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'''Tanur''' ([[English language|English]]: {{transl|en|ISO|Tanore}}) is a | '''Tanur''' ([[English language|English]]: {{transl|en|ISO|Tanore}}) is a coastal town, a municipality, and a block located in [[Tirur Taluk]], [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is located on the [[Malabar Coast]], {{convert|9|km}} north of [[Tirur]] and 9 kilometres south of [[Parappanangadi]]. It is the [[List of cities and towns in Kerala|17th-most populated municipality]] in the state, the fourth-most populated municipality in the district, and the second-most densely populated municipality in [[Malappuram district]], having about 3,568 residents per square kilometre as of the year 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |title= Census 2011, Malappuram}}</ref> Tanur town is located south of the estuary of Poorappuzha River, which is a tributary of [[Kadalundi River]]. Tanur was one of the major ports in the southwestern coast of India during the medieval period.<ref name="Logan"/> It was ruled by the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], also known as ''Vettathunadu'', who were vassals to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="Logan"/> In the early medieval period, under the chiefs of [[Kozhikode]] and Tanur, Tanur developed as one of the important maritime trade centre on the [[Malabar Coast]].<ref name="Logan"/> Later it became a part of ''Vettathunadu'' Taluk in [[Malabar District]] under [[British Raj]], which was merged with the [[Ponnani taluk]] in 1860-1861.<ref name="Logan"/> [[Tanur railway station]] is a part of the oldest Railway line of Kerala laid in 1861 from [[Tirur]] to [[Chaliyam]].<ref name="tps">{{cite news|title=ആ ചൂളംവിളി പിന്നെയും പിന്നെയും...|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/kerala-first-railway-line-tirur-to-beypore-1.3880175|date=17 June 2019|access-date=19 December 2020|work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Presently, the status of Tanur is reduced to a major fishing centre in Kerala. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]] | [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]] | ||
[[File:Tanur beach, Malappuram (1).jpg|left|thumbnail|A view of Tanur beach]] | [[File:Tanur beach, Malappuram (1).jpg|left|thumbnail|A view of Tanur beach]] | ||
The ancient maritime port of [[Tyndis]], which was then a centre of trade with [[Ancient Rome]], is roughly identified with Tanur.<ref name=":2"/> Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE) states that the port of ''[[Tyndis]]'' was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' ([[Chera dynasty]]).<ref name=":2">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350.</ref> The [[North Malabar]] region, which lies north of the port at ''[[Tyndis]]'', was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] during [[Sangam period]].<ref name="Malabar">A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However the [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''[[Tyndis]]'' as the ''[[Limyrike]]'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]]. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''[[Limyrike]]'' was | The ancient maritime port of [[Tyndis]], which was then a centre of trade with [[Ancient Rome]], is roughly identified with Tanur.<ref name=":2"/> Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE) states that the port of ''[[Tyndis]]'' was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' ([[Chera dynasty]]).<ref name=":2">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350.</ref> The [[North Malabar]] region, which lies north of the port at ''[[Tyndis]]'', was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] during [[Sangam period]].<ref name="Malabar">A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However, the [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''[[Tyndis]]'' as the ''[[Limyrike]]'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]]. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''[[Limyrike]]'' was prone by pirates.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.</ref> The [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] mentioned that the ''[[Limyrike]]'' was a source of peppers.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.</ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.</ref> | ||
The name "Tanur(Thanni-ur)" is derived from the [[Malayalam]] language. "Thanni" refers to the Bastard myrobalan tree, ''[[Terminalia bellirica]]'', while "ur" refers to the settlement.<ref>{{Citation | The name "Tanur(Thanni-ur)" is derived from the [[Malayalam]] language. "Thanni" refers to the Bastard myrobalan tree, ''[[Terminalia bellirica]]'', while "ur" refers to the settlement.<ref>{{Citation | ||
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}}</ref> Tanur was an important trading port with trade connections with [[Middle East]] during the early medieval period.<ref name="ReferenceB">K. V. Krishna Iyer ''Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times to AD 1806''. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938</ref> When [[Kingdom of Tanur]] became vassal to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], Tanur also became a major port like other port towns in the kingdom.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The Zamorin earned a greater part of his revenue through the maritime trade through ports.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> | }}</ref> Tanur was an important trading port with trade connections with [[Middle East]] during the early medieval period.<ref name="ReferenceB">K. V. Krishna Iyer ''Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times to AD 1806''. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938</ref> When [[Kingdom of Tanur]] became vassal to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], Tanur also became a major port like other port towns in the kingdom.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The Zamorin earned a greater part of his revenue through the maritime trade through ports.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> | ||
[[File:From a map by Emanuel Bowen, 1744.jpg|thumb|An 1744 map of [[Malabar Coast]] (Tanur is written in large letters south of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. It was an important port then. Note that in the map, only Vettathunad is shown with a separate boundary within the Kingdom of Zamorin)]] | [[File:From a map by Emanuel Bowen, 1744.jpg|thumb|An 1744 map of [[Malabar Coast]] (Tanur is written in large letters south of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. It was an important port then. Note that in the map, only Vettathunad is shown with a separate boundary within the Kingdom of Zamorin)]] | ||
''Vettathunad'', also known as the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], was a coastal city-state kingdom in the [[Malabar Coast]]. It was ruled by the ''Vettathu Raja'', who was a vassal of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]. Parts of Tirurangadi, Tirur, and Ponnani [[Tehsil|Taluk]]s were ruled by the ''Vettathu Raja''s.<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=A Survey of Kerala History |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788126415786 |edition=2007 |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history}}</ref> ''Vettathunad'' was known for its trade relationship with the Middle Eastern merchants in the medieval period. Tanur was a major port town in the [[Malabar Coast]] during the medieval period.<ref name="Kunhali">Kunhali. V. "Calicut in History" Publication Division, University of Calicut (Kerala), 2004</ref> Tanur was also an important trade centre. The Veṭṭathunāṭu rulers owed their allegiance to the kings (Zamorin) of [[Calicut]], a regional power on the Malabar coast. With the emergence of the Portuguese in India, the Veṭṭathunāṭu ruler sided with them against his overlord at Calicut. It is believed that ''St. [[Francis Xavier]]'' visited Tanur in 1546{{nbsp}}AD.<ref>Manorama Yearbook 1995, 1996</ref> The Raja converted to Christianity {{mdash}} though only for a few months {{mdash}} in 1549.<ref name=":0">Menon, A Sreedhara. ''A Survey of Kerala History.'' | ''Vettathunad'', also known as the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], was a coastal city-state kingdom in the [[Malabar Coast]]. It was ruled by the ''Vettathu Raja'', who was a vassal of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]]. Parts of Tirurangadi, Tirur, and Ponnani [[Tehsil|Taluk]]s were ruled by the ''Vettathu Raja''s.<ref name="askh">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=A Survey of Kerala History |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=9788126415786 |edition=2007 |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history}}</ref> ''Vettathunad'' was known for its trade relationship with the Middle Eastern merchants in the medieval period. Tanur was a major port town in the [[Malabar Coast]] during the medieval period.<ref name="Kunhali">Kunhali. V. "Calicut in History" Publication Division, University of Calicut (Kerala), 2004</ref> Tanur was also an important trade centre. The Veṭṭathunāṭu rulers owed their allegiance to the kings (Zamorin) of [[Calicut]], a regional power on the Malabar coast. With the emergence of the Portuguese in India, the Veṭṭathunāṭu ruler sided with them against his overlord at Calicut. It is believed that ''St. [[Francis Xavier]]'' visited Tanur in 1546{{nbsp}}AD.<ref>Manorama Yearbook 1995, 1996</ref> The Raja converted to Christianity {{mdash}} though only for a few months {{mdash}} in 1549.<ref name=":0">Menon, A Sreedhara. ''A Survey of Kerala History.'' Kottayam: DC Books, 2007. Print</ref> | ||
It is also known that during the [[Chaliyam|Battle at Chaliyam Fort]] in 1571 carried out by the naval force of Zamorin with the support of native [[Mappila]]s, which ousted the Portuguese from the region of [[Zamorin of Calicut]], [[Chaliyam]] was the northern border of [[Kingdom of Tanur]].<ref name=":0"/> Its southern border was somewhere near [[Thavanur]] on the bank of [[Bharathappuzha]] river.<ref>[lsgkerala.in/tavanurpanchayat/history/]</ref> ''Vettathunadu'' had sea coast and four major rivers ([[Chaliyar]], [[Kadalundi River]], [[Tirur River]], and [[Bharathappuzha]] river).<ref name=":0"/> The rulers of Tanur were great admirers of art and culture. [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]], the father of modern [[Malayalam]] language, and many of the members of the medieval [[Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics]] were natives of [[Tirur]] in ''Vettathunadu''.<ref name=":0"/> [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]], another prominent figure of 16th century Kerala, was also born at [[Vettichira|Kurumbathur]] near [[Athavanad]].<ref name=":0"/> | It is also known that during the [[Chaliyam|Battle at Chaliyam Fort]] in 1571 carried out by the naval force of Zamorin with the support of native [[Mappila]]s, which ousted the Portuguese from the region of [[Zamorin of Calicut]], [[Chaliyam]] was the northern border of [[Kingdom of Tanur]].<ref name=":0"/> Its southern border was somewhere near [[Thavanur]] on the bank of [[Bharathappuzha]] river.<ref>[lsgkerala.in/tavanurpanchayat/history/]</ref> ''Vettathunadu'' had sea coast and four major rivers ([[Chaliyar]], [[Kadalundi River]], [[Tirur River]], and [[Bharathappuzha]] river).<ref name=":0"/> The rulers of Tanur were great admirers of art and culture. [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]], the father of modern [[Malayalam]] language, and many of the members of the medieval [[Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics]] were natives of [[Tirur]] in ''Vettathunadu''.<ref name=":0"/> [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]], another prominent figure of 16th century Kerala, was also born at [[Vettichira|Kurumbathur]] near [[Athavanad]].<ref name=":0"/> | ||
[[File:1652 Sanson Map of India - Geographicus - India-sanson-1652.jpg|thumbnail|An 1652 Map of India (Tanur was a major port town on [[Malabar Coast]])]] | [[File:1652 Sanson Map of India - Geographicus - India-sanson-1652.jpg|thumbnail|An 1652 Map of India (Tanur was a major port town on [[Malabar Coast]])]] | ||
In the 16th century, Portguese arrived here just after the arrival of [[Vasco Da Gama]] near [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. [[Kingdom of Tanur]] was one of the earliest [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] colonies in the Indian Subcontinent.<ref name=":0"/> The ruler of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], who was a vassal to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="askh"/> As a result, the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] (''[[Tirur Taluk|Vettathunadu]]'') became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of Tanur also sided with [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]].<ref name="askh"/> Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th members were selected from [[Vettom Grama Panchayath|Vettom]].<ref name="askh"/> However, the Tanur forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]].<ref name="Logan"/> | In the 16th century, Portguese arrived here just after the arrival of [[Vasco Da Gama]] near [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. [[Kingdom of Tanur]] was one of the earliest [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] colonies in the Indian Subcontinent.<ref name=":0"/> The ruler of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], who was a vassal to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="askh"/> As a result, the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] (''[[Tirur Taluk|Vettathunadu]]'') became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of Tanur also sided with [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]].<ref name="askh"/> Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th members were selected from [[Vettom Grama Panchayath|Vettom]].<ref name="askh"/> However, the Tanur forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]].<ref name="Logan"/> However, the allegiance of the [[Mappila]] merchants in Tanur region still stayed under the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="Makhdoom">{{cite book | ||
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942 | | author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942 | ||
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras | | title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras | ||
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}}</ref> [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]], who is considered as the father of modern [[Malayalam literature]], was born at [[Tirur]] (''[[Kingdom of Tanur|Vettathunadu]]'') during Portuguese period.<ref name="askh"/> The [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, including [[series expansion]] for trigonometric functions.<ref name="roy">{{cite journal |last=Roy |first=Ranjan |year=1990 |title=Discovery of the Series Formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory, and Nilakantha |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=291–306 |doi=10.2307/2690896 |jstor=2690896}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Pingree |first=David |author-link=David Pingree |title=Hellenophilia versus the History of Science |year=1992 |journal=Isis |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=554–63 |jstor=234257 |doi=10.1086/356288 |quote=One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the ''Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society'', in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series ''without'' the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution. |bibcode=1992Isis...83..554P|s2cid=68570164 }}</ref> The Kerala school was mainly based at [[Kingdom of Tanur]]. | }}</ref> [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]], who is considered as the father of modern [[Malayalam literature]], was born at [[Tirur]] (''[[Kingdom of Tanur|Vettathunadu]]'') during Portuguese period.<ref name="askh"/> The [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, including [[series expansion]] for trigonometric functions.<ref name="roy">{{cite journal |last=Roy |first=Ranjan |year=1990 |title=Discovery of the Series Formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory, and Nilakantha |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=63 |issue=5 |pages=291–306 |doi=10.2307/2690896 |jstor=2690896}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Pingree |first=David |author-link=David Pingree |title=Hellenophilia versus the History of Science |year=1992 |journal=Isis |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=554–63 |jstor=234257 |doi=10.1086/356288 |quote=One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the ''Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society'', in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series ''without'' the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution. |bibcode=1992Isis...83..554P|s2cid=68570164 }}</ref> The Kerala school was mainly based at [[Kingdom of Tanur]]. | ||
The naval chiefs of Zamorin, commonly known as [[Kunjali Marakkar]]s, had close relationship with the medieval port town of Tanur.<ref name="ReferenceG"/> In 1523, when the Portuguese Viceroy Menezes sailed with all the available ships to Hormuz, an Arab merchant, one Kutti Ali of Tanur, had the effrontery to bring a fleet of two hundred vessels to [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], to load eight ships with pepper, and to despatch them with a convoy of forty vessels to the Red Sea before the very eyes of the Portuguese.<ref name="ReferenceG">William Logan. ''Malabar Manual, Volume 1'' Asian Educational Services, 1887</ref> In 1532 with the help of the ruler of Tanur, a chapel was built at [[Chaliyam]], together with a house for the commander, barracks for the soldiers, and store-houses for trade. Diego de Pereira, who had negotiated the treaty with the Zamorin, was left in command of this new fortress, with a garrison of 250 men; and Manuel de Sousa had orders to secure its safety by sea, with a squadron of twenty-two vessels.<ref name="columbia.edu"/> The Zamorin soon repented of having allowed this fort to be built in his dominions, and used ineffectual endeavours to induce the ruler of [[Parappanangadi]], Caramanlii (King of [[Beypore]]?) (Some records say that the ruler of Tanur was also with them <ref name="columbia.edu">http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap01sect07.html</ref>) to break with the Portuguese, even going to war against them.<ref name="Makhdoom"/> In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the [[Kingdom of Tanur#Battles at Chaliyam Fort|battle at Chaliyam Fort]].<ref>{{cite book |author=K. K. N. Kurup |year=1997 |title=India's Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA51 |access-date=9 August 2012 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-083-3 |pages=37–38}}</ref>] | The naval chiefs of Zamorin, commonly known as [[Kunjali Marakkar]]s, had close relationship with the medieval port town of Tanur.<ref name="ReferenceG"/> In 1523, when the Portuguese Viceroy Menezes sailed with all the available ships to Hormuz, an Arab merchant, one Kutti Ali of Tanur, had the effrontery to bring a fleet of two hundred vessels to [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], to load eight ships with pepper, and to despatch them with a convoy of forty vessels to the Red Sea before the very eyes of the Portuguese.<ref name="ReferenceG">William Logan. ''Malabar Manual, Volume 1'' Asian Educational Services, 1887</ref> In 1532 with the help of the ruler of Tanur, a chapel was built at [[Chaliyam]], together with a house for the commander, barracks for the soldiers, and store-houses for trade. Diego de Pereira, who had negotiated the treaty with the Zamorin, was left in command of this new fortress, with a garrison of 250 men; and Manuel de Sousa had orders to secure its safety by sea, with a squadron of twenty-two vessels.<ref name="columbia.edu"/> The Zamorin soon repented of having allowed this fort to be built in his dominions, and used ineffectual endeavours to induce the ruler of [[Parappanangadi]], Caramanlii (King of [[Beypore]]?) (Some records say that the ruler of Tanur was also with them <ref name="columbia.edu">{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/vol06chap01sect07.html|title=Vol06chap01sect07}}</ref>) to break with the Portuguese, even going to war against them.<ref name="Makhdoom"/> In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the [[Kingdom of Tanur#Battles at Chaliyam Fort|battle at Chaliyam Fort]].<ref>{{cite book |author=K. K. N. Kurup |year=1997 |title=India's Naval Traditions: The Role of Kunhali Marakkars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC&pg=PA51 |access-date=9 August 2012 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-083-3 |pages=37–38}}</ref>] | ||
[[File:Malabar district.jpg|left|thumbnail|Important towns in erstwhile [[Malabar District|British Malabar]]]] | [[File:Malabar district.jpg|left|thumbnail|Important towns in erstwhile [[Malabar District|British Malabar]]]] | ||
During the last decades of 18th century CE, ''Vettathunadu'' became a part of [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. | During the last decades of 18th century CE, ''Vettathunadu'' became a part of [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. Tanur is located on [[Tirur]]-[[Kadalundi]] Tipu Sultan Road.<ref name="tps"/> It is one of the earliest roads in Kerala, which was created by Tipu for his conquests.<ref name="tps"/> Following the [[Treaty of Seringapatam]] in 1792, Tanur became a part of [[British Raj|British India]]. During the arrival of [[British Raj|British]], according to [[William Logan (author)|William Logan]], the kingdom ("nadu") was divided into 21 "Amsoms" as shown below<ref name="Logan"/> (''A main bazaar in each ''Amsom'' is given in bracket''): | ||
[[Anantavur]] (Cherulal), [[Mangalam, Tirur|Chennara]], [[Perumanna-Klari|Clari]] ([[Kuttippala]]), [[Iringavoor|Iringavur]], [[Kalpakancheri|Kalpakanchēri]] ([[Kadungathukundu]]), [[Valavannur|Kanmanam]] (Thuvvakkad), [[Mangalam, Tirur|Mangalam]], [[Melmuri|Mēlmuri]], [[Niramaruthur|Niramaruthūr]], [[Ozhur|Ozhūr]], [[Pachattiri]], Pallippuram, [[Pariyapuram|Pariyāpuram]], [[Ponmundam]] ([[Vailathoor]]), [[Purathur]], Rayiramangalam, [[Thalakkad]] ([[Pudiyangadi, Tirur|Betteth Puthiya Angadi]]), [[Tanalur|Thanalur]], Trikkandiyoor ([[Tirur]]), [[Triprangode]], and [[Vettom Grama Panchayath|Vettom]].<ref name="Logan"/> | [[Anantavur]] (Cherulal), [[Mangalam, Tirur|Chennara]], [[Perumanna-Klari|Clari]] ([[Kuttippala]]), [[Iringavoor|Iringavur]], [[Kalpakancheri|Kalpakanchēri]] ([[Kadungathukundu]]), [[Valavannur|Kanmanam]] (Thuvvakkad), [[Mangalam, Tirur|Mangalam]], [[Melmuri|Mēlmuri]], [[Niramaruthur|Niramaruthūr]], [[Ozhur|Ozhūr]], [[Pachattiri]], Pallippuram, [[Pariyapuram|Pariyāpuram]], [[Ponmundam]] ([[Vailathoor]]), [[Purathur]], Rayiramangalam, [[Thalakkad]] ([[Pudiyangadi, Tirur|Betteth Puthiya Angadi]]), [[Tanalur|Thanalur]], Trikkandiyoor ([[Tirur]]), [[Triprangode]], and [[Vettom Grama Panchayath|Vettom]].<ref name="Logan"/> | ||
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==Education== | ==Education== | ||
[[File:DGHSS LOGO.jpg|thumbnail|[[Devadhar Government Higher Secondary School]], one of the oldest Secondary Schools in Kerala]] | [[File:DGHSS LOGO.jpg|thumbnail|[[Devadhar Government Higher Secondary School]], one of the oldest Secondary Schools in Kerala]] | ||
'''Govt Arts and Science College Tanur:''' C.H. Muhammad Koya Memorial Govt. Arts & Science College Tanur was established in 2013.<ref name="g_tanur">https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kozhikode/tanur-college-project-set-to-be-fast-tracked/amp_articleshow/73140134.cms</ref> The College is affiliated to the [[University of Calicut]].<ref name="g_tanur"/> Now the college is temporarily located at Puthentheru, about 2 km away from Tanur town.<ref name="g_tanur"/> College offers UG courses in B.A English, B.Com, BBA, BCA, and B.Sc Electronics.<ref>https://gctanur.in/</ref> The college has been an entrance to the world of higher education for the public, especially for the people from coastal area.<ref name="g_tanur"/> | '''Govt Arts and Science College Tanur:''' C.H. Muhammad Koya Memorial Govt. Arts & Science College Tanur was established in 2013.<ref name="g_tanur">{{Cite web|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kozhikode/tanur-college-project-set-to-be-fast-tracked/amp_articleshow/73140134.cms|title = Tanur college project set to be fast-tracked | Kozhikode News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The College is affiliated to the [[University of Calicut]].<ref name="g_tanur"/> Now the college is temporarily located at Puthentheru, about 2 km away from Tanur town.<ref name="g_tanur"/> College offers UG courses in B.A English, B.Com, BBA, BCA, and B.Sc Electronics.<ref>https://gctanur.in/</ref> The college has been an entrance to the world of higher education for the public, especially for the people from coastal area.<ref name="g_tanur"/> | ||
'''Islahul Uloom Arabic College''':<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/feb/19/Cherussery-Zainudheen-Musliyar-Passes-Away-894299.amp | '''Islahul Uloom Arabic College''':<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/feb/19/Cherussery-Zainudheen-Musliyar-Passes-Away-894299.amp| title = Cherussery Zainudheen Musliyar Passes Away - The New Indian Express}} </ref> Islahul Uloom Arabic College in Tanur town is one among the oldest Arabic Colleges in Kerala.<ref name="iu">http://www.islahululoom.com</ref> It was built in 1924 under the leadership of [[Pangil Ahmed Kutty Musliyar]], a personality who died in 1946.<ref name="iu"/> The decision to building an Islamic Institution in Tanur was made by Asasul Islam Sabha of Tanur, in a meeting held at Tanur Valiya Kulangara Palli, on October{{nbsp}}24 1924.<ref name="iu"/> | ||
'''[[Devadhar Government Higher Secondary School]]''': Established in 1919, it is one of the oldest secondary schools in Kerala.<ref name="sch">{{cite web |title=schoolist |url=http://dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=11 |website=dhsekerala.gov.in}}</ref> | '''[[Devadhar Government Higher Secondary School]]''': Established in 1919, it is one of the oldest secondary schools in Kerala.<ref name="sch">{{cite web |title=schoolist |url=http://dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=11 |website=dhsekerala.gov.in}}</ref> | ||