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'''Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq''' (Circle of the Men of Good Taste) is a | '''Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq''' (Circle of the Men of Good Taste) is a Pakistani [[literary movement]] begun in [[Lahore]], [[British Punjab]], [[India]] on April 29, 1939.<ref name=Habib>{{cite book|title=An Anthology of Modern Urdu Poetry = Jadīd Urdū shāʻirī kā intik̲h̲āb, Angrezī tarjame ke sāth|year=2002|publisher=Modern Language Association of America|location=New York|isbn=978-0-87352-797-2|others=Habib, translated by M.A.R.|editor1=Rafey Habib|editor2=M. A. R. Habib}}</ref> | ||
Early members included [[Urdu]] language poets [[Noon Meem Rashid]] | Early members included [[Urdu]] language poets [[Noon Meem Rashid]], [[Qayyum Nazar]], and [[Meeraji]], the latter of whom was invited by Nazar.<ref name=Habib /><ref name="Patel">{{cite book|last=Patel|first=Geeta|title=Lyrical movements, historical hauntings : on gender, colonialism, and desire in Miraji's Urdu poetry|year=2001|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, Calif.|isbn=978-0-8047-3329-8}}</ref> The Halqa is the second modern literary movement in Urdu poetry in the 20th century, founded just a couple of years after the [[Left-wing politics|leftist]] [[Progressive Writers' Movement]] and is considered to be the most influential group in modern poetry in the [[Urdu]] language.<ref name="Patel" /> | ||
Its first meeting was held under the name '''Bazm-e dāstāngo''' (Storytellers' gathering) and organized by writers looking for a non-political meeting, and the name was changed to 'Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq' soon after.<ref name="Patel" /> Unlike the Progressives, the Halqa was not politically driven, but reflected a traditional [[Western World|Western]] mode of [[modernist literature]] with new styles of prose and new subject areas outside of classical Urdu poetry, with some experimenting with themes relating to the personal experiences of the subjects of the British rule in India.<ref name=Habib /> [[Noon Meem Rashid]], for example, while not politically engaged, was influenced by Western [[Modernist poetry|modernist]] poets [[T. S. Eliot]] and [[Ezra Pound]] in exploring new verse forms.<ref name=Habib /> Urdu poet Meeraji, who introduced [[free verse]] and is considered to be the founder of [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]] in Urdu poetry, was also a prominent member of Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq in its early days. Under his guidance, the Halqa moved from poetry reading events to become a group who also made active critiques on members' poetry.<ref name="Patel" /> | Its first meeting was held under the name '''Bazm-e dāstāngo''' (Storytellers' gathering) and organized by writers looking for a non-political meeting, and the name was changed to 'Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq' soon after.<ref name="Patel" /> Unlike the Progressives, the Halqa was not politically driven, but reflected a traditional [[Western World|Western]] mode of [[modernist literature]] with new styles of prose and new subject areas outside of classical Urdu poetry, with some experimenting with themes relating to the personal experiences of the subjects of the British rule in India.<ref name=Habib /> [[Noon Meem Rashid]], for example, while not politically engaged, was influenced by Western [[Modernist poetry|modernist]] poets [[T. S. Eliot]] and [[Ezra Pound]] in exploring new verse forms.<ref name=Habib /> Urdu poet Meeraji, who introduced [[free verse]] and is considered to be the founder of [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]] in Urdu poetry, was also a prominent member of Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq in its early days. Under his guidance, the Halqa moved from poetry reading events to become a group who also made active critiques on members' poetry.<ref name="Patel" /> | ||
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Although strongly influential on modernist Urdu poetry, the group included and welcomed members whose prose and poetry was more traditional, including writers of the [[ghazal]]. As time went by, left-wing progressives were also welcome as members both in India and Pakistan. These members included short story writer, [[Krishan Chander]], playwright [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]], and avowed [[Marxist]] and leading Urdu poet, [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]].<ref name="Patel" /> | Although strongly influential on modernist Urdu poetry, the group included and welcomed members whose prose and poetry was more traditional, including writers of the [[ghazal]]. As time went by, left-wing progressives were also welcome as members both in India and Pakistan. These members included short story writer, [[Krishan Chander]], playwright [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]], and avowed [[Marxist]] and leading Urdu poet, [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]].<ref name="Patel" /> | ||
Halqa continues to have regular sessions in various cities of [[Pakistan]], most notably in [[Lahore]], [[Islamabad]] and [[Karachi]].<ref>[https://halqa1.tripod.com/ Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq, Islamabad branch] Retrieved 8 March 2021</ref> | Halqa continues to have regular sessions in various cities of [[Pakistan]], most notably in [[Lahore]], [[Islamabad]] and [[Karachi]].<ref>[https://halqa1.tripod.com/ Halqa-e Arbab-e Zauq, Islamabad branch] Retrieved 8 March 2021</ref> While the organization was originally based in Lahore, Punjab in 1936, the Halqa (Circle) has branches wherever the Urdu language enthusiasts live—including India, Pakistan, Europe, and in North America.{{cn|date=May 2022}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||