||
Between 982–5, the power of the Banu Munnabih began to erode and Multan was conquered by Halam b. Shayban on behalf of the [[Fatimid]] caliph based in [[Egypt]]. By 985, the traveller [[Al-Maqdisi]] noted that the city of Multan was [[Shia]], that the Friday sermon was in the name of the Fatimid and all decisions are taken in accordance with his commands.<ref name="The Ismailis in the Middle Ages">{{cite book |last1=Virani |first1=Shafique N. |title=The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation |date=19 April 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198042594 |pages=100}}</ref> | Between 982–5, the power of the Banu Munnabih began to erode and Multan was conquered by Halam b. Shayban on behalf of the [[Fatimid]] caliph based in [[Egypt]]. By 985, the traveller [[Al-Maqdisi]] noted that the city of Multan was [[Shia]], that the Friday sermon was in the name of the Fatimid and all decisions are taken in accordance with his commands.<ref name="The Ismailis in the Middle Ages">{{cite book |last1=Virani |first1=Shafique N. |title=The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation |date=19 April 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198042594 |pages=100}}</ref> | ||
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After the death of the last Tughluq ruler Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, the nobles are believed to have chosen Daulat Khan Lodi for the throne. In 1414, Lodi was defeated by Khizr Khan, the founder of the Sayyid dynasty of the Sultanate. Khizr Khan professor to rule as the viceroy of [[Timur]] and his successor Shah Rukh. Under the Sayyid dynasty, Punjab, Dipalpur, and parts of Sindh had come under the rule of the Sultanates.{{sfn | Jayapalan | 2001 | p=53}} During this time, various regions such as Bengal, Deccan, Malwa, and others had gained independence from the Sultanate. The rule of the Sayyid dynasty was characterised by frequent revolts by the Hindus of the various Punjabi doabs.{{sfn | Jayapalan | 2001 | p=53}} The rule of the Sayyids experienced another revolt under the rule of their general Bahlul Lodi, who had at first occupied much of Punjab, yet failed to capture Delhi. In his second attempt, Bahlul Lodi captured Delhi and founded the Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi sultanates. {{sfn | Jayapalan | 2001 | p=54}} The Lodi dynasty reached its peak under Bahlul's grandson Sikander Lodi. Various road and irrigation projects were taken under his rule, and the rule had patronised Persian culture. Despite this, there was still persecution of the local Hindu people as many temples, such as that of Mathura, were destroyed and had a system of widespread discrimination against Hindus.{{sfn | Jayapalan | 2001 | p=56}} The rule of the last Lodi emperor was a weak one, and was eclipsed by the arrival of Babur's army. {{sfn | Jayapalan | 2001 | p=57}} | After the death of the last Tughluq ruler Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, the nobles are believed to have chosen Daulat Khan Lodi for the throne. In 1414, Lodi was defeated by Khizr Khan, the founder of the Sayyid dynasty of the Sultanate. Khizr Khan professor to rule as the viceroy of [[Timur]] and his successor Shah Rukh. Under the Sayyid dynasty, Punjab, Dipalpur, and parts of Sindh had come under the rule of the Sultanates.{{sfn | Jayapalan | 2001 | p=53}} During this time, various regions such as Bengal, Deccan, Malwa, and others had gained independence from the Sultanate. The rule of the Sayyid dynasty was characterised by frequent revolts by the Hindus of the various Punjabi doabs.{{sfn | Jayapalan | 2001 | p=53}} The rule of the Sayyids experienced another revolt under the rule of their general Bahlul Lodi, who had at first occupied much of Punjab, yet failed to capture Delhi. In his second attempt, Bahlul Lodi captured Delhi and founded the Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi sultanates. {{sfn | Jayapalan | 2001 | p=54}} The Lodi dynasty reached its peak under Bahlul's grandson Sikander Lodi. Various road and irrigation projects were taken under his rule, and the rule had patronised Persian culture. Despite this, there was still persecution of the local Hindu people as many temples, such as that of Mathura, were destroyed and had a system of widespread discrimination against Hindus.{{sfn | Jayapalan | 2001 | p=56}} The rule of the last Lodi emperor was a weak one, and was eclipsed by the arrival of Babur's army. {{sfn | Jayapalan | 2001 | p=57}} | ||
===Langah Sultanate=== | |||
Langah Sultanate, also known as ''Sultanate of Multan'' (1445 – 1540) was an [[Islamic]] kingdom centered around city of [[Multan]] in south [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]. It was established by Sultan Qutbudin (previously Rai Sehra) in 1445. In 1540 it was conquered by [[Mughal Empire]]. | |||
==Early Modern period== | ==Early Modern period== | ||
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The undivided Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms a major region today, was home to a large minority population of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Sikhs and Hindus unto 1947 apart from the Muslim majority.<ref>The Punjab in 1920s – A Case study of Muslims, Zarina Salamat, Royal Book Company, [[Karachi]], 1997. table 45, pp. 136. {{ISBN|969-407-230-1}}</ref> The Gurdaspur district which is partially now part of the Indian state of Punjab had a slight Muslim majority (50.2% according to the [[1941 Census of India|1941 census]]) prior to the partition. Many Muslims fled the partition violence to settle in Pakistan. | The undivided Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms a major region today, was home to a large minority population of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Sikhs and Hindus unto 1947 apart from the Muslim majority.<ref>The Punjab in 1920s – A Case study of Muslims, Zarina Salamat, Royal Book Company, [[Karachi]], 1997. table 45, pp. 136. {{ISBN|969-407-230-1}}</ref> The Gurdaspur district which is partially now part of the Indian state of Punjab had a slight Muslim majority (50.2% according to the [[1941 Census of India|1941 census]]) prior to the partition. Many Muslims fled the partition violence to settle in Pakistan. | ||
Sikhs called for the creation of a separate Sikh homeland known as Khalistan in the 1970s, along with the lines of Pakistan. This had led to the state of emergency given by Indira Gandhi, who felt if Khalistan was created it would render a much weaker Indian nation. Especially since that region of the country provided up to 70% of the nations wheat, earning the Punjab region the name, “Bread Basket of India”. During the Green Revolution in India incentives were given to the people of Punjab to switch to growing strictly wheat since India was unable to feed many of | Sikhs called for the creation of a separate Sikh homeland known as Khalistan in the 1970s, along with the lines of Pakistan. This had led to the state of emergency given by Indira Gandhi, who felt if Khalistan was created it would render a much weaker Indian nation. Especially since that region of the country provided up to 70% of the nations wheat, earning the Punjab region the name, “Bread Basket of India”. During the Green Revolution in India incentives were given to the people of Punjab to switch to growing strictly wheat since India was unable to feed many of it's people. Gandhi called in Indian troops to extinguish the few militants who had taken shelter in the Golden Temple, killing thousands of civilians in the crossfire. <ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Gus|title=Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ6MeYq_FbkC&q=khalistan&pg=PA190|date=2013|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-4522-0582-3|page=174}}</ref> Attacks then targeted the Punjab State police and Indian Security forces that opposed the creation of Khalistan and wished Punjab stay under Indian rule. Some extremists carried out a terror attack placing a bomb in an Air India flight over the Atlantic Ocean, killing more than 300 people. Much of the funding for the separatist revolutionaries had come from sources abroad in America and Europe, and some of the Sikh separatist movements were based in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lutz|first1=James|last2=Lutz|first2=Brenda|title=Global Terrorism|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-53785-8|page=88}}</ref> | ||
==Indian Punjab since independence== | ==Indian Punjab since independence== | ||