Religious violence in Odisha: Difference between revisions

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===Historical background of conversions===
===Historical background of conversions===
[[Franciscan]] [[missionary]] [[Friar Odoric]] visited India in the 14th century and wrote about his visit to [[Puri]] in a journal which he later published in Europe. In the journal, Odoric wrote in detail about a huge chariot containing idols of [[Hindu]] deities from the grand and famous [[Jagannath]] temple which is taken out annually in a procession known as the [[Ratha-Yatra (Puri)|rath yatra]]. Odoric's account of the ceremony spread throughout Europe and by the 19th century the word [[juggernaut]] began to be associated with an unstoppable force of such proportions that is capable of destroying everything in its path.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/edu/2001/10/30/stories/2001103000070202.htm|title=The Hindu : Is 'juggernaut' derived from Lord Jagannath?|access-date=28 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307144244/http://www.hinduonnet.com/edu/2001/10/30/stories/2001103000070202.htm|archive-date=7 March 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Subsequently, [[Baptist]] missionaries came to Odisha in 1822 during the [[British Empire]]'s colonial rule over India.<ref>A Narrative of the Mission to Orissa: (the Site of the Temple of Jugurnath): Supported by the New Connexion of General Baptists in England By Amos Sutton, Published by David Marks for the Free-will Baptist Connexion, 1833</ref>
[[Franciscan]] [[missionary]] [[Friar Odoric]] visited India in the 14th century and wrote about his visit to [[Puri]] in a journal which he later published in Europe. In the journal, Odoric wrote in detail about a huge chariot containing idols of [[Hindu]] deities from the grand and famous [[Jagannath]] temple which is taken out annually in a procession known as the [[Ratha-Yatra (Puri)|rath yatra]]. Odoric's account of the ceremony spread throughout Europe and by the 19th century the word [[juggernaut]] began to be associated with an unstoppable force of such proportions that is capable of destroying everything in its path.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/edu/2001/10/30/stories/2001103000070202.htm|title=The Hindu : Is 'juggernaut' derived from Lord Jagannath?|access-date=28 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307144244/http://www.hinduonnet.com/edu/2001/10/30/stories/2001103000070202.htm|archive-date=7 March 2008|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Subsequently, [[Baptist]] missionaries came to Odisha in 1822 during the [[British Empire]]'s colonial rule over India.<ref>A Narrative of the Mission to Orissa: (the Site of the Temple of Jugurnath): Supported by the New Connexion of General Baptists in England By Amos Sutton, Published by David Marks for the Free-will Baptist Connexion, 1833</ref>


===After India's independence===
===After India's independence===
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Behind the clashes are long-simmering tensions between equally impoverished groups: the [[Khonds|Kandha]] tribe, who are 80% of the population, and the [[Pana people|Pana]]. Both are original inhabitants of the land.  There has been an Indian tradition of [[untouchability]]. [[Dalit]]s, considered [[Caste system in India|lower caste]] people, are subject to social and economic discrimination. This is outlawed in the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]]. The prejudices remain. Conversion from untouchability has encouraged millions of such people to escape from their circumstances through joining other religions. The Panas have converted to Christianity in large numbers and prospered financially .<ref name=" IBNCHRISTIAN">{{cite web|title=Caste, tribe, conversion make Orissa district volatile|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/caste-tribe-conversion-make-orissa-district-volatile/55272-3.html}}</ref> Over the past several decades, most of the Panas have become [[Dalit Christians]].<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/world/asia/13india.html | work=The New York Times | title=Hindu Threat to Christians: Convert or Flee | first=Somini | last=Sengupta | date=13 October 2008 | access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref>
Behind the clashes are long-simmering tensions between equally impoverished groups: the [[Khonds|Kandha]] tribe, who are 80% of the population, and the [[Pana people|Pana]]. Both are original inhabitants of the land.  There has been an Indian tradition of [[untouchability]]. [[Dalit]]s, considered [[Caste system in India|lower caste]] people, are subject to social and economic discrimination. This is outlawed in the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]]. The prejudices remain. Conversion from untouchability has encouraged millions of such people to escape from their circumstances through joining other religions. The Panas have converted to Christianity in large numbers and prospered financially .<ref name=" IBNCHRISTIAN">{{cite web|title=Caste, tribe, conversion make Orissa district volatile|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/caste-tribe-conversion-make-orissa-district-volatile/55272-3.html}}</ref> Over the past several decades, most of the Panas have become [[Dalit Christians]].<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/world/asia/13india.html | work=The New York Times | title=Hindu Threat to Christians: Convert or Flee | first=Somini | last=Sengupta | date=13 October 2008 | access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref>


Hindu nationalist groups have blamed the violence on the issue of religious conversion. Conversions have been legislated by the provisions of the Freedom of Religion Acts, replicated in some of the states in India. Odisha was the first state of independent India to enact legislation on religious conversions. The Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967, stipulates that 'no person shall "convert or attempt to convert, either directly or otherwise, any person from one religious faith to another by the use of force or by inducement or by any fraudulent means"'.<ref name="religionrules">{{cite web|url=http://indianchristians.in/news/images/resources/pdf/orissa_freedom_of_religion_rules-text_only.pdf|title=Orissa Freedom of Religion Rules, 1989|access-date=18 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162421/http://indianchristians.in/news/images/resources/pdf/orissa_freedom_of_religion_rules-text_only.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="religionact">{{cite web|url=http://indianchristians.in/news/images/resources/pdf/orissa_freedom_of_religion_act-text_only.pdf|title=Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967|access-date=18 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226095619/http://indianchristians.in/news/images/resources/pdf/orissa_freedom_of_religion_act-text_only.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Hindus claim the Christian missionaries were converting poor tribal people by feeding them beef, which is [[taboo]] in Hinduism.{{fact|date=November 2020}}
Hindu nationalist groups have blamed the violence on the issue of religious conversion. Conversions have been legislated by the provisions of the Freedom of Religion Acts, replicated in some of the states in India. Odisha was the first state of independent India to enact legislation on religious conversions. The Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967, stipulates that 'no person shall "convert or attempt to convert, either directly or otherwise, any person from one religious faith to another by the use of force or by inducement or by any fraudulent means"'.<ref name="religionrules">{{cite web|url=http://indianchristians.in/news/images/resources/pdf/orissa_freedom_of_religion_rules-text_only.pdf|title=Orissa Freedom of Religion Rules, 1989|access-date=18 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162421/http://indianchristians.in/news/images/resources/pdf/orissa_freedom_of_religion_rules-text_only.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="religionact">{{cite web|url=http://indianchristians.in/news/images/resources/pdf/orissa_freedom_of_religion_act-text_only.pdf|title=Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967|access-date=18 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226095619/http://indianchristians.in/news/images/resources/pdf/orissa_freedom_of_religion_act-text_only.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Hindus claim the Christian missionaries were converting poor tribal people by feeding them beef, which is [[taboo]] in Hinduism.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}


The missionaries would upgrade the mud houses of the converts into brick-lime. Hindus have further alleged that the increase in the number of Christians in Odisha has been a result of exploitation of illiteracy and impoverishment by the missionaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flonnet.com/stories/20080926251902600.htm |title=Conversion debate |publisher=Flonnet.com |access-date=18 September 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="orissa1">{{cite web|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/p%26c/ |title=Planning & Coordination |publisher=Orissa.gov.in |access-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> The Census of India shows that Christian population in Kandhamal grew from around 43,000 in 1981 to 117,950 in 2001.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Dist_File/datasheet-2121.pdf Basic Data Sheet District Kandhamal (21), Orissa (21)] Census of India 2001</ref>
The missionaries would upgrade the mud houses of the converts into brick-lime. Hindus have further alleged that the increase in the number of Christians in Odisha has been a result of exploitation of illiteracy and impoverishment by the missionaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flonnet.com/stories/20080926251902600.htm |title=Conversion debate |publisher=Flonnet.com |access-date=18 September 2008}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="orissa1">{{cite web|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/p%26c/ |title=Planning & Coordination |publisher=Orissa.gov.in |access-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> The Census of India shows that Christian population in Kandhamal grew from around 43,000 in 1981 to 117,950 in 2001.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Dist_File/datasheet-2121.pdf Basic Data Sheet District Kandhamal (21), Orissa (21)] Census of India 2001</ref>


==Staines killing==
==Staines killing==
[[Graham Staines]] was an [[Australian]] Christian [[missionary]] working with the [[Evangelical Missionary Society of Mayurbhanj]], an Australian missionary society that was engaged in the education of poor and illiterate Hindu tribes in Odisha. He also worked among the leprosy patients in the region. On the night of 22 January 1999, he was sleeping in his [[station wagon]] when it was set afire. Graham and his two sons, ten-year-old Philip and six-year-old Timothy, were killed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7166297.stm|title=  Indian minister in Orissa visit|date=2 January 2008|access-date=18 September 2008 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="Chatterji">{{cite book|first1=Angana P.|last1=Chatterji|title=Violent Gods: Hindu Nationalism in India's Present; Narratives from Orissa|url=https://archive.org/details/violentgodshindu00chat|url-access=registration|year=2009|publisher=Three Essays Collective|isbn=978-8188789450 |page=[https://archive.org/details/violentgodshindu00chat/page/251 251]}}</ref> [[Dara Singh (murderer)|Dara Singh]], a Hindu fundamentalist from [[Etawah]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], was arrested for the crime. On 22 September 2003 a court appointed by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] sentenced Dara Singh to death and 12 others to life imprisonment for the murders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2021/stories/20031024003902400.htm|title=The Staines case verdict|access-date=28 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901033038/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2021/stories/20031024003902400.htm|archive-date=1 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[Graham Staines]] was an [[Australian]] Christian [[missionary]] working with the [[Evangelical Missionary Society of Mayurbhanj]], an Australian missionary society that was engaged in the education of poor and illiterate indigenous tribes in Odisha. He also worked among the leprosy patients in the region. On the night of 22 January 1999, he was sleeping in his [[station wagon]] when it was set afire. Graham and his two sons, ten-year-old Philip and six-year-old Timothy, were killed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7166297.stm|title=  Indian minister in Orissa visit|date=2 January 2008|access-date=18 September 2008 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="Chatterji">{{cite book|first1=Angana P.|last1=Chatterji|title=Violent Gods: Hindu Nationalism in India's Present; Narratives from Orissa|url=https://archive.org/details/violentgodshindu00chat|url-access=registration|year=2009|publisher=Three Essays Collective|isbn=978-8188789450 |page=[https://archive.org/details/violentgodshindu00chat/page/251 251]}}</ref> [[Dara Singh (murderer)|Dara Singh]], a Hindu fundamentalist from [[Etawah]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], was arrested for the crime. On 22 September 2003 a court appointed by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] sentenced Dara Singh to death and 12 others to life imprisonment for the murders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2021/stories/20031024003902400.htm|title=The Staines case verdict|access-date=28 June 2015|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901033038/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2021/stories/20031024003902400.htm|archive-date=1 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>


Dara Singh, as an active [[Bajrang Dal]] follower, was suspected of being involved in a larger conspiracy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/08021999/cover.html |title=Cover Story: Staines' Killing: Burning Shame |publisher=India-today.com |date=8 February 1999 |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122064735/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/08021999/cover.html |archive-date=22 November 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, the Wadhwa Commission ruled out the involvement of any organization in the killings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2021/stories/20031024003902400.htm|title=The Staines case verdict|date=10 October 2003|publisher=Frontline|access-date=18 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901033038/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2021/stories/20031024003902400.htm|archive-date=1 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In May 2005, the Odisha High Court commuted Singh's sentence to life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/may/19staines.htm |title=Staines murder: Dara Singh's death rap set aside |work=Rediff.com |access-date=19 September 2008}}</ref>
Dara Singh, as an active [[Bajrang Dal]] follower, was suspected of being involved in a larger conspiracy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/08021999/cover.html |title=Cover Story: Staines' Killing: Burning Shame |publisher=India-today.com |date=8 February 1999 |access-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122064735/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/08021999/cover.html |archive-date=22 November 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, the Wadhwa Commission ruled out the involvement of any organization in the killings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2021/stories/20031024003902400.htm|title=The Staines case verdict|date=10 October 2003|publisher=Frontline|access-date=18 September 2008|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901033038/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2021/stories/20031024003902400.htm|archive-date=1 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In May 2005, the Odisha High Court commuted Singh's sentence to life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/may/19staines.htm |title=Staines murder: Dara Singh's death rap set aside |work=Rediff.com |access-date=19 September 2008}}</ref>


The murders were widely condemned by religious and civic leaders, politicians, and journalists. The US-based Human Rights Watch accused the then Indian Government of failing to prevent violence against Christians, and of exploiting sectarian tensions for political ends. The organisation said attacks against Christians increased "significantly" since the "Hindu Nationalist" BJP came to power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/626979.stm|title=BBC News - SOUTH ASIA - Missionary 'killer' arrested in India|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> Then-Prime Minister of India, Atal Behari Vajpayee, a leader of BJP, condemned the "ghastly attack" and called for swift action to catch the killers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/261391.stm|title=BBC News - South Asia - Thousands mourn missionary's death|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> Published reports stated that church leaders alleged the attacks were carried out at the behest of hardline Hindu organisations. Hindu hardliners accused Christian missionaries of forcibly converting poor and low-caste Hindus and tribals. The convicted killer Dara Singh was treated as a hero by hardline Hindus and reportedly protected by some villagers. In an interview with the Hindustan Times, one of the accused killers, Mahendra Hembram, stated that the killers "were provoked by the "corruption of tribal culture" by the missionaries, who they claimed fed villagers beef and gave women brassieres and sanitary towels."
The murders were widely condemned by religious and civic leaders, politicians, and journalists. The US-based Human Rights Watch accused the then Indian Government of failing to prevent violence against Christians, and of exploiting sectarian tensions for political ends. The organisation said attacks against Christians increased "significantly" since the "Hindu Nationalist" BJP came to power.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/626979.stm|title=BBC News - SOUTH ASIA - Missionary 'killer' arrested in India|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> Then-Prime Minister of India, Atal Behari Vajpayee, a leader of BJP, condemned the "ghastly attack" and called for swift action to catch the killers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/261391.stm|title=BBC News - South Asia - Thousands mourn missionary's death|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=28 December 2017}}</ref> Published reports stated that church leaders alleged the attacks were carried out at the behest of hardline Hindu organisations. Hindu hardliners accused Christian missionaries of forcibly converting poor and low-caste Hindus and tribals. The convicted killer Dara Singh was treated as a hero by hardline Hindus and reportedly protected by some villagers. In an interview with the Hindustan Times, one of the accused killers, Mahendra Hembram, stated that the killers "were provoked by the "corruption of tribal culture" by the missionaries, who they claimed fed villagers beef and gave women brassieres and sanitary towels."
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In his statement, Swami blamed [[Radhakant Nayak]], a recent Christian convert and Congress Member of Parliament (Upper House) {{citation needed span| text=and chief of Christian group World Vision|date=August 2015}} that allegedly led to further clashes between Hindus and Christians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/353136.html |title=Slain vhp man was conversion king |work=Indianexpress |archive-date=4 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104110758/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/slain-vhp-man-was-conversion-king/353136/ |access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="gpages">{{cite web |url=http://bharatam1.googlepages.com/kandhamal.pdf|title=Kandhamal (Orissa)|author=Justice on trial}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/61677/RSS-wing-blames-Cong-MP-for-triggering-communal-tension-in-Kandhamal.html|title=RSS wing blames Cong MP for triggering communal tension in Kandhamal|date=27 December 2007|access-date=29 September 2009|work=The Pioneer}}</ref>
In his statement, Swami blamed [[Radhakant Nayak]], a recent Christian convert and Congress Member of Parliament (Upper House) {{citation needed span| text=and chief of Christian group World Vision|date=August 2015}} that allegedly led to further clashes between Hindus and Christians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/353136.html |title=Slain vhp man was conversion king |work=Indianexpress |archive-date=4 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104110758/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/slain-vhp-man-was-conversion-king/353136/ |access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="gpages">{{cite web |url=http://bharatam1.googlepages.com/kandhamal.pdf|title=Kandhamal (Orissa)|author=Justice on trial}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/61677/RSS-wing-blames-Cong-MP-for-triggering-communal-tension-in-Kandhamal.html|title=RSS wing blames Cong MP for triggering communal tension in Kandhamal|date=27 December 2007|access-date=29 September 2009|work=The Pioneer}}</ref>


The authorities imposed a curfew in order to control the situation.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/000200712272184.htm|archive-url = https://archive.today/20121111012637/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/000200712272184.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 11 November 2012|title = Violence continues at Orissa's Kandhamal district|work = The Hindu|access-date = 1 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/27/stories/2007122750280100.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080103142028/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/27/stories/2007122750280100.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 3 January 2008 | title =  Curfew continues in four Orissa towns | access-date = 1 January 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work = [[The Hindu]] | date=27 December 2007}}</ref> Concerned with rising violence, after the assault on Saraswati, some [[Dalit Christian]] leaders lodged a complaint with the Police for protection.<ref>{{cite news| title=Vandals in Orissa| url=http://www.asianage.com/presentation/leftnavigation/opinion/op-ed/vandals-in-orissa.aspx | newspaper= Asian Age | access-date= 9 January 2008}}</ref>
The authorities imposed a curfew in order to control the situation.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/000200712272184.htm|archive-url = https://archive.today/20121111012637/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/000200712272184.htm|url-status = usurped|archive-date = 11 November 2012|title = Violence continues at Orissa's Kandhamal district|work = The Hindu|access-date = 1 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/27/stories/2007122750280100.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080103142028/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/27/stories/2007122750280100.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 3 January 2008 | title =  Curfew continues in four Orissa towns | access-date = 1 January 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work = [[The Hindu]] | date=27 December 2007}}</ref> Concerned with rising violence, after the assault on Saraswati, some [[Dalit Christian]] leaders lodged a complaint with the Police for protection.<ref>{{cite news| title=Vandals in Orissa| url=http://www.asianage.com/presentation/leftnavigation/opinion/op-ed/vandals-in-orissa.aspx | newspaper= Asian Age | access-date= 9 January 2008}}</ref>


===Intervention by CRPF===
===Intervention by CRPF===
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During the [[2008 Kandhamal violence]], violence occurred from 25 August 2008 to 28 August 2008 between groups led by [[Sangh Parivar]] organizations and [[Christians]] in the [[Kandhamal district]] of [[Odisha|Orissa]]. The started after the murder of [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] leader [[Lakshmanananda Saraswati]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/BJP-MLA-convicted-in-Kandhamal-riots-case/article15908665.ece|title=BJP MLA convicted in Kandhamal riots case|date=2010-09-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-13|others=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is estimated that more than 395 churches, 5600 homes and 13 educational institutes set on fire, demolised or vandalized during the attacks and more than 90 killed (largely Christians) and 18,000 injured and 54,000 displaced.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/It-s-still-religion--stupid/369086|title=It's still religion, stupid|date=4 October 2008|work=Indian Express|access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/892641/in-photos-damaged-churches-broken-homes-are-the-lingering-scars-of-the-2008-kandhamal-riots|title=In photos: Damaged churches, broken homes are the lingering scars of the 2008 Kandhamal riots|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> Another report said that around 11,000 people were still living in relief camps, as of October 2008.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/plea-in-sc-for-sit-probe-into-kandhamal-riots/|title=Plea in SC for SIT probe into Kandhamal riots - OrissaPOST|date=2020-01-18|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080070449|title=Orissa priest injured in communal violence dies|date=29 October 2008|publisher=NDTV.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201145609/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080070449|archive-date=1 December 2008|access-date=19 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/capturing-the-spark-that-led-to-communal-riot-in-kandhamal/articleshow/57178586.cms|title=Capturing the spark that led to communal riot in Kandhamal {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|last1=Feb 16|first1=M. T. Saju {{!}} TNN {{!}} Updated|last2=2017|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-13|last3=Ist|first3=08:50}}</ref> Some tribals even fled away to border districts in neighbouring states and 310 villages were affected.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/08/stories/2008120852460300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211094033/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/08/stories/2008120852460300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 December 2008|title=Christmas brings no cheer for them|date=8 December 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
During the [[2008 Kandhamal violence]], violence occurred from 25 August 2008 to 28 August 2008 between groups led by [[Sangh Parivar]] organizations and [[Christians]] in the [[Kandhamal district]] of [[Odisha|Orissa]]. The started after the murder of [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] leader [[Lakshmanananda Saraswati]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/BJP-MLA-convicted-in-Kandhamal-riots-case/article15908665.ece|title=BJP MLA convicted in Kandhamal riots case|date=2010-09-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-13|others=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is estimated that more than 395 churches, 5600 homes and 13 educational institutes set on fire, demolised or vandalized during the attacks and more than 90 killed (largely Christians) and 18,000 injured and 54,000 displaced.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/It-s-still-religion--stupid/369086|title=It's still religion, stupid|date=4 October 2008|work=Indian Express|access-date=19 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/892641/in-photos-damaged-churches-broken-homes-are-the-lingering-scars-of-the-2008-kandhamal-riots|title=In photos: Damaged churches, broken homes are the lingering scars of the 2008 Kandhamal riots|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref> Another report said that around 11,000 people were still living in relief camps, as of October 2008.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/plea-in-sc-for-sit-probe-into-kandhamal-riots/|title=Plea in SC for SIT probe into Kandhamal riots - OrissaPOST|date=2020-01-18|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080070449|title=Orissa priest injured in communal violence dies|date=29 October 2008|publisher=NDTV.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201145609/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080070449|archive-date=1 December 2008|access-date=19 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/capturing-the-spark-that-led-to-communal-riot-in-kandhamal/articleshow/57178586.cms|title=Capturing the spark that led to communal riot in Kandhamal {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|last1=Feb 16|first1=M. T. Saju {{!}} TNN {{!}} Updated|last2=2017|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-13|last3=Ist|first3=08:50}}</ref> Some tribals even fled away to border districts in neighbouring states and 310 villages were affected.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/08/stories/2008120852460300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211094033/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/08/stories/2008120852460300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 December 2008|title=Christmas brings no cheer for them|date=8 December 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


On October 2008, a senior Maoist leader claimed responsibility for the murder of Laxmanananda and police officials also confirmed that the Maoists trained youth in the tribal community to murder Laxmanananda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/oct/05orissa.htm|title=We killed Swami Laxmananda: Maoist leader|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/maoist-leader-claims-they-killed-swami-108100601070_1.html|title=Maoist leader claims they killed Swami|date=2008-10-06|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/17/stories/2008101757661200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020052157/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/17/stories/2008101757661200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2008|title=Maoists killed Lakshmanananda, say Orissa Police|date=17 October 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
In October 2008, a senior Maoist leader claimed responsibility for the murder of Laxmanananda and police officials also confirmed that the Maoists trained youth in the tribal community to murder Laxmanananda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/oct/05orissa.htm|title=We killed Swami Laxmananda: Maoist leader|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Reporter|first=B. S.|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/maoist-leader-claims-they-killed-swami-108100601070_1.html|title=Maoist leader claims they killed Swami|date=2008-10-06|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/17/stories/2008101757661200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020052157/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/17/stories/2008101757661200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2008|title=Maoists killed Lakshmanananda, say Orissa Police|date=17 October 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>


==Post-2008==
==Post-2008==

Latest revision as of 21:47, 14 June 2022


Indian state of Odisha

Religious violence in Odisha consists of civil unrest and riots in the remote forest region surrounding the Kandhamal district in the western parts of the Indian state of Odisha.

The Kandhamal district contains several tribal reservations where only tribal people can own land. The largest community in Kandhamal is the Kandha tribe. Most Kandha tribal people follow tribal and animistic forms of Hinduism. However, the socio-economic and political landscape of Kandhamal is dominated by its second-largest community, the non-tribal Pana caste. The region is also home to the Maoist guerrillas, a revolutionary communist movement. Maoist leader Sabyasachi Panda stated groups tend to recruit most of their leaders and cadre insurgents from tribal communities. He reiterated the Maoists's religious position: "We do not believe in any religion or are attached to any religious groups. We are not in favour of any religion."[1]

Major issues in Kandhamal that have led to tensions are claims that "The Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act" is violated. Such claims include the forcible occupation of tribal land, fake issuance of tribal and exploiting tribals for insurgent activities. This previously resulted in civil unrest and communal tensions in 1986, 1994 and 2001.[2][3][4][5][6]

Background[edit]

Historical background of conversions[edit]

Franciscan missionary Friar Odoric visited India in the 14th century and wrote about his visit to Puri in a journal which he later published in Europe. In the journal, Odoric wrote in detail about a huge chariot containing idols of Hindu deities from the grand and famous Jagannath temple which is taken out annually in a procession known as the rath yatra. Odoric's account of the ceremony spread throughout Europe and by the 19th century the word juggernaut began to be associated with an unstoppable force of such proportions that is capable of destroying everything in its path.[7] Subsequently, Baptist missionaries came to Odisha in 1822 during the British Empire's colonial rule over India.[8]

After India's independence[edit]

The communal disharmony arose even before Indian independence in 1947 on aforementioned issue of religious conversion. Conversions have been legislated by the provisions of the Freedom of Religion Acts (acts replicated in numerous other parts through India). Odisha was the first provinces of independent India to enact legislation in regards to religious conversions. The Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967, mentions that no person shall "convert or attempt to convert, either directly or otherwise, any person from one religious faith to another by the use of force or by inducement or by any fraudulent means".[9][10] Christian missions have been active in Odisha among the tribals and backward Hindu castes from the early years of the twentieth century.Right-wing Hindus have alleged that the increase in the number of Christians in Odisha has been a result of exploitation of illiteracy and impoverishment by the missionaries in contravention of the law, instead of free will.[11]

Conversion controversy[edit]

Behind the clashes are long-simmering tensions between equally impoverished groups: the Kandha tribe, who are 80% of the population, and the Pana. Both are original inhabitants of the land. There has been an Indian tradition of untouchability. Dalits, considered lower caste people, are subject to social and economic discrimination. This is outlawed in the Indian constitution. The prejudices remain. Conversion from untouchability has encouraged millions of such people to escape from their circumstances through joining other religions. The Panas have converted to Christianity in large numbers and prospered financially .[12] Over the past several decades, most of the Panas have become Dalit Christians.[13]

Hindu nationalist groups have blamed the violence on the issue of religious conversion. Conversions have been legislated by the provisions of the Freedom of Religion Acts, replicated in some of the states in India. Odisha was the first state of independent India to enact legislation on religious conversions. The Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967, stipulates that 'no person shall "convert or attempt to convert, either directly or otherwise, any person from one religious faith to another by the use of force or by inducement or by any fraudulent means"'.[10][14] Hindus claim the Christian missionaries were converting poor tribal people by feeding them beef, which is taboo in Hinduism.[citation needed]

The missionaries would upgrade the mud houses of the converts into brick-lime. Hindus have further alleged that the increase in the number of Christians in Odisha has been a result of exploitation of illiteracy and impoverishment by the missionaries.[15][16] The Census of India shows that Christian population in Kandhamal grew from around 43,000 in 1981 to 117,950 in 2001.[17]

Staines killing[edit]

Graham Staines was an Australian Christian missionary working with the Evangelical Missionary Society of Mayurbhanj, an Australian missionary society that was engaged in the education of poor and illiterate indigenous tribes in Odisha. He also worked among the leprosy patients in the region. On the night of 22 January 1999, he was sleeping in his station wagon when it was set afire. Graham and his two sons, ten-year-old Philip and six-year-old Timothy, were killed.[18][19] Dara Singh, a Hindu fundamentalist from Etawah in Uttar Pradesh, was arrested for the crime. On 22 September 2003 a court appointed by the Central Bureau of Investigation sentenced Dara Singh to death and 12 others to life imprisonment for the murders.[20]

Dara Singh, as an active Bajrang Dal follower, was suspected of being involved in a larger conspiracy.[21] However, the Wadhwa Commission ruled out the involvement of any organization in the killings.[22] In May 2005, the Odisha High Court commuted Singh's sentence to life imprisonment.[23]

The murders were widely condemned by religious and civic leaders, politicians, and journalists. The US-based Human Rights Watch accused the then Indian Government of failing to prevent violence against Christians, and of exploiting sectarian tensions for political ends. The organisation said attacks against Christians increased "significantly" since the "Hindu Nationalist" BJP came to power.[24] Then-Prime Minister of India, Atal Behari Vajpayee, a leader of BJP, condemned the "ghastly attack" and called for swift action to catch the killers.[25] Published reports stated that church leaders alleged the attacks were carried out at the behest of hardline Hindu organisations. Hindu hardliners accused Christian missionaries of forcibly converting poor and low-caste Hindus and tribals. The convicted killer Dara Singh was treated as a hero by hardline Hindus and reportedly protected by some villagers. In an interview with the Hindustan Times, one of the accused killers, Mahendra Hembram, stated that the killers "were provoked by the "corruption of tribal culture" by the missionaries, who they claimed fed villagers beef and gave women brassieres and sanitary towels."

In her affidavit before the Commission on the death of her husband and two sons, Gladys Staines stated:[26]

"The Lord God is always with me to guide me and help me to try to accomplish the work of Graham, but I sometimes wonder why Graham was killed and also what made his assassins behave in such a brutal manner on the night of 22nd/23rd January 1999. It is far from my mind to punish the persons who were responsible for the death of my husband Graham and my two children. But it is my desire and hope that they would repent and would be reformed."

Ranalai incident[edit]

On 16 March 1999 a Hindu mob of 5,000 attacked Ranalai (PIN – 761 017) in Gajapati District and set houses on fire[27][28][29] and engaged in looting. Three Christian people were injured. The then Chief Minister of Odisha, Sri Giridhar Gamang, visited the village the next day.

December 2007[edit]

Incident at Brahmanigaon, Phulbani on 24 December[edit]

In December 2007, Christians had installed a Christmas arch across the road in the town of Brahmanigaon, Kandhamal district, having first received a permit from the police and sub-collector to do so. On 24 December 2007 a group of 150–200 Hindus arrived at the town market and demanded that the arch be removed. The protesters argued that the arch along with a tent set up was erected on the very site used by the Hindus to celebrate the Durga Puja festival in October. Protesters then sought to close the weekly market and attempted to close all the shops in the area. The Christian shopkeepers refused to comply with this, leading to an outbreak of violence. More than 20 shops were looted and destroyed. Three persons were killed.[30][31]

Attack on Swami Laxmanananda[edit]

The violence escalated after news spread about Hindu monk Swami Laxmanananda Saraswati being attacked by Christian fundamentalist mob en route to the spot of the confrontation.

Saraswati stated that he had left for Brahmanigaon to boost the "morale of the majority community". The National Commission for Minorities, in its report, stated that this was "indicative of his desire to exacerbate communal tensions".[32] Swami supporters, however, claimed that Christians at Brahmanigoan village wanted to install a Christmas gate in front of a Hindu temple. This was protested by the local Hindus questioning the motive of Christians in building a second gate near temple while one gate being already present at the place.[33]

In his statement, Swami blamed Radhakant Nayak, a recent Christian convert and Congress Member of Parliament (Upper House) and chief of Christian group World Vision[citation needed] that allegedly led to further clashes between Hindus and Christians.[34][35][36]

The authorities imposed a curfew in order to control the situation.[37][38] Concerned with rising violence, after the assault on Saraswati, some Dalit Christian leaders lodged a complaint with the Police for protection.[39]

Intervention by CRPF[edit]

By 30 December, rioting was brought under control by the security forces such as the CRPF. The total number of security personnel deployed was about 2,500 police and paramilitary. The total number of people taking shelter in relief camps increased to 1200.[40]

2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal[edit]

Main article: 2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal

The 2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal started during 24 December 2007 and ended after 4 days between groups led by Sangh Parivar together with the Sangh-affiliated Kui Samaj and the local Christians, which resulted in more than 100 churches, over 100 church institutions and about 700 houses and other structures were burnt down or damaged and at least three people killed.[41][42][43]

2008 Kandhamal violence[edit]

Main article: 2008 Kandhamal violence
A Christian girl who was bruised and burnt during the anti Christian violence in Orissa in August 2008. It occurred when a bomb was thrown into her house by extremists.

During the 2008 Kandhamal violence, violence occurred from 25 August 2008 to 28 August 2008 between groups led by Sangh Parivar organizations and Christians in the Kandhamal district of Orissa. The started after the murder of Vishva Hindu Parishad leader Lakshmanananda Saraswati.[44] It is estimated that more than 395 churches, 5600 homes and 13 educational institutes set on fire, demolised or vandalized during the attacks and more than 90 killed (largely Christians) and 18,000 injured and 54,000 displaced.[45][46] Another report said that around 11,000 people were still living in relief camps, as of October 2008.[47][48][49] Some tribals even fled away to border districts in neighbouring states and 310 villages were affected.[50][45][47]

In October 2008, a senior Maoist leader claimed responsibility for the murder of Laxmanananda and police officials also confirmed that the Maoists trained youth in the tribal community to murder Laxmanananda.[51][52][53]

Post-2008[edit]

According to the news agency Agenzia Fides, other Christians were tortured and killed in 2012.[54]

In February 2019, a Christian evangelical who had converted to Christianity nine months earlier was murdered. It is believed that the 'Hindu fanatics' of the village incited Maoists to carry out the killing.[55]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 'Majority of Maoist supporters in Odisha are Christians' The Hindu - 5 October 2008
  2. ↑ "Panel gives report on Kandhamal riots - India News - IBNLive". Ibnlive.in.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  3. ↑ "fresh samples" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  4. ↑ "Orissa tribal community accuses state government of bias - Thaindian News". Thaindian.com. 12 May 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  5. ↑ "Why Swami Laxmanananda was killed". Rediff.com. 31 December 2004. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  6. ↑ [1] Archived 10 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ "The Hindu : Is 'juggernaut' derived from Lord Jagannath?". Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  8. ↑ A Narrative of the Mission to Orissa: (the Site of the Temple of Jugurnath): Supported by the New Connexion of General Baptists in England By Amos Sutton, Published by David Marks for the Free-will Baptist Connexion, 1833
  9. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Orissa Freedom of Religion Rules, 1989" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2008.
  11. ↑ [2][dead link]
  12. ↑ "Caste, tribe, conversion make Orissa district volatile".
  13. ↑ Sengupta, Somini (13 October 2008). "Hindu Threat to Christians: Convert or Flee". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  14. ↑ "Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2008.
  15. ↑ "Conversion debate". Flonnet.com. Retrieved 18 September 2008. [dead link]
  16. ↑ "Planning & Coordination". Orissa.gov.in. Retrieved 18 September 2008.
  17. ↑ Basic Data Sheet District Kandhamal (21), Orissa (21) Census of India 2001
  18. ↑ "Indian minister in Orissa visit". BBC News. 2 January 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2008.
  19. ↑ Chatterji, Angana P. (2009). Violent Gods: Hindu Nationalism in India's Present; Narratives from Orissa. Three Essays Collective. p. 251. ISBN 978-8188789450.
  20. ↑ "The Staines case verdict". Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  21. ↑ "Cover Story: Staines' Killing: Burning Shame". India-today.com. 8 February 1999. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  22. ↑ "The Staines case verdict". Frontline. 10 October 2003. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  23. ↑ "Staines murder: Dara Singh's death rap set aside". Rediff.com. Retrieved 19 September 2008.
  24. ↑ "BBC News - SOUTH ASIA - Missionary 'killer' arrested in India". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  25. ↑ "BBC News - South Asia - Thousands mourn missionary's death". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  26. ↑ "Graham Stewart Staines: His Background". 9 April 2011. Archived from the original on 9 April 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  27. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from filename=Ne130908HindutvasViolentHistory.asp the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Tehelka magazine Vol 5, Issue 36, Dated Sept 13, 2008
  28. ↑ Volume 16 – Issue 8, 10 – 23 Apr 1999, India’s National Magazine from the publishers of THE HINDU
  29. ↑ "Another attack in Orissa". www.frontline.in. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  30. ↑ "Tehelka:: Free. Fair. Fearless:Next Stop Orissa". Tehalka. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
  31. ↑ "Report of the NCM visit to Orissa, 6–8 January 2008" (PDF). NCM. Retrieved 26 August 2008.
  32. ↑ National Council for Minority (January 2008). "Report of the NCM visit to Orissa, 6-8 January 2008" (PDF): 5. Retrieved 1 November 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ↑ "Kandhamal violence was due to localised factor".
  34. ↑ "Slain vhp man was conversion king". Indianexpress. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  35. ↑ Justice on trial. "Kandhamal (Orissa)" (PDF).
  36. ↑ "RSS wing blames Cong MP for triggering communal tension in Kandhamal". The Pioneer. 27 December 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
  37. ↑ "Violence continues at Orissa's Kandhamal district". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  38. ↑ "Curfew continues in four Orissa towns". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
  39. ↑ "Vandals in Orissa". Asian Age. Retrieved 9 January 2008.
  40. ↑ "Sunday services held amid tight security in Orissa". 30 December 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2008.
  41. ↑ "3,706 acquitted in Kandhamal riots - OrissaPOST". Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST. 24 January 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  42. ↑ "India: Stop Hindu-Christian Violence in Orissa". Human Rights Watch. 29 December 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  43. ↑ CHATTERJI, ANGANA (January 2008). "Kandhamal: Hindutva's terror- Charting the history of sangh parivar violence in Orissa". Communalism Combat. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  44. ↑ "BJP MLA convicted in Kandhamal riots case". The Hindu. PTI. 9 September 2010. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 13 April 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "It's still religion, stupid". Indian Express. 4 October 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  46. ↑ "In photos: Damaged churches, broken homes are the lingering scars of the 2008 Kandhamal riots". Scroll.in. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Plea in SC for SIT probe into Kandhamal riots - OrissaPOST". Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST. 18 January 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  48. ↑ "Orissa priest injured in communal violence dies". NDTV.com. 29 October 2008. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  49. ↑ Feb 16, M. T. Saju | TNN | Updated; 2017; Ist, 08:50. "Capturing the spark that led to communal riot in Kandhamal | Chennai News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  50. ↑ "Christmas brings no cheer for them". The Hindu. 8 December 2008. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  51. ↑ "We killed Swami Laxmananda: Maoist leader". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  52. ↑ Reporter, B. S. (6 October 2008). "Maoist leader claims they killed Swami". Business Standard India. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  53. ↑ "Maoists killed Lakshmanananda, say Orissa Police". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 17 October 2008. Archived from the original on 20 October 2008.
  54. ↑ "Christian killed in Orissa: the second in a month, the sixth in a year". Agenzia Fides. 13 March 2012. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
  55. ↑ "Orissa, a Christian beheaded for his faith". Asianews. 20 February 2019. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.

External links[edit]

Template:Orissa

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