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{{infobox military conflict | {{infobox military conflict | ||
| name | | name = Battle of Palkhed | ||
| partof | | partof = [[Battles involving the Maratha Empire]] | ||
| date | | date = February 28, 1728 | ||
| place | | place = Palkhed, Vaijapur, Aurangabad, [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] | ||
| map_type | | map_type = India Maharashtra | ||
| map_size | | map_size = 300 | ||
| map_caption = Palkhed Battle field Location | | map_caption = Palkhed Battle field Location | ||
| coordinates = {{coord|20|11|12.7|N|73|51|50.3|E}} | | coordinates = {{coord|20|11|12.7|N|73|51|50.3|E}} | ||
| result | | result = [[Maratha empire]] victory <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=Bajirao+I&source=bl&ots=HkQzEFQlsy&sig=gJoHIm67VxjHT3ocvewdicebbHY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gqoaVdTxJMeduQSMw4HIDg&ved=0CF8Q6AEwDTgK#v=onepage&q=Bajirao%20I&f=false History Modern India By S. N. Sen]</ref> | ||
| combatant1 | | combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]] | ||
| combatant2 | | combatant2 = *[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] | ||
**{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] | **{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] | ||
| commander1 | | commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Bajirao I]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Dawalji Somvanshi<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Pilajirao Jadhavrao<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Ranoji Shinde]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] | ||
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} [[Asaf Jah I]]<br>{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} Aiwaz Khan<br>[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] Turk-Taz-Khan<br>{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} [[Ibrahim Khan Gardi]] | |||
[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Ranoji Shinde]] | | strength1 = | ||
| strength2 = | |||
[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] | | causalities1 = | ||
| commander2 | | conflict = | ||
{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} Aiwaz Khan | |||
{{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.png}} | |||
| strength1 | |||
| strength2 | |||
| causalities1 = | |||
| conflict | |||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Battle of Palkhed''' was fought on February 28, 1728 at the village of Palkhed, near the city of [[Nashik, Maharashtra|Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] between the [[Maratha Empire | The '''Battle of Palkhed''' was fought on February 28, 1728 at the village of Palkhed, near the city of [[Nashik, Maharashtra|Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] between the [[Maratha Empire]] and the [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]] of [[Hyderabad Deccan|Hyderabad]] wherein, the Marathas defeated the Nizam.<ref name="Dictionary of battles">{{cite book|author=Tony Jaques|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dictionary_of_Battles_and_Sieges_P_Z/tW_eEVbVxpEC|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2007|page=770}}</ref> | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
The seeds of this battle go to the year 1713, when Maratha | The seeds of this battle go to the year 1713, when Maratha king [[Shahuji|Shahu]], appointed [[Balaji Vishwanath]] as his ''[[Peshwa]]'' or Prime Minister. Within a decade, Balaji had managed to extract a significant amount of territory and wealth from the fragmenting [[Mughal Empire]]. In 1724, Mughal control lapsed, and [[Asaf Jah I]], the 1st [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] declared himself independent of Mughal rule, thereby establishing his own kingdom known as [[Hyderabad Deccan]]. | ||
The Nizam set about strengthening the province by attempting to control the growing influence of the Marathas. He utilized a growing polarization in the [[Maratha Empire]] due to the claim of the title of King by both [[Shahuji|Shahu]] and [[Sambhaji II]] of Kolhapur. The Nizam began supporting the [[Sambhaji II]] faction, which enraged [[Shahuji|Shahu]] who had been proclaimed as King. The Nizam further decided to halt [[Chauth]] given by many landowners of the Deccan province to the Marathas, as had been agreed by the [[Syed Brothers]] in 1719. | The Nizam set about strengthening the province by attempting to control the growing influence of the Marathas. He utilized a growing polarization in the [[Maratha Empire]] due to the claim of the title of King by both [[Shahuji|Shahu]] and [[Sambhaji II]] of Kolhapur. The Nizam began supporting the [[Sambhaji II]] faction, which enraged [[Shahuji|Shahu]] who had been proclaimed as King. The Nizam further decided to halt [[Chauth]] given by many landowners of the Deccan province to the Marathas, as had been agreed by the [[Syed Brothers]] in 1719. | ||
== | == Prelude == | ||
[[File:Peshwa Bajirao vs Nizam-ul-Mulk movements in Palkhed Campaign.png|thumb|alt=Colour-coded map|Troop movements of Baji Rao I and Nizam-ul-Mulk | [[File:Peshwa Bajirao vs Nizam-ul-Mulk movements in Palkhed Campaign.png|thumb|alt=Colour-coded map|Troop movements of Baji Rao I and Nizam-ul-Mulk before the Battle of Palkhed]] | ||
The battle plan was set by the withdrawal of Baji Rao's army from the southern reaches of the Maratha empire during May 1727. This was followed by Shahu breaking off negotiations with the Nizam-ul-Mulk about restoration of the | The battle plan was set by the withdrawal of Baji Rao's army from the southern reaches of the Maratha empire during May 1727. This was followed by Shahu breaking off negotiations with the Nizam-ul-Mulk about the restoration of the Chauth. | ||
The Nizam pursued Baji Rao's army around the vicinity of [[Pune]] for about six months, where Baji Rao executed a series of thrust and parry moves to finally corner the Nizam at Palkhed. | The Nizam pursued Baji Rao's army around the vicinity of [[Pune]] for about six months, where Baji Rao executed a series of thrust and parry moves to finally corner the Nizam at Palkhed. | ||
===The | ===The Battle=== | ||
Baji Rao and the Maratha armies were called back from the south, from the Karnataka campaign. In May 1727, Baji Rao then asked Shahu to break off negotiations with [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]] (Nizam-ul-Mulk had called for arbitration over the payment of the Chauth and sardeshmukhi) and started mobilizing an army. With the monsoons over and the land ready for this exciting campaign, Baji Rao moved towards Aurangabad. | Baji Rao and the Maratha armies were called back from the south, from the Karnataka campaign. In May 1727, Baji Rao then asked Shahu to break off negotiations with [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]] (Nizam-ul-Mulk had called for arbitration over the payment of the Chauth and sardeshmukhi) and started mobilizing an army. With the monsoons over and the land ready for this exciting campaign, Baji Rao moved towards Aurangabad. | ||
After a skirmish near Jalna (the Marathas by now had become famous for their strategy of not engaging with the enemy) with Iwaz Khan (the General of Nizam-ul-Mulk), as could have been predicted, Baji Rao moved away from the battlefield, towards Burhanpur. | After a skirmish near Jalna (the Marathas by now had become famous for their strategy of not engaging with the enemy) with Iwaz Khan (the General of Nizam-ul-Mulk), as could have been predicted, Baji Rao moved away from the battlefield, towards Burhanpur. | ||
Nizam-ul-Mulk’s army pursued Baji Rao. Baji Rao then moved westwards to Gujarat from North Khandesh. However, the Nizam-ul-Mulk gave up the pursuit and moved southward towards Pune. This is an interesting reason and comparison between how the two armies functioned. The Nizam is known to have carried huge armies with him, including supplies to last for the duration of the campaign. In fact, the Nizam used to carry his jenana or womenfolk with him during his campaigns. The Maratha armies, however, were very light and found supplies on the way by plundering and looting | Nizam-ul-Mulk’s army pursued Baji Rao. Baji Rao then moved westwards to Gujarat from North Khandesh. However, the Nizam-ul-Mulk gave up the pursuit and moved southward towards Pune. This is an interesting reason and comparison between how the two armies functioned. The Nizam is known to have carried huge armies with him, including supplies to last for the duration of the campaign. In fact, the Nizam used to carry his jenana or womenfolk with him during his campaigns. The Maratha armies, however, were very light and found supplies on the way by plundering and looting outposts on the way. | ||
As Nizam-ul-Mulk left the pursuit of Baji Rao and moved towards the headquarters of the Shahu stronghold, posts like Udaipur, Avasari, Pabal, Khed, and Narayangarh surrendered to Nizam-ul-Mulk, who then occupied Pune and advanced towards Supa, Patas, and Baramati. | As Nizam-ul-Mulk left the pursuit of Baji Rao and moved towards the headquarters of the Shahu stronghold, posts like Udaipur, Avasari, Pabal, Khed, and Narayangarh surrendered to Nizam-ul-Mulk, who then occupied Pune and advanced towards Supa, Patas, and Baramati.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} | ||
====Sambhaji II's Withdrawal==== | ====Sambhaji II's Withdrawal==== | ||
In Baramati, Nizam-ul-Mulk got news of Baji Rao moving towards Aurangabad. Nizam-ul-Mulk began moving northwards to intercept the Maratha Army. By this time he was confident of crushing Baji Rao and his army. It was not to happen so. The Raja of Kolhapur, Sambhaji II refused to join him in this campaign against Baji Rao. The Nizam was cornered in a waterless tract near Palkhed | In Baramati, Nizam-ul-Mulk got news of Baji Rao moving towards Aurangabad. Nizam-ul-Mulk began moving northwards to intercept the Maratha Army. By this time he was confident of crushing Baji Rao and his army. It was not to happen so. The Raja of Kolhapur, Sambhaji II refused to join him in this campaign against Baji Rao. The Nizam was cornered in a waterless tract near Palkhed on 25 February 1728. Through Iwaz Khan, the Nizam-ul-Mulk sent out a word of his plight, and his army was allowed to move to the vicinity of the river.<ref name="Indiafacts">{{cite web |last1=Agarwal |first1=Abhinav |title=The Maratha Military Genius: The Battle of Palkhed |url=http://indiafacts.org/the-battle-of-palkhed/ |website=www.indiafacts.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> The Mughal emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] appointed Nizam-ul-Mulk as [[Subedar]] of Deccan. | ||
==Outcome== | ==Outcome== | ||
The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] was defeated by the Marathas, and Peshwa [[Baji Rao I]] made him sign a peace treaty on March | The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] was defeated by the Marathas, and Peshwa [[Baji Rao I]] made him sign a peace treaty on 6 March 1728 at the village of [[Paithan|Mungi-Paithan]]. | ||
By the treaty of Munji Shivagaon, the Nizam | By the treaty of Munji Shivagaon, the Nizam agreed to make certain concessions to the Peshwa.<ref name="Maharashtra State Gazetteer">{{Cite web|url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/History%20Part/History_III/chapter_8.pdf|title= The Marathas and the Nizam|publisher=Government of Maharashtra}}</ref> | ||
# Chhatrapati Shahu was recognised as the sole Maratha ruler. | # Chhatrapati Shahu was recognised as the sole Maratha ruler. | ||